IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


7 


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A 


.y  is 


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Us 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


U     Ik,  J 

■*>        |40 


M 
M 

12.0 

1.8 


U    III  1.6 


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7 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  institute  for  Historical  Microrepioductions  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


Technical  Notec  /  Notes  techniques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Physical 
features  of  this  copy  which  may  alter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
ddfauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  d  la  quality  de  la 
reproduction  sont  notds  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


Coloured  plates/ 
Planches  en  couleur 


Tf 

Pt 
of 
fil 


T\ 
cc 
or 
ap 

T| 
fil 
in 


/ 


D 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 


Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reliure  serr^  (peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int6rieure) 


y 


D 


Show  through/ 
Transparence 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


M 
in 
u( 
be 
fo 


D 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibliographiques 


D 

n 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


D 
D 
D 


Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


Pages  missing/ 

Des  pages  manquent 


Maps  missing/ 

Des  cartes  g^ographiques  manquent 


D 
D 


Plates  missing/ 

Des  planches  manquent 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filma(;e. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la  der- 
nidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le  symbole 
V  signifie  "FIN". 


The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  kind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
g6n6rositd  de  I'dtabllssement  prdteur 
suivant  : 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  Inft  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  dtre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clichd  sont  film6es  6 
partir  de  Tangle  supdrieure  gauche,  de  gauche  d 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  mdthode  : 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


■i 


7 


LETTER 


TO 


THE    IIOK   WILLIAM    H.    SEWARD, 

Strcctarg  of  ZUit, 


IN   ANSWER   TO   ONE   FROM    IIIJI    ON   THE   KESOLUTION   OF 
THE   SENATE   AS   TO  THE 


RELATIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


A\nTn 


THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES, 


AND   THE  ACTUAL   CONDITION  OP 


I  THE    QUESTION    OF   THE    FISHERIES, 


FROM 


E.    H.    DERBY. 


January,  1867. 


WASHINGTON,    D.  C: 

1867. 


CONTENTS 


Vi 


Page. 

The  Relations  of  the  United  States  witli  the  rroviiicos.— TIic  actual  condition  of  the 
Question  of  the  Fisheries.— Position  and  Kesourcos  of  the  Colonies.— Difference 
in  Climate.— Excess  in  ^Vhcat,  Oats,  Karley,  Hoots,  Teas,  Wool,  Fish  and 
Lumber.— Deficiency  in  Corn,  I'ork,  Cotti)n,  llice,  Tobacco  and  iManufactures.— 
i  Natural  Exchange  of  Productions.— The  effects  of  the  Itepcal  of  Treatj' — 
Remedial  Measures.- Admission  to  the  Union.— A  ZoUvcrcin.— Negotiation.— 
Legislation. — Licenses  to  Fishermen, 7  to 50 

I  APPENDIX. 

Ilistorj-  of  the  Treaties  and  of  the  Fisheries.— The  Rights  of  the  United  States,       .         3 

British  Commentary  on  Report  of  last  year, 85 

-^        Decision  of  the  British  Umpire,  sustaining  our  right  to  the  Rays  of  Fundy  and 

Chaleur, 8') 

Relations  of  Great  Britain  to  her  Colonies. — Her  Commerce. — Inferiority  of  her 
Slarket  to  that  of  the  United  States. — Ilcr  strength  and  her  weakness,         .        .      104 


Exclusion  of  the  Vessels  of  the  United  States  from  the  Coasting  Trade  of  each 

Province. — Letter  of  Judge  Jackson, 132 

Climate  and  Resources  of  the  Country  between  Canada,  Hudson's  Bay  and  the 

Pacific, 133 

Railways  more  conducive  than  Free  Trade  to  National  Progress,      ....  140 

Eflects  on  Commerce  of  Repeal  of  Treaty. — Letter  from  B.  II.  Norton,  Esq.,   .        .  148 

Statistics  of  the  Provinces, 149 


243 


Cost  of  Ship  Building  in  the  Provinces  and  in  the  United  States.— Character  of 
Vessels, 

Importation  of  Lustre   Wool.— Effects  of  its  exclusion  on   the  manufacture  of 
AVorsteds, 244 

Commerce  of  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  for  18GC, 244 

Commerce  of  Boston  with  the  Provinces  at  the  close  of  the  year  18G6,     .        .       .245 


'•<:. 


In  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  July  27, 1866. 

Resolved,  That  the  President  be  requested,  if,  in  bis  opinion,  not 
iiicompatiible  with  the  public  interests,  to  furnisli  to  the  Senate,  at  the 
next  session  of  Congress,  any  information  in  his  possession  concerning 
the  practicability  of  establishing  equal  reciprocal  relations  between  the 
United  States  and  the  different  British  Provinces  of  North  America, 
including  the  Eritish  possessions  on  the  Pacific,  and  also  concerning 
the  actual  condition  of  the  question  of  the  Fisheries,  with  such  recom- 
mendations as  he  may  choose  to  make,  tending  to  the  peaceful  arrange- 
ment of  these  important  matters. 


(Signed,) 


J.  W.  FORNEY, 

Secretary. 


I 


KEPORT. 


To  the  Hon.  "Williaji  II.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State  for  the 

United  Slates. 


Sir  : — The  Resolve  of  the  Senate  on  the  opposite  page,  calls 
upon  the  Executive  for  the  latest  information  as  to  the  state  of 
the  Provinces  of  British  North  America,  the  possibility  of  estab- 
lishing reciprocal  relations  and  the  actital  condition  of  the 
question  of  the  Fisheries. 

Acting  under  your  commission  of  October  last,  witli  a  view  to 
obtain  the  information  required  by  the  Senate,  I  have  devoted 
much  time  to  this  important  subject — taken  the  most  effective 
steps  to  procure  statistics,  and  after  consulting  the  merchants 
engaged  in  the  Colonial  trade  and  the  fisheries,  I  deemed  it 
advisable  to  visit  the  Provinces. 

There  I  conferred  with  the  leading  men  and  officers  of  govern- 
ment ;  discussed  the  question  of  reciprocal  trade  with  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Halifax ;  visited  the  coal-fields 
and  gold  mines  of  Nova  Scotia ;  made  a  voyage  through  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and,  in  conformity  to  your  orders,  submit 
my  Report  in  two  parts ; — the  one  suggestive  and  advisory, 
already  in  your  possession,  while  the  other,  now  submitted, 
presents  most  of  the  facts  I  have  collected  to  illustrate  the 
questions  at  issue. 

British  North  America. 
The  configuration  of  this  vast  territory  first  attracts  our 
attention.  It  not  only  severs  us  from  the  fisheries  in  the  great 
bays  of  the  north  and  from  the  friendly  settlements  of  Russia, 
by  a  frontier  of  more  than  three  thousand  miles,  but  by  the 
Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  on  the  Atlantic  and  the  Isle  of  Van- 
couver, of  nearly  equal  size,  on  the  Pacific ;  it  projects  into  both 


8 


VALUIO   OF   TKUUITOIIY. 


oceans,  overlaps  both  our  coasts  and  presents  in  Halifax  and 
Victoria  great  Naval  Stations,  in  close  proximity  to  our  routes 
both  to  Europe  and  to  Asia. 

Frontier  Posts  and  Free  Ports. 

This  great  territory  upon  our  borders,  but  sparsely  settled, 
with  tariffs  varying  from  our  own  and  free  ports  at  Gaspe,  Lake 
Huron  and  Vancouver's  Island,  offering  every  facility  to  evade 
our  customs  and  to  break  down  the  revenue  on  which  we  rely  to 
sustain  our  government,  has  subjected  our  country  to  largo 
annual  expenditures  for  frontier  ports  and  custom  houses,  which 
have  not  for  the  last  half  century  paid  their  expenses. 

Value  op  Territory. 

The  principal  part  of  this  territory  has  for  the  last  180  years 
been  withheld  from  civilization  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Company, 
who  devote  it  to  the  production  and  nurture  of  the  wild  animals 
of  the  forest. 

In  their  schedule  of  property  it  is  rated  at  less  than  two 
cents  per  acre. 

This  territory,  remote  from  Great  Britain,  although  of  great 
intrinsic  value,  is  worth  little  to  her,  except  for  the  lumber  and 
fur  trade,  and  a  market  for  less  than  a  twentieth  of  her 
manufactures. 

Canada  and  the  Maritime  Provinces  have  for  more  than  a 
century  been  led  to  devote  their  energies  to  their  land,  forests 
and  fisheries,  and  the  construction  of  new  ships  for  the  British 
Empire.  They  no  longer  rely  upon  the  Mother  Country  to  pro- 
tect their  exports.  They  are  anxious  to  extend  their  commerce 
and  to  })rovide  the  mechanism  for  manufactures,  by  which 
England  has  made  the  world  her  tributary.  With  the  expan- 
sion of  their  commerce  and  manufactures,  they  cannot  long 
rema'n  dependent  on  England. 

Climate  and  Soil. 
The  climate  of  this  region  is  much  milder  and  more  genial 
than  is  generally  supposed.  The  isothermal  line,  drawn  from 
"West  Point  to  the  Russian  settlements  near  the  5Gth  degree  of 
latitude,  gives  the  mean  temperature  of  Paris  and  Brussels.  It 
trends  to  the  north  as  it  leaves  the  Atlantic  and  approaches  the 


4 


i 


DI/ERSITY  OP  CLIMATE. 


allfax  and 
3ur  routos 


i\acifi<; 


ly  settled, 
spo,  Lake 
'  to  evade 
WQ  rely  to 
to  large 
3CS,  which 


80  years 

/ompany, 

animals 

,han  two 

of  great 

ibcr  and 

of  hor 

!  than  a 
,  forests 
i  British 

to  pro- 

mnicrco 

which 

expan- 
)t  long 


genial 
n  from 
grcc  of 
lis.  It 
ics  the 


The  Pacific  coast  resembles  the  westerly  coast  of 
Eiiroj)C,  from  the  prevalent  course  of  the  winds. 

As  we  pass  northerly  from  the  fountains  of  the  Missouri,  the 
mountains  subside  and  the  climate  softens  in  conseipience,  and 
cattle  and  bullalo  winter  in  the  open  air. 

If  wc  draw  a  line  from  Quebec  to  the  southern  limi  af  the 
Russian  Territory,  we  shall  find  south  of  this  lino  a  region,  of 
size  suflicient  to  form  fifteen  States,  and  comj)ctcnt  to  produce 
wheat,  barley  and  oats,  with  vast  forests  of  timber,  extensive 
prairies  and  valuable  fisheries,  well  adapted  for  the  use  of  man. 

On  the  waters  of  the  Ht.  Lawrence,  the  great  pineries  occupy 
more  than  287,000  square  miles.  Forests  abound  upon  the 
inland  lakes  and  streams  west  of  Superior. 

The  telegraph  corps,  now  extending  its  lines  through  British 
Columbia,  find  the  chief  obstacle  in  forests  whoso  trees  aro 
eight  to  ten  feet  in  diameter,  while  they  report  that  the  great 
river  Knickpack,  almost  unknown  to  geography,  but  as  large  as 
the  Missouri  and  navigable  for  fifteen  hundred  miles,  brings 
down  from  British  America  trees  of  eighteen  inches  diameter, 
and  covers  the  shores  of  the  Aleutian  Islands  with  driftwood. 
Europe,  since  the  time  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  when  he  found 
the  great  storehouse  of  deal  and  clapboards  was  in  the  Low 
Countries,  but  the  forests  from  which  they  came  in  the  North 
Countries,  has  drawn  most  of  her  wood  and  timber  from  the 
North  Sea  and  the  Baltic,  but  we,  who  arc  fast  exhausting  our 
forests  as  we  clear  our  farms,  must  look  for  the  future  supply  of 
our  progressive  nation  north  of  the  British  lines. 

The  climate  of  the  United  States  is  comparatively  warm  and 
dry,  but  in  British  America,  the  ocean,  winds,  great  rivers,  bays 
and  inlets,  and  vast  forests  and  a  higher  latitude,  give  a  more 
moist  atmosphere. 

With  us  the  great  crop  is  Indian  corn,  of  which  we  raise  more 
than  of  all  other  cereals  combined, — to  this  we  may  add  cotton, 
tobacco  and  grass,  but  with  the  cool  summers  and  moist  climate 
of  the  north,  wheat,  barley,  oats  and  potatoes,  give  larger 
returns  to  the  acre  and  a  larger  amount  in  proportion  to  the 
population,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  extracts  from  the 
Census  of  1860 :— 


10 


EXCESS  IN  WHEAT,  BARLEY,  AND  OATS. 


Returns  from  the  Census  of  the  United  States  and  from  the  Census  of 

the  Provinces  for  18 GO. 


United  states. 

Canada. 

Nova  Sco*l8. 

Population, 

31,738,821 

2,501,888 

230,699 

Horses, 

7,257,000 

725,744 

28,789 

Cattle,  ...... 

28,751,315 

2,375,957 

156,357 

Sheep, 

23,298,807 

2,517,781 

282,180 

Swine, 

35,960,091 

1,278,099 

51,533 

Indian  corn,  bushels. 

827,624,528 

2,024,100 

37,475 

Wheat,  bushels,     .... 

170,176,027 

28,213,700 

297,157 

Oats,           "          .... 

172,089,095 

45,034,800 

1,384,437 

Barley,       "          .... 

15,825,898 

3,092,021 

190,097 

Potatoes,     "          .... 

151,659,000 

39,500,359 

1,986,789 

Butter,  lbs., 

459,672,052 

52,705,854 

3,013,880 

These  columns  illustrate  well  the  difTerenco  iu  the  ])roduc- 
tions  of  the  States  and  the  Provinces.  In  population,  Canada 
represents  eight  per  cent.,  and  Nova  Scotia  three-fourths  of  one 
per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United  States.  And  a  com- 
parison of  the  figures  will  show  that  Canada,  when  compared 
with  the  United  States,  produces  more  than  its  proportion  of 
horses,  cattle  and  sheep,  but  less  than  half  its  proportionate 
number  of  swine. 

That  it  yields  twice  its  proportion  of  wheat,  three  times  its 
proportion  of  oats  and  potatoes,  and  three  times  its  '  proportion 
of  barley — but  when  we  come  to  our  great  staple  of  Indian 
corn,  which  yields  twice  the  amount  of  all  our  cereals  and 
potatoes  combined — which  fattens  our  animals  and  furnishes 
both  meat  and  drink,  Canada  does  not  produce  one  twenty-fifth 
part  of  her  proportion.  In  butter,  both  Canada  and  Nova 
Scotia  give  an  average — Nova  Scotia  excels  alike  in  oats  and 
potatoes,  but  in  swine  and  breadstulTs  is  altogether  deficient. 
This  demonstrates  that  it  is  our  province  to  supply  the  Provinces 
with  corn,  pork,  lard  and  hams,  and  to  join  Canada  in  the  sup- 
ply of  Hour  and  wheat  and  to  open  our  ports  to  the  reception 
of  Canadian  horses,  cattle,  wheat  and  barley  upon  liberal  terms. 


if 


MINES. 


11 


230,699 

28,789 

156,357 

282,180 

51,533 

37,475 

297,157 

1,384,437 

196,097 

1,986,789 

3,613,880 


The  subject  of  wheat  is  ono  of  great  interest  to  our  country. 
While  France  in  the  last  half  century,  l)y  a  wise  division  of 
land  into  small  freeholds,  has  made  sugar  sufficient  for  her  own 
population  and  carried  her  crop  of  wheat  from  100  to  200 
millions  of  bushels  and  annually  supplies  most  of  the  deficieucy 
of  England  with  French  flour,  our  crop  in  1800  was  but  170 
millions  of  bushels,  and  is  now  less  than  that  of  France. 

Under  our  system  of  agriculture,  the  crops  of  wheat  diminish 
and  insects  come  in  to  change  the  course  of  culture,  and  now 
we  look  chiefly  to  the  extreme  West  for  our  wheat.  Our  supply 
is  becoming  insufficient  to  meet  the  home  and  foreign  demand, 
and  extreme  prices  are  the  necessary  consequences.  Nature,  in 
her  bencucencc,  has  provided  for  the  effects  of  an  excess  of 
heat  in  the  States,  and  for  an  exuberance  of  moisture  in  the 
Provinces,  by  her  diversity  of  climates. 

Minerals  and  Mines. 

The  island  of  Xewfoundland  has  been  compared  to  a  ship 
anchored  in  mid-ocean  for  the  purpose  of  taking  fish.  For  many 
years  it  was  governed  as  a  ruan-of-war  and  females  were  not 
allowed  to  land  there.  Its  soil  is  sterile  and  in  past  times  it  has 
relied  entirely  on  its  fisheries.  Of  late  a  geological  survey  has 
been  made  and  valuable  mines  been  opened.  Small  beds  of 
coal  and  oleaginous  shale  and  oil  springs  have  been  discovered, 
indicative  of  coal,  and  promising  future  discoveries,  have  been 
traced  across  the  island.  The  Hon.  C.  S.  Bennett  has  opened 
a  very  extensive  mine  of  sulphide  of  copper,  with  veins,  in  the 
aggregate,  thirty  feet  thick-  and  yielding  10  to  20  per  cent. 
Two  thousand  tons  were  extracted  in  1806,  and  it  will  be 
opened  to  double  the  delivery  in  1807.  Near  this  mine  are  beds 
of  valuable  marble  contiguous  to  the  sea. 

Those  are  important  discoveries,  as  they  serve  to  diversify  the 
pursuits  of  the  people. 

If  we  pass  to  Cape  Breton,  the  eastern  part  of  Nova  Scotia, 
we  find  rich  veins  of  bituminous  coal,  fringing  the  coast  and 
easily  accessible  from  the  sea. 

These  extend  from  Sydney  to  Louisburg,  the  ancient  naval 
station  of  Franco  ;  are  found  also  in  the  Gut  of  Canso  and  on 
the  shores  of  the  Gulf  and  on  the  main  land  at  Pictou  and  Cum- 
berland.   Coal  from  these  mines,  admirably  adapted  for  smiths 


12 


MINERALS. 


use  and  gas  works,  can  be  landed  on  the  coast  of  New  England 
for  $4  per  ton,  or  less  tlian  the  cost  on  the  Dclcware. 

It  is  a  significant  fact,  illustrative  of  the  different  properties 
of  coal,  that  eight  or  ten  thousand  tons  of  our  anthracite  coal 
arc  used  in  tlic  furnaces  and  ranges  of  the  seaports  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  Now  Brunswick. 

One  gold  field  of  Nova  Scotia  extends  nearly  200  miles,  and 
the  yield  gradually  increases,  having  been  18,744  ounces  in 
18G4,  and  24,8G7  ounces  in  18G5.  The  veins  first  worked 
proved  irregular  and  nnrcliable,  but  more  recent  discoveries  at 
Shcrbrook  and  Renfrew  i)rove  continuous  and  rich,  and  arc 
returning  large  sums  to  their  proprietors,  and  will  probably 
carry  the  whole  product  in  18G7  up  to  a  million  of  dollars. 

Veins  of  iron  ore  run  through  the  Cobcquid  mountain  for  40 
miles,  so  pure  that  it  is  sent  to  England  for  steel  and  cutlery, 
where  it  has  superseded  the  charcoal  iron  of  Norway.  Beds  of 
pure  gypsum  and  barytes  and  the  best  grindstones  on  the  conti- 
nent line  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  And  Albertine, 
of  great  value,  manganese  and  antimony  are  found  in  New 
Brunswick. 

The  Maritime  Provinces  are  much  superior  in  mineral 
resources  to  the  New  England  coast. 

In  Canada  important  mines  of  copper  have  been  opened  at 
Bolton,  Harvey  Hill  and  Lake  Superior.  Oil  wells  and  salt 
wells  have  been  sunk,  and  gold  has  been  found  in  varying 
quantities  on  the  Chaudiere  and  St.  Francis.  A  mineral  belt, 
carrying  both  gold  and  copper,  extends  from  Corinth,  Vermont, 
through  Lyman  and  Northumberland  to  the  hills  which  form 
the  boundary  between  Canada  and  Maine,  where  mining  has 
been  pursued  successfully  during  the  past  summer. 

The  great  mineral  treasures  of  British  America,  however, 
lie  in  the  valleys  of  the  Saskatchawan,  Frazer's  and  Colum- 
bia Rivers.  Here  veins  of  gold,  copper  and  lead  have  been 
found,  and  coal  traced  through  several  degrees  of  latitude.  On 
Vancouver's  Island,  near  Victoria,  are  salt  springs,  in  which  the 
brine  is  four  times  as  strong  as  the  water  of  the  ocean,  exten- 
sive gold  fields  and  coal  mines,  that  liavc  been  opened  for  the 
supply  of  California. 

These  mineral  treasures  aro  of  great  value  to  the  Pacific 
coast. 


:*!■; 


M 


iiiiii 


FISHERIES. 


13 


England 


)ropertics 
acitc  coal 
of  Nova 

tiles,  and 
unccs  ill 
.  worked 
vcries  at 
and  arc 
probably 
ars. 

a  for  40 
cutlciy, 
Beds  of 
le  conti- 
Ibcrtino, 
in  New- 
mineral 

ncd  at 

lid  salt 

arying 

belt, 
rmont, 

form 
ig  has 

wcver, 

olum- 

bcen 

On 

2I1  tlio 

3Xtcil- 

3r  the 
'acific 


MacFic,  a  British  writer,  who  had  resided  at  Victoria  and  in 
British  Columbia,  after  comparing  the  climate  to  that  of  Italy, 
observes :  "  There  is  a  special  feature  in  the  topography  and 
geology  of  California  that  cannot  fail  to  deepen  the  interest  of 
every  one  concerned  for  the  progress  of  British  Columbia,  in  the 
resources  of  the  American  State.  Every  indication  of  metallic 
or  mineral  wealth  in  the  latter,  renders  the  future  prosperity  of 
mining  enterprise  in  the  former  more  certain.  Tl\e  range  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  source  ofvinctallic  riches  in  California,  is 
but  an  extension  of  the  metalliferous  ridge  that  passes  through 
British  Columbia,  and  the  large  quantities  of  gold  already  taken 
from  the  mountains  of  British  territory,  notwithstanding  the 
limited  appUances  hitherto  in  use,  give  abundant  promise  that 
when  more  capital  and  labor  shall  have  been  attracted  to  the 
colony,  the  variety  and  extent  of  its  resources  to  bo  developed 
will  prove  boundless."  *  And  Dc  Smet,  after  visiting  British 
America  as  a  missionary,  and  commenting  upon  its  superior 
climate,  soil  and  resources,  well  asks :  "  Arc  these  vast  and 
innumerable  fields  of  hay  forever  destined  to  be  consumed  by 
fire  or  perish  in  the  autumnal  snows  ?  How  long  shall  these 
superb  forests  be  the  haunts  of  wild  beasts  ?  And  these  inex- 
haustible quarries,  these  abundant  mines  of  coal,  lead,  sulphur, 
iron,  copper  and  saltpetre — can  it  be  that  they  are  doomed  to 
remain  forever  inactive  ?  Not  so.  The  day  will  come,  when  some 
laboring  hand  will  give  them  value  ;  a  strong,  active  and  enter- 
prising people  arc  destined  to  fill  this  spacious  void.  The  wild 
beasts  will, ere  long,give  place  to  our  domestic  animals ;  flocks  and 
herds  will  graze  in  the  beautiful  meadows  that  border  the  num- 
berless mountains,  hills,  valleys  and  plains  of  this  extensive 
region." 

•■Fisheries. 

Upon  both  fronts  of  this  territory,  on  the  two  oceans,  are 
very  valuable  fisheries  for  whales,  seals,  cod,  mackerel,  salmon 
and  other  fish.  These  fish  are  taken  in  great  abundance,  both 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  on  the  shores  of  Nova  Scotia, 
Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Newfoundland,  and  also  along  the 
coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Vancouver's  Island.  "  Halibut 
arc  caught  in  immense  numbers  around  the  entire  coast,  but 

•  Sec  extracts  from  MacFie,  Appendix,  page  133. 


14 


WUALES   AND   SEALS. 


especially  off  the  Straits  of  Fuca.  Their  size  is  often  enormous, 
and  it  is  asserted  by  an  ofliccr  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company 
that  in  48  hours  fishing  a  vessel  of  GOO  tons  might  bo  laden  Avitli 
them."  *  The  men  who  pursue  these  fisheries  arc  of  great 
value,  both  for  the  supply  of  the  interior  of  the  continent,  and 
for  commercial  pursuits ;  and  the  fisheries  serve  as  scliools  to 
rear  and  educate  a  body  of  hardy  seamen,  to  man  the  merchant 
ships  and  fleets  of  the  Republic. 

Canada  maintains  a  government  vessel.  La  Canadicnne,  for 
the  protection  of  the  fisheries  on  the  Canadian  waters,  under 
the  charge  of  Pierre  Fortin,  Esq. 

In  his  report  for  18G5,  submitted  a  few  months  since,  ho 
refers  to  the  American  vessels  employed  in  the  fishery  for 
mackerel,  in  the  following  terms  :  "  The  American  schooners 
engaged  in  the  mackerel  fishery  arc  the  handsomest  and  best 
vessels  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  and  no  vessels  belonging  to 
other  nations  can  compare  with  them.  It  was  estimated  that 
there  were  this  year  Irom  1,050  to  1,200  of  these  American 
vessels  engaged  exclusively  in  the  mackerel  fishery  on  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence.  I  made  inquiries  as  to  the  conduct  of  such  of 
the  crews  of  these  vessels  as  had  landed  this  year  on  the  Magda- 
len Islands,  and  was  gratified  to  learn  that  they  had  committed 
no  acts  of  depredation  and  had  not  disturbed  jjublic  order." 

The  same  gentleman,  in  speaking  of  the  diminution  of  whales 
on  the  Atlantic,  remarks :  "■  There  arc  regions  seldom  visited  by 
man  where  these  animals  are  still  fo  id  in  immense  numbers, 
and  of  these  some  arc  not  far  from  our  own  land.  Of  course  I 
mean  Hudson's  Bay  and  Davis  Straits,  Baffin's  Bay  and  the 
coast  of  Greenland.  Those  arms  of  the  sea,  impenetrable  to 
mankind,  except  during  the  summer  season,  are  still  inhabited 
by  numerous  schools  of  the  right  whaie,  the  humpback,  the  ron- 
qual,  and  herds  of  sea  lions  and  seals  of  all  varieties."  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  its  great  arms  extend  south' to  the  fifty-first  degree 
of  latitude,  and  are  easily  accessible  from  the  Red  River  and 
Lake  Winncpeg  through  the  greater  part  of  tho  year,  and  to 
these  points  we  may  look  for  great  inland  fisheries  for  both  seal 
and  whale,  upon  this  reliable  authority. 

*  MacFic. 


f 


iM! 


CANADIAN   BOUNTY. — RAILWAYS. 


15 


niormous, 
Company 
adcii  with 
of  great 
iicnt,  and 
schools  to 
merchant 

icnne,  for 
;rs,  under 

since,  ho 

shcry  for 

schooners 

;  and  best 

onging  to 

latcd  that 

American 

L  the  Gulf 

)f  such  of 

ic  Magda- 

ommitted 

■der." 

of  whales 

i^isited  by 

numbers, 

course  I 

and  the 

trable  to 

inhabited 

,  the  ron- 

riud- 

st  degree 

liver  and 

r,  and  to 

botli  seal 


The  importance  of  these  fisheries  as  schools  for  seamen,  is 
further  illustrated  by  Monsieur  Fortin,  by  the  striking  fact  that 
Canada  gives  a  bounty  of  $4  per  ton  to  her  fishermen  at  the 
very  moment  that  we  discontinue  the  one  we  have  paid  since 
the  commencement  of  the  century,  although  her  fishormcn  arc 
exempted  from  duties  and  have  the  fisheries  at  their  gates. 

Railways. 

The  Provinces  have  made  much  progress  in  railways  ;  2,411 

miles  of  railway  track  have  been  laid,  connecting  Portland  and 

%      the  Riviere  de  Loup,  below  Quebec,  with  Lake  Huron,  and  this 

has  been  effected  at  a  cost  of  8121,543,189.     The  means  were 

furnished  partly  by  the  Provinces,  partly  by  English  stockholders. 

The  receipts  for  1865  were  nearly  811,000,000,  and  tiie 
expenses  barely  exceeded  87,000,000,  leaving  a  net  profit  in  the 
outlay  of  8-3,782,570,  an  average  of  three  per  cent. 

The  Grand  Trunk  line  which  runs  for  most  of  its  length 
nearly  parallel  to  navigable  waters,  has  thus  far  returned  little 
to  its  projectors,  but  its  business  is  fast  increasing,  and  has  not 
been  seriously  impaired  by  the  abrogation  of  the  Treaty. 

At  a  general  meeting  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  Company, 
at  London,  October  4,  18G6,  the  Chairman,  E.  W.  Watkin, 
M.  P.,  stated  that  the  net  profits  of  the  company  for  several 
years  had  been  as  follows : — 


£0,000 
40,785 
63,430 
133,280 
181,791 
139,002 
207,720 


He  also  stated  to  the  meeting  that  "  our  manager,  Mr. 
Bridges,  has  been  sent  down  into  the  lower  Provinces  in  order 
to  investigate  the  position  of  their  international  trade,  and  he 
reports  to  us  that  there  is  a  very  large  field  for  a  new  commerce 
to  be  carried  on  between  Canada  and  the  other  provinces,  which 
has  so  far  been  carried  on  between  those  provinces  and  tho 
United  States.    Li  the  article  of  flour  in  barrels  alone,  there  is 


L-  half  year  e 

nding  June 

,  1800, 

1801, 

1802, 

1863, 

1864, 

1865, 

1866, 

16 


RAILWAYS. 


business  done  in  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince 
Edward's  Island,  to  the  extent  of  767,000  barrels  per  annum, 
all  of  which  is  done  with  the  United  States.  Of  course,  there 
is  some  trade  with  Canada  now,  but  it  is  small.  Our  manager 
informs  us  that  in  future  the  greater  pai't  of  this  ilour  will  be 
purchased  from  the  flour  producers  of  Canada.  Wo  shall  get 
our  share  of  this  traffic,  which  will  be  a  new  source  to  supply 
the  deficiency  created  by  the  alte?"ation  in  the  course  of  our 
former  trade." 

"  Now,  with  regard  to  the  intercolonial  railway.  That  and  the 
confederation  of  the  Provinces,'  means  the  same  thing,  because 
one  of  the  conditions  on  which  the  maritime  provinces  agreed 
to  join  Canada  in  confederation  was,  that  a  railway  should  be 
made  to  connect  the  railway  system  from  Halifax  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  system  at  Riviere  de  Loup,  below  Quebec.  There- 
fore, if  the  compact  is  made  and  completed  and  ratified  by  the 
imperial  parliament,  all  cause  of  anxiety  with  regard  to  making 
the  intercolonial  railway  is  at  an  end.  All  the  Provinces  have 
agreed.  There  has  been  since  the  time  Mr.  Adams  speaks  of  a 
general  election  in  Brunswick,  (which  for  some  time  stood  out,) 
and  now  agrees  to  come  into  this  confederation.  The  delegates 
from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  arc  already  here.  The 
delegates  from  Canada  arc  expected  in  November,  and  I  have 
no  doubt  that  one  of  the  first  measures  that  the  government 
will  bring  before  parliament  in  February,  will  be  to  sanction  the 
confederation  of  those  Provinces." 

The  English  managers  of  the  Grand  Trunk  are  urging  con- 
federation and  intercolonial  traffic.  The  new  line  will  keep  up 
the  connection  with  England,  even  if  it  does,  in  part,  supersede 
or  compete  with  the  Grand  Trunk  railway,  and  will  give  lucra- 
tive contracts. 

In  Nova  Scotia  a  line  has  been  opened  to  Truro,  60  miles, 
with  a  branch  of  30  miles  finished  to  Windsor,  and  branches  in 
progress  or  completed  to  Pictou  and  Annapolis ;  and  in  New 
Brunswick  a  line  of  108  miles  from  St.  John  to  Shcdiac  is  in 
operation,  and  means  have  been  provided  for  the  extension  of  a 
line  from  St.  John  to  Calais.  As  soon  as  our  line  from  Bangor 
to  Calais  is  complete  a  continuous  track  from  Halifax  to  Lake 
Huron  will  be  in  operation. 


TELEGRAPHS,  CANALS,  BANKS. 


17 


lid  Prince 
:r  annum, 
irsc,  there 
'  manager 
>ur  Avill  be 
I  shall  get 
to  supply 
•so  of  our 

at  and  the 
g,  because 
ics  agreed 
should  be 

with  the 
c.  Thcrc- 
ied  by  the 
to  making 
ncos  have 
ocaks  of  a 
tood  out,) 

delegates 
ere.  The 
nd  I  have 
(vcrnmcnt 
iictiou  the 

ging  con- 
1  keep  up 
supersede 
vc  lucra- 

60  miles, 
anchcs  in 
in  New 
diac  is  in 
ision  of  a 
a  Bangor 
s  to  Lake 


European  and  Aslvtic  Telegraphs. 

Our  great  lines  of  telegraph,  both  to  Europe  and  Asia,  pass 
through  portions  of  British  America,  and  arc  subject  to  foreign 
control..  The  line  to  Ireland  passes  through  three  British 
Provinces  ;  the  line  to  Russia  extends  across  British  Columbia. 
For  this  indispensable  agent,  wc  arc  dependent  on  a  foreign 
power. 

American  Telegraphs. 

In  Canada  4,973  miles  of  electric  telegraph  have  been  com- 
pleted, and  470,331  messages  were  sent  in  18G5. 

In  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and  Newfoundland  several 
hundred  miles  more  have  been  finished,  which  connect  the 
Atlantic  cable,  Halifax  and  St.  John  with  Boston,  and  messages 
are  transmitted  from  the  chief  cities  of  the  Maritime  Pi-ovinccs 
to  the  great  commercial  centres  of  our  country.  The  railways 
and  telegraphs  of  the  Provinces  have,  in  proportion  to  the 
population,  made  as  great  progress  as  those  of  the  United 
States. 

Canals. 

The  chief  canals  of  the  Provinces  arc  on  the  St.  Lawrence  in 
Canada,  and  with  the  Grand  Trunk  line,  have  materially  con- 
tributed to  the  Canadian  debt,  now  verging  on  880,000,000. 
Of  these  canals,  43  miles  lie  between  Montreal  and  Lake 
Ontario,  admitting  vessels  of  300  tons,  and  28  miles  lie  between 
Lakes  Eric  and  Ontario,  admitting  ships  of  400  tons,  while  our 
own  canal  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Superior,  with  locks  12  feet 
deep  and  70  feet  in  width,  permits  the  passage  of  ships  of  ten  to 
fifteen  hundred  tons  burthen. 

Banking  Institutions. 
Several  banks  arc  established  in  each  of  the  Provinces.  In 
Canada  the  capital  of  banks  is  830,700,000,  the  deposits  in  sav- 
ings institutions  were  in  18G5,  82,711,651.  The  amount  of 
banking  capital  and  deposits  in  all  the  Provinces  is  less  than 
the  amount  in  our  commercial  and  manufacturing  State  of 
Massachusetts. 

Manufactures. 

Manufactures  are  still  in  their  infancy  in  the  Provinces ;  they 
have  not  had,  until  recently,  the  fostering  care  uf  government ; 
3 


18 


MANUPACiaREa. 


and  wliilo  the  Provinces  rival  us  in  some  branches  of  agricul- 
ture and  in  moulding  ai.o'  sawing  -wood  into  shapes,  which  tiic 
Eiiglisli  do  not  consider  a  manufacture,  our  country  is  greatly 
in  advance  in  most  branches  of  the  arts.  The  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts, a  State  in  size,  position  and  natural  resources  inferior 
to  Nova  Scotia,  has  been  proved  by  the  census  of  IStJ.j  to  pro- 
duce annually  $517,000,000.  There  has  been  nothing  like  this 
in  the  Bi'itish  Provinces ;  but  of  late  years  the  accumulation  of 
wealth,  improved  highways,  and  a  gradual  increase  of  tariffs  have 
given  a  start  to  manufactures,  and  the  Canadians  at  Torontoj 
Hamilton  and  other  cities  are  maki'ig  good  progress  in  the  pro- 
duction of  boots,  shoes,  leather,  woollens,  linen,  tools  and 
machinery,  v/hilc  wooden  furniture  is  shipped  from  Montreal  to 
Europe. 

In  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  also,  manufactures  of 
boots,  shoes  and  sewing-machines,  and  foundries  have  been 
started  under  good  auspices  at  Halifax,  Windsor  and  St.  John. 
A  large  sugar  refinery  is  in  progress  at  Halifax. 


Ship  Building. 

Under  low  duties  the  Provinces,  with  an  abundant  supply  of 
timber  contiguous  to  the  sea  and  navigable  lakes  and  streams, 
have  mode  good  progress  in  ship  building ;  in  this  they  have 
been  encouraged  by  the  parent  empire. 

The  ship-yards  of  the  Provinces  furnish  nearly  one-fourth  of 
the  ships  that  float  under  the  British  flag,  and  furnish  annually 
200,000  tons  of  shipping.  The  vessels  of  the  Provinces  are 
rarely  constructed  of  oak,  and  are  not  as  durable  as  our  own 
ships,  being  built  of  spruce,  beech,  juniper  and  hacmctac,  but 
they  are  well  modelled,  light  and  buoyant,  and  well  adapted  to 
the  Provincial  commerce. 

The  vessels  built  in  the  United  States  were, 

In  1864, 383,805  tons. 

1865, 429,645    "* 

TONNi\OE. 

The  following  table  gives  the  tonnage  of  the  United  States, 
the  Provinces,  and  Great  Britain :  — 

•  See  Appendix,  page  243, 


1 


agricul- 
hich  the 
s  greatly 
r  Massa- 
inlerior 
5  to  pro- 
like  this 
latiou  of 
i-ilTs  have 
Toronto? 
,  the  pro- 
aols  and 
intrcal  to 

ctiires  of 
ivc  been 
St.  John. 


supply  of 
streams, 
ley  have 

burth  of 
annually 
inccs  are 
our  own 
ictac,  but 
lapted  to 


ons. 


ed  States, 


SIIIPPIKG. 


10 


DATE. 

United  States. 

rrovlnccg. 

Great  Brltnln  .icJ 
rrovlnce*. 

18C5 

3,3G8,47U 

1,088,000 

0,:JOO,000 

Great  progress  was  made  in  navigation  by  the  Provinces,  dur- 
ing the  late  war,  as  will  appear  by  the  following  table,  viz. :  — 


DATE. 


Tonnage  of  New 
Brunswick  In  suc- 
cessive years. 


Tonnage  of  Kova 
Scotia. 


1860, 

1861, 
1862, 
1663, 
18G4, 
1865, 


147,088 
158,240 
157,718 
211,080 
233,225 
249,695 


234,743 
248,061 

277,703 
309,554 
305,503 
408,000 


There  is  reason  to  presume  that  a  part  of  this  growth  is  due 
to  the  transfer  of  some  American  ships  to  the  English  flag,  to 
avoid  danger  from  piratical  cruisers  during  the  war. 

I  would  respectfully  suggest,  that  such  transfers  by  neutrals 
have  been  sanctioned  by  usage  in  former  wars,  and  as  our  coun- 
try was  able  to  give  no  convoy,  and  is  interested  in  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  property  of  its  citizens,  and  the  recovery  of  its  ships, 
that  the  owners  of  such  vessels  have  suffered  sufficiently,  and 
should  no  longer  be  excluded  from  our  registry  by  commercial 
rivals  who  sometimes  assume  the  mark  of  patriotism.  I  am  not 
prepared,  however,  to  recommend  the  admission  of  Provincial 
vessels  to  our  registry  and  coasting  trade,  while  a  foreign  power 
controls  the  shipping  of  the  Provinces.  We  must  reserve  this 
great  privilege  for  the  hour  when  we  shall  become  more  closely 
united.* 

Lumber  Trade. 
There  is  no  record  of  all  the  timber  cut  in  the  Provinces ;  but 
some  idea  of  the  quantity  may  be  formed  from  the  exports  of 
each  Province. 

*  Sec  Appendix,  page  132. 


„.-^ 


20 


LUMBER. — COiMMERCE. 


The  exports  of  wood  and  its  products  have  been,  in  year 
ending  Juno  OOth,  1800  :  — 

From  Canada,         ....    813,840,080  00 

New  Brunswick,  in  1803,        .        3,041,759  00 

^  Nova  Scotia,  .... 


770,034  00 


818,204,770  00 

Included  in  tlie  amount  from  Canada  are  240,193  cords  of 
firewood. 

During  the  past  year  the  shipments  of  lumber  from  Canada 
have  been :  — 


To  the  United  States, 
Great  Britain,    . 


80,401,015  00 
7,144,317  00 


In  the  Year-book  and  Almanac  of  British  North  America  for 
1807,  it  is  stated  that  the  export  duty  on  pine  timber  in  New 
Brunswick  is  20  cents  per  ton,  and  on  pine  plank  and  boards 
20  rents  per  1,000  feet,  and  that  this  duty  yielded  801,903  in 
1805,  and  "  that  it  replaces  the  stumpagc  duty  formerly  paid  to 
the  Province  for  every  tree  felled."  But  84  only  is  paid  for  a 
license  to  cut  timber,  and  by  this  substitution  the  duty  is  levied 
on  American  timber  entitled  to  the  free  navigation  of  the  St. 
John.     Is  not  this  an  evasion  of  the  Ashburton  Treaty  ? 

Commerce  with  British  America. 

In  1852,  before  the  Treaty  of  Reciprocity,  our  exports  and 
imports  in  commerce  witli  the  British  Provinces  were,  by  our 
records,  less  than  $17,000,000.  In  the  year  ending  June  30th, 
180G,  by  the  same  records,  they  exceeded  882,000,000.  The 
average  growth  has  exceeded  25  per  cent,  per  annum.  In  the 
tonnage  of  arrivals  and  departures,  the  growth  has  been  quite 
as  rapid,  the  amount  having  risen,  in  the  year  ending  Juno  30, 
1800,  to  30,301  vessels,  and  a  tonnage  of  7,284,170  tons  arriving 
and  departing.  Had  the  fiscal  year  terminated  with  Jlarch, 
since  which  there  has  been  a  decline,  the  whole  amount 
would  doubtless  have  boon  close  upon  eight  millions  of  tons. 

Tlio  above  exports,  imports  and  tonnage,  exceed  those  in  our 
commerce  with  any  nation,  except  Great  Britain. 


m 


COURSE  OP  TRADE. 


21 


In  the  commerco  with  Canada  the  American  tonnage  still  pro- 
dominates  ;  in  our  commerce  with  the  Maritime  Provinces,  the 
tonnage  of  Pvovincial  vessels  greatly  exceeds  our  own,  as  will 
appear  by  the  following  tables :  — 

American  Vessels  in  trade  with  the  Provinces  for    Year  cndiny  Juno 

30,  18GG. 


Ektrakces. 

Cleabakcrs. 

Ships. 

Tonnage. 

Ships. 

TonnaRC. 

Canada, 

British  Provinces,     . 
British  Columbia, 

4,554 
799 
202 

1,481,040 
209,073 

50,887 

4,203 
700 
209 

1,353,421 

240,218 

71,000 

Totals,      .... 

5,615 

1,747,000 

5,232 

1,670,090 

Foreign  Vessels. 


Canada,   . 
British  Provinces, 
British  Columbia, 

Totals,      . 


8,509 

3,977 

01 


12,007 


1,295,499 

524,079 

13,139 


8,527 

4,272 

48 


1,314,799 

077,858 
9,888 


1,833,317 


12,847       2,032,545 


Aggregate, 


7,284,170  tons. 


Course  of  Trade. 

In  this  commerce  for  some  years  past  our  imports  from  the 
Maritime  Provinces  have  been  less  than  our  exports,  while  our 
imports  from  Canada  have  exceeded  our  exports ;  during  the 
past  year,  the  Canadian  excess  having  been  by  our  returns 
thirty-two  millions,  and  by  Canadian  returns,  at  least  twenty 
millions.  During  the  last  months  of  the  treaty  and  after  a  pro- 
ductive year,  efforts  were  made  to  hurry  the  cattle,  grain  and 
other  produce  of  the  country  across  the  frontier,  while  the  state 
of  our  currency  and  prices  and  rates  of  Canadian  duties  were 
such  that  wo  could  send  little  besides  gold  or  our  bonds  in 
return  for  the  surplus. 

There  is  also  one  fact  that  stands  out  in  bold  relief,  that,  dur- 
ing the  last  year  of  the  treaty,  the  aggregate  exports  of  all  the 


m 


22 


EXPORTS. 


Provinces  to  the  United  States  were  twice  the  amount  of  their 
exports  to  Great  Britain — New  Brunswick  alone  showing  a 
Somali  excess  in  lier  exports  to  the  latter  country,  principally  in 
tho  tirticlc  of  lumber.  This  result  of  an  open  commerce 
lietween  tho  Provinces  and  the  States,  in  tho  products  of  tho 
sea,  forest,  mines  and  agriculture,  clearly  demonstrates  that  tho 
great  and  natural  market  of  the  Provinces  is  hero,  rather  than 
in  Great  Britain.  By  the  Provincial  records,  the  exports  from 
the  principal  Provinces  have  been  as  follows : — 

Exports  from  Canada,  for  year  ending  June  30, 18GG : 
To  the  United  States,        .        .        .  834,770,201  00 
Great  Britain,     ....    12,081,041  00 

From  Nova  Scotia,  for  year  ending  September  30, 18G5 : 

To  the  United  States,        .        .        .    $3,010,797  00 
Great  Britain,      ....         704,742  00 

From  New  Brunswick,  for  year  ending  December  31, 1805: 

To  tho  United  States,        .        .        .    $1,730,208  00 
Great  Britain,      ....      2,594,001  00 

From  Newfoundland,  for  year  ending  December  31, 1804 : 


To  the  United  States, 
Great  Brit  m,      . 

From  Prince  Edward's  Island  for  1805 ; 

Total  exports, 

To  United  States  about 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  about  , 


8203,000  00 
1,373,000  00 


[,512,825  00 
054,720  00 
327,950  00 


It  is  apparent  from  these  returns  that  the  exports  from  tho 
Provinces  to  tho  United  States,  under  the  treaty,  were  more 
than  twice  as  largo  as  the  exports  to  Great  Britain,  while  the 
imports  from  the  United  States  were,  by  tho  Provincial  returns, 
hut  one-third  less  than  those  from  Great  Britain.  Tho  imj)orts 
are  less  than  tho  exports,  and  tho  trade  with  the  United  States 
has  consequently  become  more  important  than  the  trade  with 
Great  Britain.  The  Colonial  returns  arc  confirmed  by  thoso  of 
the  United  States. 


JP 


GBRAT  MARKET   OP   PROVINCES. 


23 


Extent  of  Market. 

The  nicrcliajits  of  tlio  rrovlnees  iintl  tho  great  market  for 
their  pioductions  in  tho  United  States.  Great  l^ritaiii  retiuires 
annually  less  than  8200,000,000  of  tho  productions  which  the 
Colonies  yield,  and  her  wants  are  chiefly  supplied  by  the  Conti- 
nent of  Europe — France,  Russia,  Turkey  and  other  nations 
supply  Itreadstufls  and  cattle  at  low  rates. 

Sweden  and  Norway  furnish  wood  in  all  its  varieties,  and 
whatever  may  bo  the  case  two  centuries  hence,  Great  Ijrituin 
requires  no  coal  at  present  from  her  Provinces,  and  exports 
herring  and  mackerel. 

The  great  and  natural  market  of  tho  Provinces  is  within  the 
limits  of  our  Union.  Our  census  shows  that  here  in  1859, 
$1,900,000,000  of  manufactures  and  $(400,000,000  of  imports 
were  exchanged  for  the  surplus  of  $2,500,000,000,  the  products 
of  agriculture.  It  is  to  this  great  and  growing  market,  not  the 
limited  market  of  tho  British  Isles,  that  we  can  in\ito  the 
colonists  of  England,  and  they  have  learned  its  value. 

Such  were  the  beneficent  cfTccts  of  the  treaty  of  Reciprocity, 
which  after  some  years  of  negotiation  took  effect  in  1855,  and 
was  repealed  under  a  notice  from  our  government,  March  17, 
1866.  It  had  quintupled  our  trade  with  tho  Provinces,  given 
an  impulse  to  public  improvement,  and  utilized  the  new  canals, 
railways  and  other  avenues  of  commerce.  It  established  also 
the  fact,  that  tho  great  and  natural  market  of  the  Provinces 
was  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  The  notice  for  repeal  was 
given  at  a  time  when  our  country  was  deeply  offended  with 
Great  Britain.  In  our  great  struggle  for  existence,  she  had 
given  her  sympathy  to  our  foes.  She  had  denounced  slavery, 
but  sought  to  establish  a  slave  empire ;  she  had  built  cruisers 
to  destroy  our  shipping,  and  clippers  to  evado  our  customs ; 
there  had  been  difficulties  on  the  frontier,  and  these  may  have 
have  accelerated  the  fall  of  the  treaty — but  the  treaty  itself  had 
serious  defects.  It  Avas  based  upon  the  assumption  that  tho  two 
countries  had  made  equal  progress  in  the  arts.  It  was  well 
adapted  to  the  Provinces,  for  they  were  devoted  to  tho  field, 
forest,  sea  and  mines,  but  tho  United  States  had  devoted  nearly 
one-third  of  their  energies  and  capital  to  manufactures,  and 
consumed  at  homo  the  principal  part  of  their  raw  material. 


24 


TREATY  OP  RECIPROCITY. 


Under  tho  treaty,  the  exports  of  the  Provinces  were  sent 
principally  to  New  York  and  New  England,  and  these  had  no 
coal,  wood,  herring,  and  little  corn  for  export  to  the  Provinces. 
It  is  true  they  had  an  abundance  of  boots,  shoes,  tools,  cutlery, 
clocks,  vehicles  and  furniture,  and,  before  the  treaty,  sent  them 
to  tho  Provinces — but  the  treaty  did  not  shield  them  from 
duties.  Canada,  anxious  to  raise  revenue  and  solicitous  to 
rival  us  in  manufactures,  imposed  duties  which  checked  the 
exports  of  New  England.  As  the  war  progressed,  wo  drew 
upon  Canada  for  large  supplies  of  horses,  cattle  and  grain ; 
while  the  treaty  was  expiring,  her  productions  were  pressed 
across  the  borders,  and  in  the  last  year  of  Reciprocity,  the 
importations  from  Canada,  by  Provincial  returns,  exceeded  our 
exports  by  twenty  millions.  By  our  own  returns  there  was  a 
still  larger  excess.  Under  ordinary  circumstances,  we  might 
have  spared  a  portion  of  our  gold,  for  we  arc  drawing  five  times 
this  sura  from  our  western  gold  fields ;  but  the  war  was  drawing 
to  a  close  ;  large  armies  were  to  bo  paid,  and  taxes  to  bo  levied  ; 
a  largo  debt  was  to  be  funded,  a  paper  currency  to  be  redeemed 
and  specie  to  bo  saved. 

Under  such  circumstances,  the  check  given  by  Canada  to  our 
exports  operated  against  the  treaty.  Financial  considerations 
called  for  its  modification  —  the  treaty  became  a  dead  letter. 

Since  the  repeal  of  the  treaty,  the  former  duties  of  the  United 
States  have  been  revived,  and  a  new  duty  of  twenty  per  cent, 
has  been  imposed  on  animals.  Tho  Maritime  Provinces,  whose 
tariffs  had  been  low  and  satisfactory  to  us,  have  retaliated  by  an 
advance  of  duties,  while  Canada,  in  a  more  liberal  and  magnan- 
imous spirit,  has  reduced  her  duties  one-fourth  upon  our  manu- 
facti^res,  raised  her  duty  to  sixty  cents  on  spirits,  and  proposes  to 
discontinue  her  free  ports,  and  to  assimilate  her  duties,  and  she 
has,  in  concert  with  the  lower  Provinces,  sent  envoys  to  Wash- 
ington to  negotiate  a  new  treaty,  and  I  have  good  reason  to 
believe,  is  ready  to  negotiate  a  new  treaty  on  equitable  terms. 
The  other  Provinces  have  very  naturally  advanced  their  duties. 
New  Brunswick  has  increased  her  duty  on  tobacco,  placed  a 
duty  of  88  a  head  on  horses  and  oxen,  ^5  on  swine,  75  cents  on 
sheep,  and  81  per  hundred  with  3  per  cent,  ad  valorem  on  beef, 
pork,  hams,  lard,  and  bacon.  Nova  Scotia  has  put  a  duty  of 
25  cents  per  barrel  on  flour,  810  on  horses,  87.50  on  cattle,  85 


EFFECTS  OP  REPEAL. 


25 


'•crc  sent 
3  liad  no 
I'ovinccs. 
,  cutlery, 
cnt  thCiii 
cm  from 
citous  to 
ckcd  the 
wo  drew 
i  grain ; 
I  pressed 
Dcity,  the 
eded  our 
TO  was  a 
vo  might 
[ivc  times 
1  drawing 

0  levied ; 
'cdccraed 

ia  to  our 
derations 
otter, 
ic  United 
per  cent. 
es,  whose 
ted  by  an 
magnan- 
nr  manu- 
roposcs  to 
1,  and  she 
to  Wash- 
I'casoii  to 
Ic  terms, 
ir  duties, 
placed  a 
'  cents  on 

1  on  beef, 
I  duty  of 
cattle,  iS5 


on  swine,  81  per  barrel  on  beef  and  pork,  and  82  per  100  lbs. 
on  hams,  tongues,  and  bacon,  with  81|  per  100  lbs.  on  lard. 

Prince  Edward's  Island  has  placed  a  duty  of  25  cents  per  bar» 
rcl  on  flour,  and  81  per  barrel  on  beef  and  pork,  and  81|  per 
100  lbs.  on  hams,  bacon,  and  lard.*  Newfoundland  has  placed 
a  duty  of  80  cents  per  barrel  on  flour,  12  cents  per  barrel  on  oat 
and  corn  meal,  TO  cents  per  barrel  on  pork,  and  50  cents  per 
barrel  on  beef,  and  11  per  cent,  on  lard. 

Under  such  retaliatory  duties,  and  others  on  less  important 
articles,  we  may  well  expect  a  decline  in  our  importations  from 
all  the  Provinces,  a  serious  check  to  our  exports  to  the  Maritime 
Provinces,  and  a  decay  of  commerce. 

It  was  predicted  in  my  report  of  last  year,  as  a  necessary  con- 
sequence of  the  repeal  of  the  treaty,  and  the  prediction  has  been 
verified.  But  eight  months  have  elapsed  since  the  repeal  of  the 
Treaty  of  Reciprocity ;  the  returns  of  the  custom  houses  are 
still  incomplete,  and  we  cannot,  for  some  months  to  come, 
obtain  the  results  of  an  entire  year ;  but  we  have  already  some 
premonitory  symptoms,  —  some  returns,  which  indicate  that  the 
commerce  with  the  Provinces,  which  has  for  the  past  eleven 
years  increased  at  the  rate  of  15  to  20  per  cent,  per  annum  on 
each  preceding  year,  and  nearly  25  per  cent,  from  the  start,  is 
now  declining  still  more  rapidly. 

The  following  tables  show  the  exports  from  Halifax  to  all  the 
ports  of  the  United  States  for  six  months  before  and  six  months 
after  the  expiration  of  the  treaty,  compared  with  those  of 
the  like  period  in  1865 :  — 

*  See  Colonial  Duties,  Appendix,  page  242. 


4 


'I'll 


'fi!' 


26 


CHECK  TO  COMMERCE. 


H 

Tl    .1.. 

t  i:. 


POET  OF  HALIFAX.— Total   Value  of  Exports  to  each  country 
daring  twelve  months  ending  30th  September,  18GG. 


Quarter  Esdiso 

Totals. 

December  2. 

BInrch  2. 

June  2. 

Scptcm'ra. 

Great  Britain,  . 

$23,897 

817,092 

§49,996 

.§95,614 

§217,199 

Canada,    . 

106,740 

- 

75,800 

298,020 

480,560 

New  Brunswick, 

85,79C 

40,948 

98,346 

57,332 

282,416 

Newfoundland, 

70,417 

27,089 

65,125 

29,100 

191,797 

Prince  Edward  Isl'd, 

106,710 

83,702 

21,928 

212,.340 

British  AVost  Indies,  . 

236,174 

280,277 

276,389 

209,901 

1,008,732 

Spanish  West  Indies, 

110,314 

142,937 

99,294 

76,505 

429,110 

French  West  Indies, 

- 

5,477 

- 

- 

5,477 

St.  Thomas,      . 

2,878 

8,688 

5,372 

5,995 

22,933 

St.  Domingo, 

6,680 

12,842 

6,824 

3,650 

29,990 

Brazil, 

- 

10,432 

- 

- 

10,432 

Africa, 

8,825 

32,330 

- 

- 

41,161 

Madeira,  . 

- 

- 

- 

12,813 

12,813 

St.  Pierre, 

3,700 

2,299 

3,862 

17,288 

27,155 

United  States, 

574,027 

537,915 

109,174 

117,855 

1,338,971 

Fisheries, . 

- 

- 

55,332 

23,402 

78,734 

Totals, 

igl,336,158 

.$1,154,932 

§929,207 

§969,529 

§4,389,826 

POUT  OF  HALIFAX.— Total  Value  of  Imports  at  the  Port  of 
Halifax,  iV]  S.,  shoicing  the  vcdue  imported  from  the  United  States^ 
during  the  Years  ending  tlOt?i  September,  18G5,  aiid  18G6. 


Q  U  A  U  TK  R    ENDING 


Totnl  Imports. 


Imported  from  U.  S. 


December,  1865,       .... 

§2,417,077  00 

§825,744  00 

Mai-ch,  ISGO, 

1,442,974  00 

580,515  00 

June,  1800, 

4,0.02,092  00 

734,901  00 

September,  1800 

2,003,051  00 

371,033  00 

Totals, 

§11,090,394  00 

$2,512,253  00 

December,  1804,       .... 

§1,844,752  00 

§510,392  00 

March,  1805, 

1,017,752  00 

334,352  00 

June,  1805, 

3,554,020  00 

556,215  00 

September,  1805,       .... 

2,711,317  00 

517,205  00 

Totals, 

§9,128,447  00 

81,918,224  00 

DECLINE  OF  TRADE. 


27 


ach  country 


J. 


Totals. 


!5217,199 

480,500 

282,116 

191,797 

212,340 

1,008,732 

429,110 

5,477 

22,933 

29,996 

10,432 

41,101 

12,813 

27,155 

1,338,971 

78,734 

;«4,389,826 


he   Port  of 

ited  States^ 


ted  from  U.  S. 

25,744  00 
80,515  00 
34,901  00 
71,033  00 

12,253  00 

10,392  00 

34,352  00 

50,215  00 

17,205  00 

18,224  00 


Tho  tables  show  an  important  growth  previous  to  the  repeal, 
and  a  decline  of  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  whole  exports  in  the 
half  year  following  the  repeal.  The  decline  in  mackerel  of  93 
per  cent.,  in  herring  of  91  per  cent.,  and  on  dry  fish  of  05  per 
cent.,  on  oil  of  95  per  cent.,  and  on  miscellaneous  articles  of 
75  per  cent. 

The  imports  from  the  United  States  into  Halifax,  which 
exhibited  a  steady  increase  down  to  May,  1806,  have  since  that 
jicriod  begun  to  decline,  and  give  the  following  results  for  the 
(quarter  ending  September  30, 1805  and  1806 : — 

Imports  into  Halifax  from  the  United  States. 

For  quarter  ending  Sept.  30, 1865,       .     $571,033  00 

1800,       .      371,033  00 

.    8200,000  00 


a 


Decrease  35  per  cent.,  . 


The  official  returns  of   the  custom-house  at  Boston  give 
similar  results : — 

Exports  to  British  Provinces. 

For  second  quarter  of  1805,         .         .     8710,727  00 

1800,         .        .      770,810  00 


u 


ii 
third 


(( 


u 


1805, 
1800, 


580,058  00 
754,109  00 


Imports  from  British  Provinces. 

For  second  quarter  of  1865,         .        .    8085,430  00 

1806,         .        .      299,309  00 


third 


a 
a 


1805, 
1800, 


1,384,881  00 
945,373  00 


AVhiic  a  slight  increase  appears  in  exports,  possibly  in  antici- 
pation of  retaliatory  duties,  a  decline  of  forty  per  cent,  is 
shown  ill  imports  from  the  Provinces,  in  place  of  the  gain  of 
previous  years. 


A  decline  in  tonnage  arriving  is  also  exhibited : 


For  second  quarter  of  1805,. 

.     89,008  tons 

"       "            "           1800,. 

.     50,013    « 

'•    third          "           1805,. 

.  120,511    " 

'•      "            "          1800,. 

.  111,234    " 

28 


COMPETITION  ABROAD. 


If  WO  glanco  at  Newfoundland,  wo  shall  find  that  tho  ship- 
ments of  dry  fish  since  March  to  the  United  States  have  declined 
to  1,459  quintals,  against  12,858  in  the  corresponding  period  of 
18G5,  while  the  shipments  of  fish  to  Spain,  Portugal  and  tho 
West  Indies  have  increased,  and  ihe  importations  of  flour, 
beef  and  pork,  which  formerly  came  from  the  United  States, 
have  declined  from  207,000  to  153,000  barrels.  The  largo 
shipments  of  oats,  butter,  eggs  and  potatoes,  formerly  made  in 
steam-packets  from  Prince  Edward's  Island  to  Boston,  have 
been  discontinued,  and  the  packets  have  been  compelled  to  take 
fish  from  our  fishermen — a  less  remunerative  freight.  The  oats 
arc  sent  to  England ;  the  eggs,  poultry  and  butter  to  St.  John, 
by  the  Shediac  Railway,  while  the  potatoes,  of  high  repute  in 
our  market,  are  devoted  to  the  swine.  The  island  now  fattens 
pork  for  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  to  replace  that  which 
came  formerly  from  Ohio  and  Illinois. 

The  able  comptroller  of  customs  at  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, Mr.  Smith,  in  his  report  on  Trade  and  Navigation,  just 
published,  states  that  the  lumber  trade  of  the  Province  contin- 
ues flourishing ;  the  export  having  grown  from  273,943,000 
feet  in  18G0  to  331,925,520  feet  in  1865,  exclusive  of  shooks, 
masts,  spars  and  timber. 

He  adds,  "  that  the  closing  of  the  treaty,  as  far  as  we  can 
judge  at  the  present  time,  has  had  no  injurious  effect  o:^  the 
interests  of  cither  of  the  Colonies  ;  the  quantity  of  lumber  sent 
forward  to  the  States  docs  not  appear  to  decrease ;  the  value  of 
the  article  has  been  fully  sustained,  while  their  own  people,  who 
use  it,  have  had  to  submit  to  a  duty  of  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem, 
when  it  goes  into  the  consumption  of  the  country.  This  has 
tended  to  increase  the  value  of  timber  used  in  the  States,  and 
has  rendered  it  more  difficult  for  their  exporters  to  compete 
with  us  in  the  markets  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America." 

He  further  states,  that  "  in  18G0,  New  Brunswick  exported  to 
Cuba  34,130  box  shooks ;  in  18G1,  70,250 ;  in  18G2,  92,781 ;  in 
18G3,  224,447  ;  in  18G4,  200,291,  and  in  1865, 433,303.  Nearly 
all  the  sugar-box  shooks,  used  in  Cuba,  were  supplied,  a  few 
years  ago,  by  the  State  of  Maine ;  but  tho  British  Provinces  aro 
now  vigorously  competing  with  that  State  for  this  trade." 

The  views  of  Mr.  Smith,  as  to  who  pays  the  duties  on  lumber, 
aro  confirmed  by  the  following  tabular  statement  of  prices  in 
the  city  of  New  York. 


m 


tlio  ship- 
dccliiicd 
period  of 
1  and  the 
of  flour, 
;d  States, 
^hc  large 
■  made  in 
ton,  have 
id  to  take 
The  oats 
St.  John, 
repute  in 
w  fattens 
lat  whicli 

w  Bruns- 
ition,  just 
cc  contin- 
3,943,000 
if  shook?, 

IS  we  can 
ct  o:'  the 
mbcr  sent 
c  value  of 
iople,  who 
I  valorem, 
This  has 
tatcs,  and 
•  compete 
\.mcrica." 
:ported  to 
2,781 ;  in 
J.  Nearly 
!ed,  a  few 
vinccs  aro 
e." 

n  lumbci', 
prices  in 


PRICES  OP  TIMBER.  29 

Prices  of  Lumber  in  the  City  of  New  York  in  August. 


ISOO. 

1S65. 

1800. 

Spruce  timber, 

©14  00 

§20  00 

$21  00 

rine           "          

14  00 

21  00 

22  00 

Spruce  boards 

15  00 

21  00 

22  00 

Pine           " 

18  00 

26  00 

30  00 

Clear  Pine" 

36  00 

G5  00 

90  00 

Laths, 

1  55 

2  40 

4  00 

There  is  evidence  that  the  duty  of  twenty  per  cent,  on  lumber 
is  not  o.nly  paid  in  great  part  by  our  own  citizens,  but  that  it  com- 
pels them  also  to  pay  twenty  per  cent,  more  for  American  tim- 
ber, which  in  Maine,  and  several  of  our  "Western  States,  is  held 
in  large  blocks,  by  a  few  capitalists  and  speculators,  that  it  is 
injuring  Maine  and  the  nation  at  large  by  transferring  our  trade 
with  the  West  Indies  to  foreigners,  and  injuriously  affecting  our 
manufactures  and  shipping.  The  price  of  lumber  is  determined 
chiefly  by  the  price  in  Europe,  and,  to  reach  this  country,  it 
must  command  a  price  here  sufficient  to  pay  freigh^^  duty  and 
charges,  and  to  give  net  returns  equivalent  to  those  of  a  ship- 
ment across  the  Atlantic.  It  will  be  our  true  policy  to  reduce 
the  duty.  If  we  look  at  Canada,  we  shall  And  not  only  a  great 
diminution  in  the  shipment  of  animals  across  the  border,  but 
a  material  increase  in  the  shipments  to  Europe. 

The  wheat,  oats,  and  part  of  the  barley*  are  taking  the  route 
to  Europe  without  benefit  to  our  canals  and  railways,  if  wo  may 
judge  by  the  increased  shipment  from  Montreal. 

The  tonnage  of  vessels  clearing  from  Montreal  has  been  as 
follows,  for  years  ending  Dec.  14th  :  — 


1864,  141,887  tons ;  vessels  from  West  sent  to  Europe,  20 

1865,  134,347    "  «  "        "  "         9 

1866,  191,091    "  «  "        "  "         2 


*  As  our  production  of  barley  is  insufficient  to  meet  our  requirements,  we 
continue  to  receive  it  from  Canada,  while  a  part  goes  to  England.  The  im- 
portation of  cattle  from  Canada  during  the  past  four  months,  has  been  reduced 
75  pet  cent,  when  compared  with  that  of  corresponding  months  in  18C5. 


^'W'm'i 


30 


PROHIBITORY  DUTIES. 


Here  wo  have  an  excess  of  40  per  eent.,  or  of  5G,000  tons, 
outward  bound  with  cargoes,  and  the  increase  is  chiefly  in  the 
trade  to  London,  Glasgow  and  the  Maritime  Provinces.  Since 
the  repeal  of  the  treaty,  lines  of  propellers  have  been  started  to 
run  from  Canada  to  Prince  Edward's  Island,  and  through  the 
Gut  of  Canso  to  Halifax  ;  others  from  the  Grand  Trunk  to  Hali- 
fax and  St.  John ;  and  a  new  line  is  proposed  to  run  from 
Hamilton  or  Toronto  to  Shediac  and  Pictou. 

Deputations  have  been  sent  to  Brazil  and  the  West  Indies,  to 
report  upon  the  nature  and  extent  of  our  trade  with  those 
regions ;  and  the  Provinces,  under  the  impulse  given  by  the 
repeal,  are  making  unwearied  efforts  to  rival  us  in  our  foreign 
commerce. 

These  measures  are  the  necessary  result  of  exclusion  from 
our  ports,  for  many  of  our  duties  arc  nearly  or  quite  prohibitory. 

Thus  potatoes,  worth  25  cents  in  the  Provinces,  are  charged 
with  a  duty  of  one  hundred  per  cent. ;  coal,  which  costs  but  81 
to  ll^'ifo  to  extract  from  the  mine  and  place  on  shipboard,  is 
charged  with  a  duty  of  125  per  cent. ;  sulphate  of  barytes, 
costing  but  $2  per  ton,  is  charged  with  a  duty  of  810,  and  oats 
with  a  duty  of  25  to  35  per  cent.  With  mackerel  at  a  duty  of 
82  per  barrel,  the  English  fishermen  must  withdraw  from  our 
markets.  Such  duties  arc  ruinous  to  commerce.  We  may  well 
presume  that  some  of  the  efforts  made  by  the  Provinces  to 
reverse  the  course  of  trade  arc  spasmodic  and  will  prove  ineffec- 
tual. That  it  will  not  always  be  found  wise  to  carry  plaster 
and  grindstones  from  the  Provinces  to  the  States  and  to  return 
in  ballast,  while  propellers  bring  breadstuffs  from  Canada  and 
return  in  ballast  also ;  but  there  can  be  no  question  that  our 
tarilBf,  which  has  superseded  free  trade,  and  the  reprisals  to 
which  it  has  led,  have  done  serious  damage  to  our  commerce. 

In  1865,  Nova  Scotia  cxiiorted  515,905  tons  of  coal,  and  of 
this  450,294  tons  were  sent  to  the  United  States,  chiefly  from 
mines  opened  and  held  by  our  people.  Under  the  new  duty, 
the  price  at  the  mines  did  not  decline  or  declined  but  little,  and 
the  duty  was  chiefly  paid  by  our  own  people,  but  the  proprietors 
are  disheartened  and  a  serious  check  has  been  given  to  their 
progress.  In  1805,  56,155  tons  of  plaster  were  shipped,  of 
which  52,294  came  to  the  United  States.  The  cost  of  this  must 
bo  materially  increased  to  our  farmers  by  the  loss  of  return 


^'W'.W-M 


WHAT  OUR  COUNTRY  REQUIRES. 


31 


000  tons, 
fly  in  the 
s.  Since 
started  to 
'ough  the 
k  to  Ilali- 
run  from 

Indies,  to 
•ith  those 
n  by  the 
ir  foreign 

ion  from 

ohibitory. 

!  charged 

ts  but  $1 

aboard,  is 

barytes, 

and  oats 

a  duty  of 

from  our 

may  well 

)vinccs  to 

re  ineffcc- 

ry  plaster 

to  return 

mada  and 

1  that  our 
iprisals  to 
imerco. 
\\,  and  of 
icfly  from 
lew  duty, 
little,  and 
ropricters 
I  to  their 
lijjpcd,  of 
this  must 
Df  return 


freight.  Herring,  to  the  amount  of  138,343  barrels,  were 
shipi^ed  also  from  Nova  Scotia,  of  which  74,150  came  to  this 
country,  valued  at  an  average  of  S3  per  barrel — a  most  impor- 
tant article  of  food  for  the  poorer  classes.  Now  we  exclude  or 
diminish  their  use  by  a  duty  of  33  per  cent,  or  $1  per 
barrel.  Nova  Scotia  sent  us  mackerel,  also,  to  the  extent  of 
120,740  barrels,  and  valued  at  an  average  of  87,  and  these  we 
exclude  by  a  duty  of  $2  or  29  per  cent.,  and  in  consequence 
Nova  Scotia  calls  for  a  heavier  tax  upon  our  fishermen.  They 
ask  for  no  such  protection.  "While  firewood,  of  which  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  million  cords  came  to  this  country  from 
the  Provinces,  for  railways,  brickyards  and  other  important 
uses,  is  subjected  to  a  tax  of  20  per  cent.  It  may  well  be  asked, 
docs  American  firewood  require  such  protection  ? 

Having  thus  pictured  the  condition  in  which  the  repeal  of  the 
treaty  has  left  our  trade  with  the  Provinces,  the  inquiry  presents 
itself,  what  shall  be  done  ?  The  first  question  is,  do  the  United 
States  require  the  oppressive  duties  imposed — do  they  aid  our 
treasury  or  do  our  productive  farms  require  such  protection  ? 

Our  nation  is  recovering  from  the  war  ;  its  revenue  is  twice 
its  expenditure  and  fast  increasing ;  it  has  two  million  of 
veterans  off  duty,  but  ready  for  service;  two  million  of  rifles 
and  fifteen  thousand  cannon  of  improved  pattern ;  storehouses 
filled  with  clothing  and  munitions  of  war,  and  a  jiavy  of  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  steamships  in  commission,  unsurpassed  in 
the  calibre  of  its  guns,  the  strength  of  its  steamships  and  the 
material  and  discipline  of  its  men.  Surely  this  great  nation, 
thus  provided,  docs  not  require  onerous  taxes  on  the  herring, 
potatoes,  laths,  shingles  and  fuel  of  the  poor,  and  if  it  did,  it  is 
not  wise  to  make  such  duties  prohibitory. 

What  the  country  docs  require,  is  a  moderate  duty  on 
barley  and  animals ;  on  valuable  plank  and  boards  ;  on  coal ; 
on  dry  fish  and  mackerel,  to  yield  a  moderate  revenue,  and 
to  place  her  farmers,  miners  and  fishermen,  while  taxed  for  the 
war,  on  an  equal  footing  with  their  Provincial  brothers.  It 
requires  an  assimilation  of  duties,  the  removal  of  free  ports,  the 
suppression  of  smuggling,  the  discontinuance  of  fortresses  and 
great  naval  stations  on  our  routes  of  commerce,  the  repeal  of 
statutes  that  subject  our  ships  to  a  year's  light-money  for  a  sin- 
gle trip,  and  heavy  charges  for  anchorage,  and  duties  that  dis- 


MOST  EFFECTIVE  REMEDY. 


criminate  against  our  seaports  and  navigation.  It  would  extend 
copyrights  and  patents,  and  co-opcratc  in  those  great  works  of 
improvement,  whicli  Avill  allow  steamers  of  1,000  tons  to  go 
from  Lake  Superior  tlirough  Lake  Cliamplain  to  New  York,  and 
down  tlic  St.  Lawrence  to  the  sea,  and  tliis,  without  doubt,  can 
bo  effected  by  negotiation. 

The  most  effective  mode  to  remove  all  difficulties,  would  be 
the  union  of  all  parts  of  our  continent  in  one  harmonious  whole. 
But  this  requires  the  sanction  of  England.  Ilcr  rights  arc  rec- 
ognized ;  and  if  a  marriage  is  to  bo  consummated,  she  must  not 
forbid  the  bans. 

In  time  of  peace,  we  can  have  no  Sabine  marriages ;  but  were 
England  to  adopt  that  liberal  policy  taught  her  by  the  history 
of  the  past  century  ;  were  she  to  carry  out  the  measures  she  has 
often  foreshadowed,  and  in  which  her  most  distinguished  philos- 
ophers believe ;  were  she  to  recognize  the  fact  that  her  cotonics 
have  grown  to  man's  estate  ;  that  their  population — one-tenth  of 
our  own — will  be  four  millions  within  a  year — superior  in  num- 
bers, commerce  and  shipping  to  our  own  when  wc  threw  off  our 
allegiance  ;  were  she  to  come  at  once  to  the  conclusion  that 
they  will  be  independent,  that  their  great  market  is  on  this  side 
of  the  sea,  that  they  will  not  forever  link  their  fortunes  with 
those  of  any  European  power,  or  have  their  farms  made  the 
battle-fields  on  which  the  rights  of  Ireland  or  of  the  United 
States  shall  be  settled ;  were  she  to  consider  that  smaller  bodies 
gravitate  towards  larger,  that  the  principalities  and  dukedoms 
of  Europe  have  within  a  few  years  been  reduced  one-third ; 
were  she  to  consider  the  small  returns  she  draws  from  a  large 
expenditure,  would  she  not,  with  a  wise  forecast  and  a 
parent's  care,  herself  take  the  initiative,  and  seek  to  obliterate 
the  memories  of  three  wars — the  last  just  finished — and  to  win 
the  love  and  gratitude  of  a  continent  by  an  act  of  magnanim- 
ity ?  England,  in  the  sad  history  of  the  past,  finds  much  to 
regret  in  the  course  she  has  here  pursued, — in  the  useless  sacri- 
fice of  lives,  the  waste  of  treasure  which,  with  interest,  would 
to-day  exceed  her  national  debt,  to  preserve  what  she  might, 
with  both  honor  and  profit,  have  resigned.  Before  our  late 
struggle,  her  exports  to  the  Provinces  were  not  one-twentieth 
of  her  whole  exports,  and,  if  wo  take  population  into  account, 
were  little  more  than  proportionate  to  her  exports  to  the  States ; 


I 


ASPIIIATIONS   or  AMERICANS. 


33 


rl  extend 
R'orks  of 
IS  to  go 
ork,  and 
ubt,  can 

I'ould  be 

IS  -whole. 

arc  rcc- 

nust  not 

but  were 
history 
!  she  has 
d  philos- 
cotonies 
-tenth  of 
in  num- 
V  off  our 
ion  that 
this  side 
nes  witli 
lade  the 
!  United 
}r  bodies 
Likedoms 
le-third ; 
a  a  large 
and  a 
bliteratc 
d  to  win 
ignanim- 
[Tiiich  to 
CSS  sacri- 
■it,  would 
e  might, 
our  late 
wcntieth 
account, 
e  States ; 


but  here  she  pays  for  no  officers  of  state,  no  garrisons,  railways 
or  navies.  In  18(51,  the  first  year  of  revolt,  she  exported  to  the 
States  but  <£l),004,rj04  ;  in  180"),  when  union  was  restored,  she 
sent  us,  under  war  duties,  £21,2o5,700.  She  draws  to-day 
more  net  income  from  the  States  than  from  the  Provinces  ;  but 
to-day  she  is  lavishing  her  treasure  on  useless  ships  and  for- 
tresses, and  maintains  fifteen  regiments  in  the  Provinces,  at  a 
cost,  if  our  own  expenses  be  the  criterion,  of  at  least  twenty 
millions  of  dollars.  Nor  is  this  all.  She  is  proposing  an  outlay 
of  twenty  to  forty  millions  more  on  a  railway  through  a  track- 
less wilderness, — with  not  a  settler  to  the  square  mile, — wliich 
cannot  pay,  which  is  not  Avautcd  by  commerce,  which  actually 
competes  with  nearly  three  hundred  miles  of  the  Grand  Trunk, 
and  lengthens  the  journey  30  to  40  miles  from  Halifax  to  Mont- 
real, when  compared  with  the  line  via  Portland,  that  must  soon 
be  finished. 

Siii)pose  it  should  be  urged  that  a  monarchy  or  aristocracy, 
like  that  of  England,  would  be  preferable  to  a  republic  for  the 
Colonics.  Can  England  for  a  moment  believe  that  our  country 
can  be  reconciled  to  either  upon  the  northern  or  southern  fron- 
tier of  our  Republic,  or  that  either  could  endure  in  such  con- 
tiguity ?  Let.  it  be  urged  that  a  union  with  the  Provinces 
would  add  to  our  resources  and  commerce :  would  not  both 
contribute  to  her  own  ?  and  did  not  disunion  deprive  her  of 
coLtoii  and  tobacco,  as  well  as  reduce  her  exports?  Is  not 
America  designed  for  Americans  ?  and  are  not  Asia,  Africa 
and  Australia  sufficient  for  Great  Britain  ? 

Were  she  to  relinquish  her  precarious  hold  on  the  Provinces, 
and  allow  them  to  enlarge  their  Confederation  in  accordance 
with  iheir  true  interests,  she  would  atone  for  a  multitude  of 
errors. 

Aspirations  op  Aimericans. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  great  majority  of  Ameri- 
cans would  rather  see  this  continent  occupied  by  one  Republic, 
"?<n.'  c  libera,'"  than  to  have  it  hemmed  in  by  a  French  Empiro 
at  one  end  and  a  monarchy  or  viceroyalty  of  the  British  Empire 
at  the  other.  They  appreciate  the  strength  and  the  weakness  of 
But  how  do  France  and  England  differ  ? — the 

*  See  Appendix,  pp.  126,  128. 


both  of  them.*" 


34 


ASPIRATIONS  OP  TUB  PROVINCES. 


one,  after  its  fiitilo  "  efibrt  for  the  Latin  race,"  gracefully  with- 
draws and  invites  iis  to  its  groat  Exposition.  It  revives  the 
traditions  of  its  Dast  friendship.  It  has  sent  no  men-of-war  to 
burn  our  ships  or  destroy  our  eapitol.  It  has  sent  no  Clyde- 
built  steamers  to  carry  arms  to  our  foes  or  break  down  our 
revenue.  Indeed,  no  continental  nation  has  done  it.  It  has 
refused  no  claims  for  redress. 

How  is  it  with  England  ?  She  bids  lis  bo  silent  while  sho 
consolidates  the  Provinces  into  a  military  power,  expends  mil- 
lions on  military  roads,  ]»lants,  or  proposes  to  plant,  hen'  •  can- 
non at  Halifax  and  Victoria,  or  at  Esciuimault  Harbor,  adjacent 
to  Victoria,  establishes  free  ports  to  undermine  our  revenue, 
and  sends  out  cruisers  to  watch  our  coasts  and  fisheries.  While 
France  retires,  she  sends  out  fifteen  veteran  regiments.  Can  sho 
wonder  that  we,  under  such  circumstances,  seek  alliances  with 
France  and  Russia,  and  forget  the  home  of  our  lathers  ?  * 

Aspirations  of  the  Provinces. 

The  Provinces  have  long  desired  expansion.  Their  territory 
contracts  as  it  runs  easterly,  and  presents  in  a  northern  latitude 
a  narrow  front  on  the  Atlantic.  New  England  lies  between 
Canada  and  the  sea.  A  few  years  since,  the  "  Halifax  Morning 
Journal,"  an  influential  paper  of  Nova  Scotia,  presented  a  plan 
for  annexation,  from  which  we  make  the  following  extracts, 
viz. :  "  In  the  much  wished-for  event  of  a  consolidation  of  the 
Colonies,  the  possession  of  Maine  is  of  vast  importance  ;  more, 


*  The  accession  of  the  Provinces  would  bring  to  us  a  vigorous  and  industri- 
ous population  of  four  millions,  at  least  twenty  thousand  efficient  seamen,  a 
vast  extent  of  productive  land  sufficient  for  at  least  twenty- four  States,  exten- 
sive forests  and  lisherios,  and  nearly  a  million  and  a  quarter  tons  of  shipping; 
a  railway,  canal  and  telegraph  system  proportionate  to  our  own.  It  would 
dispense  with  custom-houses  and  fortresses  on  a  long  frontier,  enlarge  the 
markets  for  our  productions,  and  the  supply  of  raw  material.  It  would  give 
increased  profits  and  extension  to  our  railway  system,  and  enable  us  to  exer- 
cise a  proper  control  on  our  lines  of  telcgr.aph  to  Asia  and  Europe.  AVhat  is 
still  more  important,  it  would  insure  for  the  future  pacific  relations  with  the 
British  Empire. 

Should  it  be  urged  that  our  domain  will  bo  too  much  extended,  the  reply  is 
easy.  Steam  overcomes  space  and  distance,  and  within  five  years  the  mem- 
bers of  Congress  from  Oregon  and  California  will  reach  the  capital  in  less 
than  half  the  time  taken  by  the  members  from  Boston  and  Savannah  when  our 
Constitution  was  adopted. 


ANNEXATION   A   PROVINCIAL   MEASURE. 


85 


illy  witli- 
vivcs  the 
•of-war  to 
no  Clydc- 
lowii  our 
.     It  has 

ivlillo  she 
on  (Is  mil- 
caw  can- 
,  adjaeont 

revonuo, 
s.    While 

Can  she 
uccs  with 


tcri'ilory 
n  latitude 

between 
:  Morning 
;cd  a  plan 

extracts, 
on  of  the 
te  ;  more, 

lul  iiulustri- 
t  seamen,  a 
:iitcs,  cxtcn- 
)f  shipping; 
.  It  would 
enlarge  the 
would  give 
;  us  to  cxcr- 
le.  What  is 
ons  with  the 

tlie  reply  is 
s  the  niem- 
lital  in  less 
nh  when  our 


jicrhaps,  than  wo  have  been  wont  to  imagine.  A  glance  at  the 
map  will  show,  that  at  present  she  destroys  the  symmetry  of  the 
projjosed  confederation.  Hiu;  stands  like  a  wedge  driven  u\)  to 
the  I)utt  in  a  foreign  country,  and  it  gives  rise  to  the  idea  that 
but  a,  few  more  blows  are  needed  to  cflcct  a  complete  separation 
of  Canada  and  New  I>runs\vick.  Nor  is  it  symmetry  alone 
which  demands  the  annexation  of  Maine  ;  there  aro  other  rea- 
sons of  far  greater  importance  why  this  should,  if  possible,  bo 
cfTectcd,  and  which  we  propose  to  set  plainly  forth  in  this 
article. 

"  In  the  cvcjit  of  the  Gulf  States  forming  a  southern  confeder- 
ation, an  event  which  every  day  renders  more  probable,  an  elTort 
Will  be  made  to  exclude  the  Northern  States  entirely  from  the 
carrying  trade,  and  as  the  South  can  carry  out  a  non-intercourse 
law,  without  loss  to  herself,  but  to  the  great  detriment  of  the 
Northern  States,  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that  she  will  seek 
•this  way  to  repay  some  of  the  wrongs  the  North  has  inflicted. 
This,  to  Maine,  would  prove  particularly  disastrous.  Like  the 
remainder  of  the  Northern  States,  Maine  will  have  to  sulTer  the 
inevit8,ble  depreciation  of  property  consequent  upon  disunion, 
varying  from  2-j  to  oO  per  cent.  United  to  these  colouies,  her 
ships  excluded  fiom  the  l)au  and  with  the  field  for  fresh  enter- 
prises thus  opened  to  her,  property  would  regain  its  wonted 
figure,  or  even  rise  above  it.  Nor  do  the  people  of  Maine 
require  to  have  these  facts  urged  upon  them — they  are  fully 
alive  and  awake  to  their  own  interests,  which  clearly  tend 
towards  a  union  with  the  colonics." 

We  were  then  in  the  condition  of  "  the  sick  man  and  our 
estate  was  to  be  apportioned  before  our  decease  " — but  Elaine 
and  California,  at  the  two  extremes,  were  alike  true  to  the 
Union  ;  neither  had  a  taste  for  Colonial  dependence.  The 
Republic  "  still  lives;"  the  South  returns  to  its  allegiance  ;  half 
its  young  white  men  are  gone  and  loyalists  of  every  hue  outnum- 
ber the  survivors. 

The  Nova  Scotia  plan  did  not  take — it  was  premature.  It  is 
cited  hero  merely  to  show  the  aspirations  of  the  Colonies,  and  as 
a  precedent  for  this  discussion,  for  it  makes  annexation  a  Pro- 
vincial measure.  We  can  afford  to  be  more  generous  and  give 
to  the  Provincial  plan  a  shape  more  comprehensive,  more 
statesmanlike,  more  consistent  with  the  rights  of  all. 


86 


TERMS  OP   UNION. 


If  England  wcro  to  conio  forward  to-day  and  say  ti)  her 
I)i'ogoiiy  ou  this  sldo  of  thn  Athmtlc :  "  Unite  on  (••luul 
terms,  join  hands.  Go  forward  luid  rechiini  the  wilder- 
ness ;  open  the  vast  interior  of  tlie  continent,  withheld  from 
civilization  liy  the  iron  liiind  of  a  colossal  company  ;  hnild  ships, 
canals  and  railways  ;  open  avenues  across  the  contincMit ;  create 
jiomes  for  tho  destitute;  provide  farms  for  my  Irisli  children, 
that  have  left  their  turf  cottages  and  narrow  honiesteads,  and 
let  mc  rejoice  in  your  success  and  partake  of  a  prosperity  that 
will  bring  honor,  as  well  as  prolit,  to  your  ancient  homes." 
Before  such  an  adjuration  all  diniculti(!s  would  vanish,  and 
reciprocal  relations  might  ))e  at  once  ostahlished.  After  such 
an  appeal,  the  United  states  might  submit  tho  following  over- 
tures : — To  admit  each  Province  into  tlie  Union,  as  a  sovereign 
State,  remitting  all  taxes  made  necessary  by  the  war,  except 
customs  and  duties  on  rujuors,  cotton,  tobacco,  banks,  stamps 
and  licenses.  To  assume  their  government  property  and  debts 
and  equalize  tho  debts  l)y  a  provision  for  future  improvement. 
To  guarantee  a  railway  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  mouth  of 
Frazcr's  River,  and  ship  canals  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  sea. 
To  assume  all  liabilities  for  the  Alabama  and  extinguish  all 
claims  of  the  Iludson  Bay  Company. 

The  remission  of  taxes  may  lie  easily  made,  for  it  is  fair  to 
presume  that  in  two  or  three  years'  time,  with  interest  and 
expenses  falling  to  $220,000,000  per  annum,  we  shall  find  In 
those  named  ample  means  for  tho  payment  of  interest  and 
expenses,  and  the  gradual  extinction  of  our  debt.  "While  our 
country  is  prcJuded  to-day  from  conceding  the  registry  of  ships 
and  admission  to  the  coasting  trade,  to  the  Provinces,*  because 
it  might  biiild  up  on  our  borders  a  great  maritime  power,  to  be 
controlled  by  a  foreign  nation,  with  naval  stations  on  our  great 
routes  of  commerce  ; .  in  case  of  a  union  the  ship-yards,  foun- 
dries, sea-ports  and  coal  mines  of  the  Provinces  would  minister 
to  our  wants  and  participate  in  our  connncrce  and  in  that  vast 
free  trade  which  will  pervade  the  continent  Avithin  the  pale  of  a 
moderate  tariif. 

But  England  may  lose  the  golden  opportunity  to  yield  with 
grace,  what  she  cannot  long  retain,  or  retain  at  all,  without 
disproportionate  expense. 

*  See  Letter  as  to  Coasting  Trade,  Appendix,  page  132. 


PETITION    FUOM    IJIUTISII    (OLUMIII.V. 


87 


y  to  her 
)ii  ('(iiial 
!  wiMoi- 
r\i\  IVom 
ild  ships, 
t ;  create 
chiklroii, 
)iuls,  and 
nity  that 
homes." 
uisli,  and 
.t'tcr  such 
ling  ovcr- 
sovercigii 
Li",  except 
:s,  stamps 
and  debts 
I'ovemcut. 
month  of 

0  the  sea. 
ignish  all 

is  fiiir  to 
icrcst  and 
dl  find  in 
tcrest  and 
While  our 
ry  of  ships 
,*  because 
iwcr,  to  be 
.  our  great 
irds,  foun- 

1  minister 
1  that  vast 
3  pale  of  a 

yield  with 
11,  without 


J2. 


National  pride  may  recoil  from  such  concessions ;  private 
interests  may  predominatt! ;  lucrative  contracts  loom  up  in  the 
distance,  and  the  union,  sure  to  come  at  last,  may  still  appear 
in  prospective  only.  Last  year  I  ventured  to  suggest  to  the 
Treasury  department  in  my  report  on  Ueciprocity,  thai  if 
England  were  to  adjust  our  Alal)ama  claims  l>y  a  cession  of  her 
claims  to  western  America,  it  might  bo  a  precedent  for  Austria 
to  resign  Venetia,  ami  thus  reduce  the  arnnes  and  expenses  of 
Europe;  l)ut  England  gave  no  such  precedent;  Austria  made 
no  such  resignation,  and  armed  Italy  was  oliliged  to  look  to  the 
north  for  an  ally.  Austria  could  have  retired  with  prestige  and 
honor,  could  have  reduced  licr  national  debt,  l)ut  she  suffered 
the  sword  to  bo  drawn  ;  the  Austrian  Empire  was  shaken  to  its 
centre  ;  gold  was  wasted  and  Venetia  ingloriously  surrendered  ; 
and  now  the  armies  and  expenditures  of  all  Euroi)e,  inclusive  of 
the  British  Isles,  arc  on  the  increase,  while  America,  Avith  her 
fleets  on  every  sea,  sends  a  squadron  up  the  IJaltic.  Great  Brit- 
ain intervenes  I)etween  America  and  the  JJaltic.  She  has  few 
friends  in  Euroi)o.  AVith  her  immense  commerce  afloat,  is  it 
not  her  policy  to  make  a  British  alliance  more  popular  than  a 
Russian  or  a  French  one,  this  side  of  the  water  ? 

Pctition  from  British  Columbia. 

While  I  still  hold  the  pen  and  as  if  to  endorse  the  views  I 
have  taken,  a  pctition  comes  in  from  Victoria  for  the  admission 
of  British  Columbia  into  the  Union. 

The  people  of  this  region,  many  of  whom  are  from  the  States, 
contrast  the  slow  progress  of  the  British  territory  with  that  of 
California  and  Oregon.  At  Victoria,  they  were  first  checked  by 
the  restrictions  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Escaping  from 
their  restrictions,  they  were  again  depressed  Ijy  the  enormous 
cost  of  the  government  given  them  by  England,  at  least 
$200,000  annually  for  G,000  people ; — a  government  costing 
three  times  as  much  per  capita  as  that  of  Great  Britain  itself. 
It  lacked,  too,  a  populous  territory  for  the  expansion  of  its  com- 
merce, and  saw  British  Columbia  depressed  by  exactions  upon 
the  shelter  and  transportation  of  its  visitors,  unknown  in  the  gold 
districts  of  Califcruia. 

I  learn  from  most  conclusive  evidence,  that  seven-eighths  of 
the  people  of  British  Columbia  wish  it  to  be  annexed  to  the 


38 


A   ZOLLVEREIN. 


United  States.  Two  Provinces  have  been  consolidated  into  one, 
Avithont  satisfying  cither,  and  the  question  now  presents  itself, 
will  Great  Britain  permit  its  colonies,  who  arc  induced  by  their 
position,  interests  and  wants,  to  unite  their  fortunes  with  ours, 
to  gratify  their  wishes  ?  Is  Great  Britain  in  earnest  when  she 
professes  a  willingness  to  give  them  the  freedom  of  choice  ? 
Her  sincerity  is  soon  to  be  tested. 

A   ZOLLVEREIX. 

If  a  perfect  union  cannot  be  c{rectcd,thc  plan  of  a  Zollvcrein, 
presented  by  our  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  his  late  able 
message,  is  a  near  approach  to  it,  and  oflers  to  each  country 
many  advantages.  It  dispenses  with  custom-houses  and  frontier 
posts,  diminishes  the  cost  of  collecting,  nuich  higher  in  Canada 
than  in  the  United  States,  and  ])romotcs  free  trade  between  dif- 
ferent nations  within  the  pale  of  a  single  tariff.  It  is,  however, 
a  question  whether  Great  Britain  will  consent  to  take  her  stand 
on  a  common  footing  with  other  European  nations,  and  without 
her  consent  the  plan  must  bo  postponed  until  the  Provinces 
emerge  from  a  state  of  dependence. 

A  Zollvcrein  lias  been  successful  in  Germany  ;  why  shoidd  it 
not  be  successful  in  America  ?  Under  its  influence,  and  in  part 
by  its  aid,  the  kingdoms,  states,  i)rincipalities  and  dukedoms  of 
Germany  have  been  reduced  one-third,  and  arc  blending  into 
one.  Negotiations  with  Great  Britain  and  the  Provinces  must 
precede  a  Zollvcrein. 


Negotiation. 

Should  we  fail  to  secure  a  Zollvcrein  by  negotiation,  there  is 
reason  to  believe  a  commercial  treaty  will  eventually  prove  the 
most  simple  and  effective  mode  to  revive  our  commerce,  and  a 
year's  reflection  and  fre(|uent  conferences  with  our  merchants 
and  with  the  leading  men  of  tlie  Provinces,  convince  mc  that  a 
treaty  can  be  made  free  from  the  defects  of  the  former. 

The  great  objection  to  the  former  treaty  was  the  excess  of 
imports  over  exports  from  Canada,  and  the  lack  of  revenue  from 
these  imports ;  but  this  did  not  ap})ly  to  the  Maritime  Prov- 
inces, where  our  exports  exceeded  the  imports,  and  part  of  Hic 
Canadian  imports  took  this  direction.    The  excess  of  imports  is 


NEGOTIATION. 


89 


nto  one, 
its  itself, 
Ijy  their 
ith  ours, 
dieu  she 
choice  ? 


)llverein, 

ate  able 
I  country 
1  frontier 
1  Canada 
ween  dif- 
howevcr, 
her  stand 
d  -without 
'rovinces 

should  it 
nd  in  part 
icdoms  of 
iding  into 
[ices  must 


n,  there  is 
'  prove  the 
)rcc,  and  a 
merchants 
!  mc  that  a 
!r. 

I  excess  of 
^'cnue  from 
time  Prov- 
part  of  +hc 
f  imports  is 


by  no  means  a  conclusive  proof  that  trade  docs  not  benefit  the 
country  importing ;  but  the  exclusion  of  its  products  from  the 
country  iVom  which  it  imports  is  a  check  to  its  industry,  and 
involves  the  loss  of  its  return  freights  to  its  ships.  The 
difliculty  may  lie  remedied  by  measures  more  beneficial  to  the 
country  than  the  exclusion  of  imports,  viz. :  by  such  salutary 
provisions  as  shall  increase  our  own  exports  and  enlarge  the 
markets  for  our  industry,  and  thus  balance  the  account  without 
a  call  for  bonds  or  specie,  and  such  should  be  our  object.  At 
the  j)rcscnt  moment,  many  of  our  duties  arc  nearly  or  quite 
prohibitory  :  such,  for  instance,  as  the  duties  on  potatoes,  mack- 
erel, herring,  oats;  or  ruinous  to  the  trade,  like  those  on  wheat, 
flour  and  cattle.  The  returns  are  still  imperfect,  but  intelligent 
merchants  state  that,  with  the  exception  of  barley  and  of  timber, 
on  which  the  price  has  risen  and  we  are  paying  the  duty,  we 
are  losing  at  least  half  our  importations  from  the  Provinces,  and 
a  portion  of  our  exports,  in  place  of  a  progressive  increase  of 
fourfold  in  eleven  years. 

It  is  fortunate  for  the  country  that  our  tariff  is  flexible,  and 
that  wo  have  the  advantage  of  an  able  commission  devoted  to 
its  revision;  and  if  high  duties  are  to  continue,  this  flexibility  is 
valuable  to  the  state,  as  it  will  permit  future  concessions.  But 
can  we  rise  from  the  study  of  this  subject  without  the  conviction 
that  the  ultimate  and  most  effective  remedy  for  all  difliculties 
will  bo  a  new  negotiation,  and,  as  a  basis  for  this  negotiation,  I 
would  suggest  a  new  })rinciple,  an  important  departure  from 
the  old  treaty,  the  adoi)tion  of  several  distinct  schedules. 

The  first,  schedule  A,  limiting  the  duty  on  certain  produc- 
tions imported  by  either  country  from  the  other.  The  second, 
schedule  B,  giving  a  liberal  free  list  for  the  productions 
imported  from  the  Provinces  into  the  United  States.  The 
third,  schedule  C,  giving  an  equivalent  in  a  free  list  to  the 
United  States  of  productions  exported  to  the  Provinces. 

Schedule  A  to  be  confined  to  a  few  staple  articles,  which  may 
be  taxed  by  cither  country  to  a  limited  extent,  and  thus  made 
sources  of  revenue,  and  into  this  I  would  introduce  the  loading 
articles  of  coal,  fish,  boards,  animals,  potatoes,  peas,  beans  and 
barley.  I  entertain  no  doubt  that  moderate  duties  on  these  few 
imports  will  yield  nearly  or  quite  as  large  a  return  as  wc  shall 


40 


AN  IMPROVED  BASIS  FOR  A  TREATY. 


continue  to  draw  from  all  our  present  duties  on  imports  from 
the  Provinces. 

Schedule  B  ■vrould  contain  most  of  the  productions  of  the  sea, 
mine,  field  and  forest  exported  by  the  Provinces,  and  omitted 
in  schedule  A. 

Schedule  C  would  contain  productions  exported  from  the 
United  States,  and  most  of  those  articles  which  we  })roduce  and 
usually  supply  to  those  who  toil  in  our  ships,  iields,  mines  and 
forests,  in  exchange  for  their  productions. 

Schediile  A  would  l)c  based  upon  the  idea  that  this  country 
should  impose  such  duties  on  a  few  leading  imports  in  each 
department  of  industry,  as  should  equalize  tiie  condition  of  the 
producer  on  each  side  of  the  border  ;  and 

Schedule  C  upon  the  idea,  that  we  should  pay  for  our 
imports  from  Canada  not  in  bonds  or  specie,  which  for  the 
present  we  hojie  to  accun  ^- '.  at  homo,  but  by  the  products  of 
our  skill  and  industry  hi  those  chamicls  which  the  Provinces 
have  not  opened. 

True  reciprocity  consists  in  admitting  into  each  country  those 
articles  which  the  other  country  produces,  and  not  in  admitting 
to  both,  by  a  single  schedule,  those  articles  only  in  v/hicli  but 
one  of  the  countries  has  a  surplus  for  exportation.  In  this 
respect  a  new  treaty  may  be  an  improvement  on  the  old. 

Ill  this  connection,  I  respectfully  submit  herewith  to  the  Exec- 
utive, three  schedules  Avhich  cover  the  chief  products  of  each 
country ;  which  will  not  seriously  impair  our  revenue,  and 
which,  I  have  reason  to  believe,  may  with  few  modifications  be 
made  acceptable  to  both  countries  and  form  the  basis  of  an 
arrangement: — 

Schedule  A. 


Duty. 

Duty. 

Animals,   viz. : — Horses    and 

Fish,  viz. : — dry  codfish   and 

mules,  each, 

sio  00 

hake,  per  100  lbs., 

SO  50 

Cattle,  each,  .... 

5  00 

Smoked  salmon   and  halibut, 

Sheep,     swine,     and   calves, 

per  100  Ibn 

1  00 

each, 

50 

Salmon,  per  barrel. 

2  00 

Barley,  per  bushel. 

IG 

Mackerel,      "... 

1  00 

Peas  and  beans,  per  bushel,  . 

16 

Shad,            "... 

1  00 

Rye  and  buckwheat,     " 

10 

Minerals,  coal  and  shale,  per 

Potatoes,  per  bushel. 

4 

ton,    ..... 

50 

THREE  SCHEDULES. 


41 


rts  from 

'  the  sea, 
omitted 

Vom  the 
duce  and 
incs  and 

country 
in  each 
3n  of  the 

for  our 
1  for  the 
oducts  of 
I'rovinces 

itry  those 
a(hnitting 
.hich  but 
In  this 
Id. 

the  Exec- 
;s  of  each 
;nuo,  and 
;ations  be 
sis  of  an 


Schedule  A. — Continued. 


ind 


3Ut, 


Duty. 


80  50 


. 

1  00 

. 

2  00 

. 

1  00 

. 

1  00 

ler 

• 

50 

Duty. 

Duty. 

Manganese,  barytes,  antimony 

All    other    minerals,  c 

xcept 

and  slate,  .... 

§1  00 

salt,    . 

5  per  ct. 

Lumber,  pine  plank  &  boards. 

Candles,  per  pound, 

10      " 

clear  and  1st  class,  per  M, . 

2  00 

Bricks,          " 

10      " 

Lumber,  spruce  and  all  other 

Glue, 

10      " 

kinds  of  plank  and  boards. 

Glass-ware,  " 

10      " 

per  jNI,        .         .        .        . 

1  00 

Leather,       " 

10      " 

S(iuare  timber,  and  joist  of  all 

jNIachinery,  " 

10      " 

kinds,  per  100  cubic  feet,    . 

1  00 

Starch,          " 

10       " 

I  woidd  also  recommend  that  the  following  articles  produced 
in  either  of  the  Provinces  be  admitted  free  : — 


Provincial  Free  List. 

Schedule  B. 


Apples, 

Hoops, 

Pitch, 

Alcwives, 

Hams, 

Roots, 

Butter, 

Leather, 

Rags, 

Books, 

Laths, 

Rosin, 

Berries, 

Maple  sugar  and  sirup, 

Shrubs, 

Barrels, 

Marble, 

Shingles, 

Building  stone, 

Marl, 

Shell  Fish, 

Buffalo  Robes, 

Manures, 

Shooks, 

Clay, 

Meats, 

Ship  timber, 

Casks, 

Mill  stones, 

Staves, 

Castor  Oil, 

Oil  Cake, 

Skins, 

Clapboards, 

Pelts, 

Sleighs, 

Eggs, 

Poultry, 

Tails, 

Fresh  Fish, 

Phosphate  of  Lime, 

Tips, 

Flour, 

Plaster, 

Tar, 

Firewood, 

Pcarlasb, 

Trees, 

Grindstones, 

Potash, 

Tallow, 

Headings, 

Petroleum, 

Turpentine, 

Herrings, 

Preserved  Shell  Fish, 

Wheat, 

Haddock, 

Preserved  Fruit, 

Wool,  for  combing. 

Hay, 

Plants, 

Vinegar. 

42 


OBJECTIONS  TO  A  TREATY. 


And  that  the  following  productions  of  the  United  States  be 
imported  free  into  the  Provinces  as  equivalents : — 

Schedule  C. 


Apples, 

Indian  corn 

and  meal. 

Sorghum  sirup  &  sugar, 

Bacon, 

Implements, 

Spirits  of  Turpentine, 

Brushes, 

Ink, 

Seeds, 

Batting, 

India-rubber 

goods. 

Shocks, 

Butter, 

Leather, 

Shingles, 

Cars, 

Laths, 

Tar, 

Carriages, 

Lard, 

Tallow, 

Cotton  yarn, 

Music, 

Tacks, 

Clocks, 

Musical  instruments, 

Types, 

Cheese, 

Maps, 

Tin-ware, 

Engravings, 

Maple  sugar 

and  sirup. 

Turpentine, 

Engines, 

Oats, 

Wheat, 

Furniture, 

Pitch, 

Vehicles, 

Flour, 

Petroleum, 

Wop'      ware, 

Garden  vegetables. 

Pins, 

Woollen  yarn. 

Glass-ware, 

Pens, 

Wool, 

Hams, 

Presses, 

Wadding, 

Harnesses, 

Palm  leaf  goods, 

Watches, 

Horse  shoes. 

Rosin, 

Objections  to  a  Treaty. 

It  was  my  province  to  recommend  last  year  a  new  negotia- 
tion, and  that  recommendation  was  met  by  serious  objections, 
tl'ie  force  of  which  I  have  not  been  able  to  discover.  Tt  has 
been  urged  that  we  should  make  no  distinction  between  nations 
in  our  commerce,  but  we  have  no  intercourse  with  any  com- 
mercial nation  in  such  close  contiguity  and  upon  so  long  a 
frontier,  or  with  which  we  conduct  such  a  commerce,  as  we 
have  with  the  Provinces.  It  has  been  urged  that  a  treaty  was 
unconstitutional,  because  it  superseded  the  power  held  by  the 
House  of  Representatives,  to  originate  Revenue  bills.  But  a 
treaty  ratified  by  the  Senate  is  tlie  supreme  law,  is  paramount 
to  the  action  of  cither  branch  of  Congress.  ]>y  the  treaty- 
power  wo  have  acquired  States,  such  as  Florida  and  Louisiana, 
and  ceded  portions  of  others,  the  Madawasca  Territory  and 


RECIPROCAL  LEGISLATION. 


48 


States  be 


jp  &  sugar, 
irpcntine, 


irc, 
irn, 


w  negotia- 
objcctious, 
L\  Tt  has 
3n  nations 
any  com- 
so  long  a 
ircc,  as  we 
treaty  was 
Ad  by  the 
Is.  But  a 
laramonnt 
he  treaty- 
Louisiana, 
ritory  and 


Vancouver's  Island  south  of  49  degrees,  and  the  portion  that 
includes  the  mines  of  Victoria.  Ever  since  1794:  we  have 
made  commercial  treaties  with  England,  IloUand  and  other 
commercial  countries,  wliich  restrict  the  power  to  levy  duties. 
The  treaty  suggested  is  designed  not  to  levy,  but  to  restrict  the 
levy,  of  duties,  and,  lilce  the  provision  that  money-bills  shall 
originate  in  the  House,  is  in  favor  of  the  people.  It  is  too  late 
to  question  the  validity  of  such  a  treaty. 

Again,  it  has  been  urged  that  a  treaty  may  compel  this  coun- 
try to  admit  dutiable  articles  free  from  other  countries ;  but 
this  is  met  by  tlic  separate  schedules  I  suggest.  I  have  placed 
in  schedule  B  no  articles  whose  admission  from  any  country  can 
seriously  impair  our  revenue  or  production. 

But  it  is  urged  that  all  that  wc  require  may  bo  affected  by 
reciprocal  legislation ;  but  this  position  is  met  by  the  signal 
failure  of  the  efforts  for  such  legislation,  made  last  year  in  our 
House  of  Representatives. 

The  Committee  submitted  duties  and  concessions  which  they 
believed  would  tend  to  a  favorable  legislation  in  tlie  Provinces ; 
but  when  the  question  came  up  as  to  the  duties  on  fish  and 
lumber,  Maine  took  tlic  field.  Tlic  duty  on  soft  coal  was  raised 
by  eloquent  appeals  from  districts  of  Maryland  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, wliilc  Vermont  desired  duties  on  wool,  animals  and 
poultry. 

It  became  apparent  that  the  floor  of  the  House  was  not  the 
spot  to  frame  a  commercial  treaty.  The  measures  proposed 
still  linger  in  the  Senate,  and,  after  they  are  consummated,  will 
await  the  further  action  of  the  House,  and  the  action  and  reac- 
tion of  ten  or  twelve  assemblies  or  legislative  councils,  where 
the  legislation  of  to-day  may  be  reversed  to-morrow.  But  it 
may  be  urged  that  the  treaty  may  restrain  us  from  tlie  levy  of 
duties  in  case  of  war  ;  but  this  may  be  met  by  allowing  either 
party  to  terminate  the  treaty  by  a  year's  notice. 

To  perfect  a  commercial  arrangement ;  to  remove  duties  on 
anchorage  and  onerous  charges  for  liglit  money,  which  build  up 
Provincial  navigation  at  tlie  cost  of  our  own ;  to  assimilate 
duties ;  to  abolish  free  ports  ;  to  provide  for  patents  and  copy- 
rights, requires  negotiation,  if  it  be  but  a  prelude  to  reciprocal 
legislation,  and  successful  negotiation,  if  not  a  treaty. 


■'ji 


'^ 


44 


EFFECTS  OF  REPEAL. 


Confederation. 

The  necessary  effect  of  the  repeal  of  the  Treaty,  has  been 
not  only  to  break  up  the  flourishing  commerce  between  the 
States  and  the  Provinces,  but  to  throw  the  trade  of  the  latter 
into  now  channels  and  to  give  an  impulse  to  new  enterprises, 
adverse  to  our  co;nnicrce.  This  tends  to  alienation  and 
estrangement,  rather  than  union. 

Measures,  too,  are  now  in  progress  to  establisli  a  confedera- 
tion of  the  Provinces,  which  have  received  the  sanction  of 
Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  Newfoundland  and 
Prince  Edward's  Island  still  hesitate,  and  there  is  a  powerful 
party  in  Nova  Scotia,  with  the  eloquent  Mr.  Howe  at  their 
head,  who  oppose  the  measure ;  and  the  delegates  of  several 
Provinces,  with  their  opponents  arrayed  against  them,  are  now 
in  London  awaiting  the  action  of  Parliament. 

A  leading  argument  for  the  measure  is  the  diversion  of  the 
supply  of  breadstuffs  and  provisions  to  the  Maritime  Provinces 
from  the  United  States  to  Canada.  Another,  the  formation  of 
a  state  strong  enough  to  confront  the  United  States.  Another, 
the  construction  of  a  military  road  for  the  transfer  of  troops 
from  Halifax  to  the  lakes  and  rice  versa.  If  a  new  state  or 
viceroyalty  is  thus  created  without  the  full  concurrence  of  all 
its  parts,  it  may  not  be  permanent,  for  its  sections  are  not  har- 
monious. The  natural  laws  of  trade  are  not  easily  reversed, 
and  the  United  States  cannot  be  expected  to  favor  a  measure 
tending  to  build  up  a  monarchy  on  its  borders. 

The  Actual  Condition  op  the  Question  op  the  Fisheries. 
In  my  report  of  last  year,  a  copy  of  which  may  be  found  in 
the  Appendix,  I  gave  a  brief  sketch  of  the  progress  of  our  deep- 
sea  fisheries  for  cod  and  mackerel  which,  in  18G2,  presented 
3,815  vessels,  203,000  tons,  28,0-18  seamen,  and  gave  an  animal 
return  estimated  at  814,000*,000.  Since  18G2,  under  the  press- 
ure of  war  and  taxes,  there  has  been  a  very  serious  decline  in 
vessels,  tonnage  and  seamen.  The  returns  from  the  Registry  ot 
our  Treasury  exhibit  the  following  results : — 


•I 


QUESTION  OP  THE  FISHERIES. 


46 


las  been 
vccii  the 
le  latter 

;cr[)  rises, 
ion    and 

3iifedera- 
ctioii  of 
and  and 

powerful 
at  their 

f  several 
arc  now 

m  of  the 
rovinces 
lation  of 
Another, 
of  troops 
■  state  or 
ce  of  all 
not  liar- 
reversed, 
measure 


3HERIES. 

found  in 
nir  deep- 
)resented 
n  animal 
lie  press- 
ecline  in 
Jgistry  ot 


DATE. 


Tons  In  tlie  Cod 
Fishery. 


In  tlio  Mackerel 
Fishery. 


AgKrcgatc. 


1862, 

18G3, 
18G4, 
18G5, 
18G6, 


122,803 

117,200 

103,742 

30,725 

42,7i)G 


80,590 

203,459 

51,019 

108,309 

53,494 

159,230 

10,532 

47,257 

4G,589 

89,385 

The  fislierics  have  great  vitality,  if  not  broken  down  by 
advcr.'^e  legislation  ;  l)ut  at  the  moment  when  they  were  at  tlieir 
lowest  jjoint  of  depression,  while  Croat  Britain  was  remitting 
nearly  every  duty  to  her  fisheries  on  the  very  eoast  of  her  Prov- 
inces ;  when  France  was  paying  a  bounty  of  82  per  quintal  on  her 
fish  sent  to  our  ports,  we  have  repealed  bounties,  under  which 
our  trade  has  grown  uj)  for  half  a  century,  and  Canada  seizes 
this  opportune  moment  to  grant  to  her  fisheries  the  bounty  we 
resign.  M.  Pierre  Fortin,  at  page  51  of  his  report  this  year 
pu1)lished,  says  :  "  Wo  are  to  l^e  set  in  motion  only  by  the  pros- 
pect of  high  bounties.  To  such  an  inducement  we  must  have 
recourse  if  we  desire  that  our  Canadian  fishermen  should  under- 
take such  a  venture.  Four  dollars  per  ton  are  already  awarded 
to  Canadian  ships  engaged  in  the  Gulf  fisheries.  If,  for  a  cer- 
tain period,  we  were  to  double  that  bounty,  I  believe  we  should 
attahi  the  desired  end ;  that  is  to  say,'  we  should  create  a  fleet 
of  fine  schooners,  fitted  out  for  the  mackerel  fishery." 

"Wc  should  require  for  this  fishery  light,  clipper-built  vessels, 
made  after  a  particular  plan.  We  should  need  to  purchase 
from  the  United  States  the  best  models  of  mackerel  fishing 
schooners,  after  which  our  own  builders  would  be  able  to  con- 
struct vessels  suitable  for  the  purpose.  We  should,  therefore, 
imitate  the  Americans  in  building  our  fishing  vessels,  as  the 
artisans  of  some  parts  of  Nova  Scotia  have  already  done.  Wc 
Canadians  ought  to  do  likewise,  and  that,  too,  without  losing  a 
moment." 

The  fisheries  arc  essential  to  our  commerce,  to  our  navy,  to 
our  maritime  power ;  and  while  our  neighbors  and  rivals  arc 
granting  bounties  and  proposing  to  double  them,  and  to  copy 
our  models,  and  while  wc  have  depleted  the  fisheries  by  drafts 


46 


REPEAL  OP  BOUNTIES. — LICENSES. 


1    II 


for  oni"  navy  and  discouraged  them  by  oppressive  taxes  and 
required  them  to  pay  half  a  dollar  per  ton  for  British  lieouscs, 
we  re{)eal  the  bounties  and  content  ourselves  with  remitting  a 
single  tax  on  salt,  to  our  hardy  and  adventurous  seamen. 
Have  we  nothing  to  learn  from  the  policy  of  rival  nations? 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  there  is  some  error  in  our  last  returns. 
The  census  of  Massachusetts  for  ISiJ'),  which  has  been  recently 
published,  and  gives  the  annual  ])roductions  of  the  State  as 
8ol7,il40,tiliJ,  i)resents  the  following  picture  of  the  fisheries  of 
the  State.  It  is  the  more  satisfactory  as  Massachusetts  has 
annually  fitted  out  less  than  half  the  tonnage  engaged  in  the 
cod  and  mackerel  fisheries  : — 

Census  Return  of  Massachusetts  for  18G5. 


Toniingo. 

Quintals  of 
CoJ. 

Barrels  of 
Mackerel. 

Returns. 

In  Whale  fishery, 

In  Cod  &  IMaekerel  fishery, 

70,420 
117,140 

384,105 

283,000 

S0,G18,070 
4,832,218 

These  last  results  indicate  a  large  return  in  the  cod  and 
mackerel  fisheries  of  the  nation. 

If  to  the  returns  of  ^rassachusetts  wo  add  those  of  the  other 
States  of  New  England,  Jhe  returns  from  the  cod  and  mackerel 
fisheries  for  18G5  must  exceed  812,000,000.  In  itself  an 
important  branch  of  commerce,  still  more  important  in  its 
bearing  on  the  maritime  power  of  the  State. 

Just  before  the  Treaty  of  Reciprocity,  unprecedented  claims 
were  made,  as  to  the  fisheries,  by  some  of  the  Colonics.  Cape 
Breton  was  annexed  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  counties  laid  out  across 
the  Straits  of  Canso,  and  our  right  to  pass  through  was  ques- 
tioned, a  right  we  have  enjoyed  for  more  than  a  century,  and  to 
which  our  title  was  as  clear  as  it  is  to  pass  Gibraltar  or  Elsineur. 
Vessels  were  seized  also  for  fishing  in  the  great  arms  of  the 
sea,  known  as  the  Bays  of  Fundy  and  Chaleur,  although  one 
side  of  the  former  bay  borders  for  sixty  miles  or  more  on  the 
coast  of  Maine,  and  our  fishermen  have  resorted  to  the  other 
for  nearly  a  century. 


RECOGNITION   OF  OUR  RIGUTS. 


47 


xcs  and 

lic(31ioCS, 

it  ting  a 
seamen. 

IS? 

I'oturns. 
recently 
State  as 
icries  of 
tts  has 
I  in  the 


Keturiis. 

80,018,670 
4,832,218 


cod  and 

the  other 
mackerel 
itself  an 
it  in   its 

3d  claims 
IS.  Cape 
>ut  across 
tvas  ques- 
y,  and  to 
Elsineur, 
is  of  the 
ough  one 
•e  on  tlic 
the  other 


.•^. 
^ 


Such  claims,  however,  were  set  at  rest  by  a  decision  of  tho 
late  Joshua  Bates,  of  the  celebrated  banking  house  of  Baring 
Brothers  &  Co.,  of  London,  of  which  Lord  Ashburton  was  for- 
merly a  distinguished  member.  A  claim  was  made  by  American 
subjects  on  the  British  government,  before  the  Hon.  N.  G. 
Upham  and  Edmund  Hornby,  tlio  connnissioners  appointed 
under  the  convention  of  Great  Britain  with  the  United  States,  of 
February  8, 1853,  for  the  adjustment  of  claims  of  citizens  of 
the  United  States  against  the  British  government.  The  claim 
adjudicated  was  for  the  schooner  Washington,  seized  l)y  a 
British  cruiser,  and  condemned  as  Yarmoutli,  Nova  Scotia,  for 
fishing  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  And  in  this  case  damages  were 
demanded  on  the  ground  that  the  seizure  was  made  more  than 
three  miles  from  the  shore  or  coast,  and  in  violation  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  treaty  as  to  the  fisheries  of  October  20, 1818,  and 
of  the  law  of  nations.  Judge  Upham  having  given  an  elaborate 
ophiion  in  favor  of  the  claim,  and  Mr.  Hornby  dissenting,  the 
case  was  submitted  to  Mr.  Bates,  the  umi)ire  under  the  treaty, 
who  sustained  Judge  Upham,  and  decided  tlmt  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
■was  not  a  bay  within  the  meaning  of  the  word  as  used  in  the 
treaties  of  1783  and  1818,  that  tlic  terms  of  the  treaty  do  not 
apply  to  bays  more  than  ten  miles  wide  at  their  outlet,  and 
awarded  damages. 

This  decision,  after  argument,  fully  sustains  tlio  views  of  the 
United  States,  and  is  final  and  conclusive. 

I  have  appended  to  this  Report  copies  of  this  judgment,  which 
were  transmitted  to  the  Senate  by  the  President,  August  11th, 
185G,  as  they  put  at  rest  pretensions  alike  unreasonable  and 
unfounded.* 

In  connection  with  this,  1  have  also  appended  tho  copy  of  a 
letter  from  Judge  Jackson,  our  very  useful  and  intelligent  Con- 
sul at  Halifax,  which  contains  an  extract  from  the  laws  of  Great 
Britain,  prohibiting  us  and  any  foreign  nation  to  pursue  the 
coasting  trade  between  the  ports  of  either  Province.  I  deem 
this  the  more  important,  as  the  contrary  has  been  asserted  in 
public  by  a  gentleman  of  high  standing  in  the  Provinces.  The 
single  question  which  now  remains  as  to  the  fisheries  in  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Provinces,  relates 

•  See  Appendix,  page  89. 


J 


48 


CONFISCATION    ABANDONED. 


to  the  mackerel  fishery  on  those  waters,  which  is  followed  l)y 
one-fourth  to  one-third  of  our  fishing  ileet.  And  this  (juestion 
relates  to  crossing  the  line  of  three  niil(>s  from  the  coast  or 
shores,  within  which  our  vessels  arc  forbidden  to  fish,  by  the 
treaty  of  October,  1818.  It  is  rarely,  if  ever,  that  any  American 
vessel  visits  those  waters,  with  the  intention  of  crossing  this  lino 
to  fish ;  but  it  occasionally  happens  that  immense  schools  of 
mackerel,  for  which  our  vessels  have  waited  for  weeks,  regardless 
of  treaty  lines  and  often  when  taking  the  hook,  cross  the  lines  in 
question,  and  our  vessels,  in  the  ardor  of  the  chase,  arc  liable  to 
cross  with  them,  or  may  lose  their  fares  for  the  season  if  they 
desist  from  tlie  pursuit.  Nor  is  it  easy  to  determine  at  such 
periods  the  ])recisc  distance  from  the  land ;  and  in  my  report 
last  year,*  I  suggested  that  seizure  and  confiscation  were  pun- 
ishments too  severe  for  such  transgressions,  often  unintentional, 
and  were  not  warranted  by  the  law  of  nations  or  by  modern 
civilization,  and  could  not  be  sustained. 

To  impose  such  forfeitures  would  bo  like  forfeiting  the  horse 
and  saddle  for  crossing  a  hedge  in  the  chase.  I  took  the 
ground  also  that  such  seizures  would  ncccs';.arily  be  followed  by 
collisions,  and  would  not  be  assented  to  by  our  government. 

This  report  was  transmitted  to  the  British  Ministry  in  Febru- 
ary, 18GG,  and  elicited  a  semi-ofllcial  article  in  the  "Morning 
Post,"  just  before  the  treaty  expired,  taking  strong  ground 
against  seizures  and  confiscations ;  extracts  from  which  are  also 
annexed  for  the  information  of  government.! 

Overtures  were  soon  after  made  for  the  establishment  of  a 
license  system,  under  which  our  fishermen  pay  half  a  dollar  per 
ton  for  the  privilege  of  crossing  the  three-mile  line  and  fishing 
within  it,  at  any  season  of  the  year.  This  system  is  preferable 
to  seizures ;  but  it  involves  a  tribute,  which  our  bold  and  enter- 
prising fishermen  pay  with  reluctance  for  rights  won  by  the 
intrepidity  of  their  ancestors. 

They  are  averse  to  being  boarded  by  British  vessels,  and  may 
sometimes  decline  to  take  licenses,  in  the  hope  to  make  their 
fares  without  crossing  the  line.    It  was  stated  in  the  Provinces, 


*  Sec  Appendix,  page  57. 


t  See  Appendix,  page  85. 


ASSUMPTION  OP  LICENSES. 


49 


lowed  l)v 

(lucstlon 

coast  or 

ill,  by  tlio 

(Vmei-icau 

•  (his  lino 

lools  of 

ogardlcss 

0  lines  in 

liuljle  to 

•n  if  tlioy 

c  at  such 

ny  report 

*verc  piin- 

tontional, 

y  modern 

the  liors^c 
took  the 
llowed  by 
mcnt. 
in  Febru- 
'  Morning 
g  gronnd 
h  arc  also 

iicnt  of  a 
loUar  per 
id  fishing 
Drcferablo 
.nd  cnter- 
n  l)y  the 

and  may 
ike  their 


rovmces 


b8j 


that  the  British  cruisers  wore  very  vigilant  the  past  season,  and 
boarded  2,400  American  fishing  vessels. 

As  not  mon;  than  (500  to  800  visited  these  waters,  although 
III.  Fortin  rates  the  number  higher,  this  would  involve  three  or 
four  visits  to  each  vessel.  Visits  of  this  character  led  in  former 
days  to  the  war  of  1812,  and  may  lead  hereafter  to  serious  diffi- 
culties. The  cost  of  licenses,  although  a  trille  to  the  nation,  is 
a  considerable  charge  upon  men  who  are  competing  under 
heavy  taxes  against  French  and  Canadian  fishe-"^en,  aided  by 
large  bounties  and  every  encouragement.  I  would,  therefore, 
respectfully  advise  the  government  to  assume  and  capitalize  if 
possible  the  payment  for  these  licenses,  as  it  once  assumed  and 
paid  for  the  sound  duties  in  the  Baltic,  and  thus  to  relieve  a 
most  valuable  and  meritorious  class  of  citizens. 

I  further  recommend  the  remission  of  duties  that  tend  to 
repress  commercial  enterprise. 

Commerce  op  the  Country. 

It  is  my  dutv  in  closing  this  Report  to  draw  the  attention  of 
government  '  he  depressed  state  of  our  navigation.  Many 
vessels,  not  provided  with  convoys  or  protected  by  our  cruisers, 
were  transferred  to  the  neutral  Hag  during  the  war ;  some  have 
been  sold,  others  still  run  under  foreign  registers  on  American 
account.  The  cost  of  shi|>building  has  been  enhanced  by  war 
duties  and  taxes  on  iron,  timber,  spikes,  nails,  sails,  cordage 
and  anchors  to  such  an  extent,  that  vessels  of  the  same  quality 
may  be  built  in  the  Provinces  for  twenty-five  per  cent,  less  in 
gold  than  in  our  ship-yards.  A  few  years  since  it  was  shown 
that  the  cost  of  a  ton  of  iron,  fabricated  in  this  country,  was 
increased  813  per  ton  by  internal  taxes.  It  has  been  the  wise 
policy  of  Congress  to  remove  most  of  these  charges,  but  there 
must  be  some  adaptation  of  our  custom-house  charges  to  this 
change  before  the  benefit  reaches  the  shipwright,  and  before  we 
can  compete  successfully  with  the  sliii>owners  abroad. 

While  manufactures  and  internal  commerce  receive  their  due 
share  of  attention  from  our  government,  is  there  not  danger 
that  commercial  enterprise  abroad,  checked  by  foreign  cruisers 
during  the  war  and  attracted  to  other  channels,  may  be  over- 
looked or  forgotten,  to  the  great  injury  of  the  nation  ? 


50 


REVIVAL  OP  COMMERCE. 


Comincrco  liberalizes  the  iniml,  l)reaks  down  obstacles, 
extciKls  knowledge,  promotes  civilization,  increases  the  wealth 
of  nations  and  gives  them  maritime  power. 

T  would  respectfully  recommend  a  remission  of  duties  to  the 
extent  of  eight  dollars  per  ton  on  all  sea-going  vessels  built  in 
our  ship-yards  during  the  continuance  of  high  duties. 

I  have  appended  to  this  document  many  valuable  tables,  for 
which  I  am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  the  oQicials  in  all  the 
Provinces  this  side  of  tho  Sierra  Nevada,  and  have  tlio  honor 
to  be, 


Very  respectfully, 


E.  H.  DERBY. 


.,«*" 


APPENDIX. 


"il, 

t 


1 


:t 


A  PRELIMINARY  REPORT 


ON  THE 


TREATY  or  RECIPROCITY 


WITH 


GREAT   BRITAIN, 


TO 


REGULATE    THE    TRADE    BETWEEN    THE    UNITED 

STATES  AND  THE  PROVINCES  OF  BRITISH 

NORTH  AMERICA. 


PKErAKED  BT 

E .     11 .     DERBY, 

AT  THE  REQUEST  OP 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C: 
TREASURY      DEPARTMENT. 

1  800. 


CONTENTS. 


PAoa. 

Early  Colonial  rdicy  of  Great  Britain, 5 

Sficlusion  of  Colonies 6 

The  Free  Trade  Policy  of  Great  Britain, 6 

Protection  withdrawn  from  the  Colonies, 6 

The  Lever  to  open  our  Home  Markets, 7 

Sketch  of  the  Growth  of  the  Fisheries, 7 

Services  of  Fishermen  in  Four  Wars 7 

Treaty  of  1783.    Provision  as  to  Fisheries, 8 

Progress  of  Fisheries  to  1804.    Exports, 8 

Provision  of  Treaty  of  Ghent, 8 

Opinion  of  John  Adams  as  to  Fisheries, 9 

Convention  of  1818.    Three  mile  line, 0 

Construction  of  Treaties, 0 

AnncxaticD  of  Cape  Breton  to  Nova  Scotia, 10 

Claims  to  exclusive  use  of  Bays  of  Fundy  and  Chaleurs  and  Strait  of  Canso,      .  ID 

The  British  Flotillas, 10 

Reciprocity  Treaty, 11 

Cessation  of  Trespasses  and  Complaints 11 

Exports  and  Imports  of  the  Provinces, 14 

Change  in  the  Balance  of  Trade, IG 

Exports  and  Imports  of  Great  Britain, 10 

Defects  of  the  Treaty, 18 

Admission  of  Salt,  Tools  and  Implements, 13 

Terms  for  new  Treaty, 20 

Growth  of  Commerce  with  the  Provinces, 21 

Population  and  Revenue  of  the  Provinces, 21 

Canada ;  her  Revenue  and  Commerce, 22 

Canadian  Policy  and  Plans, 24 

Inducements  to  the  Treaty, 25 

Report  of  Congressional  Committee  on  Commerce, 2-5 

Rise  of  Canadian  Duties, 26 

Free  Porta, 27 

Canadian  Ministry, £8 

Canadian  Measures, 28 

Importations  by  St.  Lawrence, 29 

Coasting  Trade, 30 

Benefits  of  Treaty, 30 

Maritime  Provinces.    Exports  and  Imports.    Tonnage 32 

Nova  Scotia:  Commerce,  Mines,  and  Shipping, 33 

New  Brunswick:               "           "           "             .......  35 

Prince  Edwards  Island :     "           "           "             30 

Newfoundland  and  Fisheries, 30 

Vancouver's  Island  and  British  Columbia:  Commerce,  Mines  and  Shipping,       .  37 


1  Vi 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE. 

British  Provincial  Fisheries, 38 

French  Fisheries, 39 

French  Bounties 39 

U.  S.  Fisheries, 41 

Oppressive  Duties.    Partial  Remission, 42,  44,  40 

Tonnage,  vessels,  and  men,  employed, 42,  44,  40 

Claims  of  the  Fisheries, 4G 

Is  a  Treaty  desirable? 47 

The  period  favorable  for  Negotiation, 47 

Conciliation  our  True  Policy, 47 

Navigation  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence  and  Ship  Canals, 47 

Deepening  of  Lake  St.  Clair, 48 

Canal  around  Niagara  Falls,  and  to  the  Hudson, 49 

Duties  on  Products  of  the  Provinces, 51 

Impolicy  of  Duty  on  Animals,  Wool,  Oats  and  Flour, 52 

Possibility  of  light  Duties  on  Lumber,  Fish,  Coal  and  Barley,       ....  55 

Fishing  Vessels  not  to  be  confiscated, 57 

Registry  of  Ships, 5& 

Commissioners, 61 

Three  great  Rights  of  the  Union, 62 

British  Treaties, 62 

Cession  of  Territory, 64 

Provisions  for  a  new  Treaty, 65 

Discontinuance  of  Free  Ports, 65 

Discouragement  of  Illicit  Trade, 65 

Assimilation  of  Duties, 65 

Enlargement  of  Free  List, 06,  09 

Specific  Duties, 60,  09 

Patents  and  Copy-rights, 60,  09 

Discriminations  to  be  abolished, .  60,  69 

Protection  of  Fisheries, 67 

Result  of  Conferences, 68 

Prolongation  of  Treaty, 68 

Tabular  Statements, 71 

Caughnawaga  Canal, 80 

Smuggling  on  the  Frontier, 81 

Extract  from  Speech  of  J.  Johnston,  Esq.,  of  Slihvaukie,  at  Detroit,  in  1805,        .  82 

Extract  from  Speech  of  lion.  Joseph  IIowc,  of  Nova  Scotia,          "            "             .  82 

Extract  from  Speech  of  George  II.  Perry,  of  Ottawa,  C.E.,           »            »  §4 

Extract  from  the  Speech  of  Duncan  Stuart,  Esq.,  at  Detroit,        ...  83 

Letter  of  Messrs.  Dean  and  Law,  of  Prince  Edwards  Island,  as  to  Fisheries,  83 


FAOE. 
38 

39 
39 
41 
42,  44,  4G 
42,  44,  40 
4G 
47 
47 
47 
47 
48 
49 
51 
52 
55 
57 
5& 
61 
62 
62 
64 
65 
65 
05 
65 
00,09 
00,09 
60,09 
60,09 
07 
08 
08 

71 
80 
81 
82 
82 
84 
83 
83 


REPORT. 


To  the  Hon.  Hugh  M'Culloch,  Secretaryof  the  Treasunj: 

In  conformity  to  your  wishes  I  have  dcvct.u  much  time  to 
the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  and  respectfully  submit  the  results. 

The  subject  is  one  which  has  important  relations  both  to  tho 
foreign  policy  of  the  country  and  to  the  Fisheries,  Commerce, 
Customs,  and  Internal  Revenue,  ;  fided  to  your  care,  and  tho 
termination  or  renewal  of  the  Treaty  must  affect  the  report  of 
the  Commissioners  appo-iited  under  the  recent  Act  of  Congress, 
to  revise  the  revenue  system. 

It  is  therefore  important  to  detormiuc  if  there  is  an  exigency 
for  a  new  treaty  ;  and  if  there  is,  what  modifications  arc  required 
to  adapt  it  to  the  present  state  of  our  finances,  and  what  changes 
are  necessary  to  supply  any  defects  disclosed  by  the  light  of  our 
experience  for  the  ten  years  of  its  continuance.  A  Treaty  under 
which  our  commerce  with  the  Provinces  has  increased  threefold, 
or  from  817,000,000  in  1852,  to  808,000,000  in  18G4,  is  not  to 
be  abandoned,  or  tlic  amity  which  now  exists  between  con- 
tiguous nations  of  the  same  origin  to  be  endangered,  without 
careful  investigation  and  conclusive  reasons. 

For  half  a  century,  from  1770  down  to  1830,  it  was  the 
policy  of  the  mother  country  to  restrain  the  United  States  from 
a  free  commerce  with  the  Provinces,  although  often  urged  by 
\is  to  free  the  Provincial  trade  from  its  restraints.  At  times  the 
trade  with  the  Provinces  was  entirely  interdicted ;  at  others, 
gypsum  and  grindstones  could  be  obtained  upon  the  frontier  at 
Eastjiort  and  Lubcc  only  by  an  evasion  of  the  law. 

In  1880  under  the  McLean  arrangement,  trade  was  resumed 
under  heavy  duties  and  restraints.  Down  to  this  period  we 
knew  Quebec  as  the  chief  fortress,  and  Halifax  as  the  chief 
naval  station  of  the  British  Empire  upon  our  side  of  the  ocean, 

8 


M 


6 


COLONIAL   TRADE. 


rather  tho,n  as  marts  of  commerce,  and  tliere  was  little  fellowsbip 
between  us  and  the  Provincials,  many  of  whom  were  descended 
from  the  Loyalists  who  followed  the  British  troops  from  our 
shores. 

Asperity  of  feeling  gradually  wore  away  after  the  resumption 
of  trade.  And  in  1844,  Great  Britain,  having  acquired  an 
ascendancy  in  tlic  arts  and  in  capital,  and  set  in  motion  her 
steam-power,  which  Mr.  llowe,  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  his  recent 
speech  at  Detroit,  considers  equal  to  the  force  of  800,000,000 
of  men,  became  an  advocate  of  free  trade,  so  far  as  it  ai)i)lics 
to  the  importation  of  materials  and  the  exportation  of  manufac- 
tures. Having  reached  a  In'gh  point  in  the  cultivation  of  her 
soil,  she  desired  to  increase  her  supplies  of  breadstuffs  and  thus 
cheapen  skill  and  labor,  and  aimed  to  furnish  all  nations  with 
her  numerous  manufactures  fashioned  from  their  rude  materials 
by  the  force  she  had  warmed  into  life,  which  toiled  for  her  with- 
out fee  or  reward. 

To  accomplish  this  object,  she  was  obliged  to  repeal  many 
protective  duties,  and  to  admit  wheat  and  provisions  and  varied 
productions  of  foreign  lands  in  competition  with  those  from 
her  Colonies. 

Her  Colonics  were  exasperated  and  it  soon  appeared  that  she 
could  not  retain  their  allegiance,  without  providing  for  them 
new  markets  and  giving  a  new  stimulus  to  their  navigation  and 
fisheries.  She  became  solicitous  also  to  carry  her  principle  of 
free  trade  into  the  United  States,  and  make  a  treaty  with  the 
Colonies  an  entering  wedge  for  new  commercial  undertakings. 

Canada  had  thus  far  relied  upon  her  vast  rafts  of  timl)cr 
floated  down  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Quebec,  and  her  ships  built 
for  sale  at  Liverpool  and  Glasgow  for  exports,  and  she  saw  with 
dismay  the  pine  and  fir  of  Norway  supersede  her  timlier,  and 
the  iron  steam-ship  displace  the  ships  and  steamers  she  was 
building  at  Quebec. 

She  began  to  seek  a  new  avenue  to  the  sea,  through  New 
York  and  New  England,  and  new  markets  in  our  growing  cities 
and  villages  for  the  products  of  her  agriculture. 

Nova  Scotia,  with  forests  and  fisheries  at  her  gates,  and  beds 
of  coal  and  gypsum  bordering  on  the  sea,  desired  free  access 
to  our  great  seaports  to  dispose  of  her  fish  and  coal,  and  give 
employment  to  her  seamen. 


THE  FISHERIES. 


!  fcllowslaip 
I  descended 
I  from  our 

resumption 
cquircd  an 
motion  her 
his  recent 
100,000,000 
IS  it  applies 
if  manufac- 
ition  of  her 
fs  and  thus 
ations  with 
ie  materials 
)r  her  with- 

3pcal  many 
and  varied 
those  from 

ed  that  she 
g  for  them 
igation  and 
principle  of 
ty  with  the 

rtakings. 
>  of  timl)er 

ships  built 
le  saw  with 
imber,  and 
rs  she  was 

I'ough  New 
Dwing  cities 

s,  and  beds 
free  access 
il,  and  give 


The  British  Isles  and  the  Colonies  continued  to  ])ress  for 
Reci])roeity.  They  found  the  United  States  engaged  in  tho 
development  of  their  agriculture  and  manufactures,  with  pro- 
gressive navigation,  and  not  prepared  for  so  important  a  change  ; 
but  the  Provinces  were  urgent ;  they  were  able  to  show  tho 
patronage  they  would  give  to  railways  and  manufactures. 
Articles  Avcre  written  for  magazines  and  active  agents  retained, 
but  the  lover  with  which  they  moved  the  United  States  was 
a  combination  against  her  fisheries — the  cod,  herring  and 
mackerel  fisheries  of  the  United  States.* 

The  English  who  first  came  to  our  shores  embarked  in  tho 
fisheries,  and  our  Pilgrim  fithers,  within  three  years  after  they 
landed,  established  fishing  stations  at  Cai)e  Ann.  More  than 
twenty  sail  of  fishing  vessels  were  annually  on  our  coasts,  240 
years  since,  and  J)eforo  the  Revolution  the  men  of  ^Massachusetts 
arc  rei)orted  by  Purke  as  extending  their  voyages  to  the  Arctic 
and  Antarctic  Seas. 

They  followed  the  cod,  herring  and  mackerel  to  the  coasts  of 
Cape  Breton,  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland. 

The  fishing  towns  were  surrounded  by  flakes  on  Avhicli  they 
dried  their  spoil,  and  in  winter  they  transported  it  on  their 
small  craft  to  Spain,  the  Carolinas  and  the  West  Indies.  The 
hardy  fishermen,  with  the  son  of  a  fisherman,  Sir  W.  Pepperell, 
at  their  head,  conducted  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  where  they 
captured  a  fortress  which  had  cost  five  millions  of  dollars 
and  was  defended  by  200  cannon. 

In  the  Revolution  they  ma'aned  the  navy  of  the  Union  and 
contributed  to  the  success  of  our  country  by  raising  the  rate 
of  insurance  on  British  vessels  to  50  per  cent.,t  and  as  Curwen 
states  in  his  memoir,  in  two  years  captiu'cd  7o3  ships  and 
property  worth  §25,000;000. 

They  fought  both  by  sea  and  land,  and  General  Knox,  the 
chief  of  our  artillery  in  1777,  does  them  justice.  "  I  wish,"  he 
said,  in  his  address,  to  the  legislature  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber, "  that  you  could  have  heard  Washington  on  that  stormy 
night,  when  the  floating  masses  of  ice  in  tho  Delaware  threat- 
ened to  defeat  his  enterprise,  demand  who  will  lead  us  on,  and 

♦  The  history  of  these  Fisheries  is  well  given  by  Hon.  L.  Sabine  in  his  able 
report  to  which  I  am  indebted  for  valuable  facts  and  suggestions, 
t  It  was  again  raised  to  the  same  rate  in  the  war  of  1812. 


8 


MARBLEIIEAD. 


seen  the  men  of  ^farblchcad,  and  Marblchcad  alone,  stand  for- 
ward to  lead  the  army  along  the  jjerilous  path,  to  unfading 
glories  and  honors  in  the  achievements  of  Trenton.  Tliere  wcBt 
the  fishermen  of  Marhlchead,  alike  at  home  on  land  or 
water,  alike  ardent,  patriotic  and  unflinching,  wherever  they 
unfurled  the  flag  of  their  country." 

In  1772  the  voters  of  Marblehead  were  1,203.  In  1780  but 
544  voters  remained.  The  residue  were  represented  by  4t58 
widows  and  90G  orphans.  The  ori)hans  of  Marblehead  subse- 
quently manned  the  Constitution  and  other  frigates  in  the 
war  of  1812.  At  the  conferences  at  Paris,  which  preceded 
the  peace  of  1783,  John  Adams  insisted  on  our  right  to  the 
fisheries,  although  Congress  Avas  willing  to  resign  them. 

"  If  use  and  possession  give  right,"  he  said  to  the  Commis- 
sioners, "  we  have  it  as  clearly  as  you.  If  war,  l)lood  and 
treasure  give  a  right,  oiu's  is  as  good  as  yours."  "  We,"  con- 
tinued he,  in  the  same  eloquent  strain,  "  have  constantly  been 
fighting  in  Canada,  Capo  Breton  and  Nova  Scotia,  for  the 
defence  of  this  fishery,  and  have  expended  beyond  all  propor- 
tion more  than  you.  If,  then,  the  right  cannot  be  denied,  why 
should  it  not  be  acknowledged  and  put  out  of  dispute.  Why 
should  we  leave  room  for  illiterate  fishermen  to  wrangle  and 
chicane,"  John  Adams  made  the  right  an  ultimatum,  and  it 
was  recognized  to  its  full  extent  in  the  treaty  of  1783  ;  we  were 
entitled  by  it  to  fish  wherever  the  people  of  the  country  had 
fished  before. 

With  the  close  of  the  war  our  fisheries  revived,  and  in  1804 
the  export  of  dry  fish  rose  to  507,800  quintals;  their  value  to 
$2,400,000.  The  export  of  other  fish  to  89,482  barrels.  Their 
value  to  8040,000. 

Our  rights  in  the  fisheries  were  not  abrogated  by  the  war  of 
1812.  They  were  not  resigned,  but  revived  with  the  treaty  in 
1814. 

The  Commissioners  who  negotiated  this  treaty  state  that  their 
instructions  forbade  them  to  suffer  our  right  to  the  fisheries  to 
be  brought  in  question.     They  observe, — 

"We  contended  that  tlie  wliole  treaty  of  1783  must  be  considered 
one  entire  permanent  compact,  not  liable,  like  ordinary  treaties,  to  be 
abrogated  by  a  subsequent  war,  by  the  parties  to  it,  as  an  instrument 
recognizing  th«  rights  and  liberties  enjoyed  by  the  people  of  the  United 


":^' 


CONVENTION   OP   1818. 


9 


stand  for- 
iinl'iitling 

'hei'C  wcBt 
land    or 

[•ever  they 

1780  but 
>d  l.y  458 
cad  subse- 
tes  in  the 
1  preceded 
[rht  to  the 
ni. 
e  Coraniis- 

blood  and 

We,"  con- 
tantly  been 
;ia,  lor  the 

all  propor- 
Icnicd,  why 
iiite.  Why 
rranglc  and 

um,  and  it 
0 ;  we  were 
ijuntry  had 

nd  in  1804 
/ir  value  to 
•els.     Their 

the  war  of 
he  treaty  in 

to  that  their 
fisheries  to 


je  considered 
reaties,  to  be 
III  instrumeni 
of  the  United 


States  as  an  independent  nation,  and  containing  the  terms  and  condi- 
tions on  whieli  the  two  parties  to  one  empire  had  mutually  agreed 
henceforlli  lo  constitute  two  distinct  and  separate  nations,  the  people 
of  the  United  States  reserving  the  right  of  fi^^hing  and  drying  and 
curing  Mi  previously  enjoyed,  and  this  reservation  was  agreed  to  by 
the  other  contracting  party.  This  vfa^  not  forfeited  by  the  war,  and  no 
new  recognition  was  required.  We  stated  this  principle  to  the  British 
plenipotentiaries,  in  the  note  we  sent  them,  with  our  project  of  the 
treaty,  and  no  reply  to  the  note  of  our  Commissioners  was  made,  and 
the  treaty  was  silent  as  to  the  fisheries." 

While  this  trca.y  of  peace  was  pending  the  venerable  John 
Adams  wrote  to  President  Monroe : — 

'*  I  would  continue  this  war  forever  rather  than  surrender  one  acre 
of  our  territory,  one  iota  of  our  fisheries,  as  established  by  the  3d  article 
of  the  treaty  of  1783." 

On  the  20th  of  October,  1818,  a  convention  was  entered  into 
with  Great  Britain  by  Messrs.  Gallatin  and  Rush,  to  obtain  a 
recognition  of  the  right  of  iishing  on  the  coasts  of  Newfound- 
land, which  they  secured,  with  the  }n-ivilege  of  entering  the 
bays,  ci'ccks  and  harbors  of  the  Provinces,  for  shelter  and 
repairs. 

The  Conmiissioners,  by  this  convention,  renounced,  for  the 
United  States,  the  right  to  take  or  cure  fish  within  three  miles 
of  ''  the  coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  the  Provinces," 
(except  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  and  the  Magdalen  Isles,) 
but  reserved  the  right  to  enter  them  for  shelter  and  repairs. 

Ui)on  the  day  on  which  they  signed  the  convention,  they 
wrote  to  J.  Q.  Adams,  our  Secretary  of  State,  that  this  clause 
was  introduced  and  insisted  on  by  them,  to  prevent  any  impli- 
cation that  the  fisheries 'were  secured  to  us  by  a  new  grant,  and 
to  show  that  our  renunciation  extended  only  three  miles  from 
the  coast. 

For  twenty-three  years  after  the  convention,  down  to  1841, 
but  one  construction  was  given  to  this  convention  by  both 
parties  and  the  fishermen,  viz.:  that  by  "bays"  were  meant 
the  small  bays  to  which  the  fishermen  resorted  for  shelter  and 
repairs;  but  in  1841,  after  this  conclusive  acquiescence,  the 
colonists  gave  a  new  construction  to  "  bays,"  and  insisted  that 
the  convention  precluded  the  fishermen  of  the  United  States 


iJf 


10 


CONFISCATION   OP  VESSELS. 


from  entering  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  a  gulf  sixty  miles  wide,  the 
great  Bay  of  Chaieurs,  and  the  Stniit  of  Cunso,  through  whieh 
our  (ishermen  had  pursued  their  voyages  for  mf)rc  than  a  cen- 
tury, and  through  whieh  a  IJritish  Admiral,  in  1H;)1>,  saw  a 
fleet  of  (JUO  sail  of  our  (ishermen  pass  witlunit  molestation. 

When  (Jreat  Britain  and  the  Provinces  became  solieitou<j,  in 
1845,  for  such  a  treaty  as  they  had  ])reviously  declined,  and 
after  wc  had  permitted  them  to  import  fish  at  a  moderate  duty, 
and  to  enter  it  in  bond  for  exportation,  they  seized  with  avidity 
this  new  construction.  The  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  passed 
Acts  confiscating  our  vessels  if  they  passed  the  line  drawn  three 
miles  from  the  coast,  and  exonerating  the  officers  from  damages 
for  detention,  if  the  judge  sho\ild  lind  any  })robable  cause  for 
seizure. 

Cape  Breton  was  annexed  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  after  the  union 
the  legislature  laid  out  counties  across  the  Strait  of  Canso,  to 
bridle  a  great  avenue  of  commerce. 

Ships  of  war  were  sent  out  year  by  year  to  watch  our  vessels, 
and  in  1852  Great  Britain,  Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick fitted  out  and  sent  to  the  fishing  groimds  no  less  than 
eighteen  armed  vessels  to  watch  and  arrest  our  fishermen, 
whose  trade  was  thus  injured  to  the  extent  of  millions. 

The  aid  of  Messrs.  Stevenson,  Everett  and  Lawrence,  at 
London,  was  invoked,  but  the  Nova  Scotians,  including  some 
eminent  men,  now  in  favor  of  the  treaty,  insisted  upon  their  new 
construction,  and  the  crown  lawyers  were  led  to  give  an  opinion 
in  their  favor. 

This  opinion,  it  appears  to  me,  is  entirely  untenable.  It  was 
not  given  with  much  care  or  deliberation  as  the  counsel  base 
their  opinion  up(jn  the  term  "  headlands,"  which  they  cite  as 
found  in  the  convention,  where  the  word  does  not  occur. 

As  it  had  no  existence  there,  the  decisions  based  on  it  should 
bo  revised.  The  Great  Bay  of  Fundy  also  has  but  one  head- 
land on  British  territory,  and  borders  for  many  miles  on  the 
coast  of  Maine.  The  term  bays  is  by  the  language  of  the  Act 
limited  to  bays  of  shelter  and  suitable  for  repairs  and  to  take 
wood  and  water  by  the  words  that  follow,  and  the  Great  Bays  or 
Gulfs  of  Fundy  and  Chaieurs  and  other  bays  exceeding  six 
miles  in  width  at  their  outlets  arc  unsuitable  for  the  purpose, 
and  consequently  excluded. 


ex] 


RECIPROCITY  TREATY. 


11 


wide,  the 
gh  whicli 
lati  a  ccii- 
il),  saw  a 
ion. 

citoiis,  ill 
ikhI,  and 
ate  duty, 
h  avidity 
ia  passed 
uvu  three 
damages 
cause  for 

the  union 
IJanso,  to 

r  vessels, 
w  Bruns- 
Icss  than 
shermcn, 

I'cncc,  at 
ng  some 
heir  new 
I  opinion 

It  was 
isel  base 
iy  cite  as 

it  should 
ne  hcad- 
s  on  the 
the  Act 
1  to  take 
t  Bays  or 
ding  six 
purpose, 


An  acquiescence  for  twenty-three  years  and  contemporaneous 
exposition  by  those  who  drew  the  treaty  are  also  conclusive,  and 
tlio  ministers  of  Great  Britain  were  driven  by  Mr.  Everett  to 
abaiidou  their  pretensions  to  the  I5ay  of  Fundy,  and  if  not 
deterred  by  Nova  Scotia,  would  have;  restricted  the  law  to  bays 
less  than  six  miles  wiilc  at  their  outlet,  having  once  come  to 
that  determination.*  But  the  Provinces  were  not  easily  quieted  ; 
a  collision  was  imminent,  and  our  Government  yielding  to  tho 
pressure  became  parties  to  a  treaty,  and  its  abrogation  will 
revive  tho  questions  of  1845  to  1852  as  to  our  rights  in  tho 
fisheries.  During  the  interval  between  1845  and  1852  com- 
plaints were  made  by  the  colonists  of  the  aggressions  of  our 
lishermen,  of  nets  displaced  on  the  coasts  and  in  the  Strait  of 
Canso,  and  of  daily  trespasses,  but  since  they  obtained  access  to 
our  home  markets  on  terms  of  perfect  equality,  and  since  they 
recognized  the  right  of  our  fishermen  to  frequent  all  their  shores, 
the  cessation  of  complaints  furnishes  a  strong  presumption  that 
the  fishermen,  were  harmless  and  innocuous  before  the  adoption 
of  the  treaty. 

Reciprocity  Treaty. 

This  treaty  made  by  Lord  Elgin  and  \V.  L.  Marcy,  July  5th, 
1854,  to  take  effect  when  ratified  by  Great  Britain,  the  United 
States  and  the  Provinces,  j)rovides, — 

Articles  1st  and  2d,  That  the  fishermen  of  the  United  States 
shall,  during  the  continuance  of  the  treaty,  have  the  right  to 
take  fish,  of  all  kinds  except  shellfish,  in  common  with  British 
subjects,  at  any  distance  from  the  shore  on  the  coasts  and  on 
the  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 

*  Our  rights  to  the  great  Bays  of  Fundy  and  Clialcurs  arc  recognized  by  the 
Umpire  under  tlie  treaty  of  1854  in  determining  tlie  validity  of  a  seizure  made 
prior  to  the  treaty  and  as  early  as  1843.  His  decision  was  that  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
was  not  a  Britisli  bay,  nor  a  bay  within  the  meaning  of  the  words  bays  in  the 
treaties  of  1783  and  1818. 

Tho  decision,  is  cited  by  Wheaton,  page  32C,  and  is  mentioned  by  Ilaute- 
fcuille  on  Riglits  of  Ncutial  Nations,  Vol.  1,  page  89,  cited  by  Wheaton. 
Our  right  to  fish  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  in  all  other  places  in  the 
sea  where  the  inhabitants  of  both  countries  (the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain)  used  at  any  time  heretofore  to  fish  was  conceded  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment through  Lord  Bathurst  in  1815.  American  State  Papers,  Vol.  4, 
page  352.  Our  right  to  navigate  the  Strait  of  Canso  is  asserted  by  "Wheaton, 
page  328. 


v!v 


sv^ 


,  '•■*■ 


12 


TERMS   OP  THR  TREATY. 


Scotiii  and  Priiict;  Kihvanl  Islaml,  with  lil)i)rty  to  land  and  euro 
fisli  on  all  thosi!  slioros,  and  on  tin;  Ma^dalon  Islands  without 
interfurinfi;  with  private  rijjfhts  and  projxjrty  of  l>i'iti.sh  sulyects. 
Tiiusc  rights  do  not  extend  to  the  river  fisheries. 

Similar  rights  are  granted  to  British  fishermen  on  our  slhjrcs 
and  coasts  north  of  latitude  8(>.  The  Act  provides  also  Ibr 
appointment  of  a  commissioner  by  each  party  to  determine  what 
rights  arc  reserved  to  indi^'uluals  and  to  settle  all  dillerenecs. 

Article  iid  provides  that  the  articles  enumerated  in  the  sched- 
ule below,  the  growth  and  produce  of  said  colonics  or  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  admitted  into  each  country  respectively, 
free  of  duty. 

Schedule. — Grain,  flour  and  breadstutls;  animals  of  all  kinds; 
ashes;  fresh,  .  niokcd  and  salted  meats;  timber  and  lumber  of 
all  kinds,  round,  hewed  and  sawed  and  unmanufactured  ;  cotton, 
wool,  seeds  and  vegetables  ;  undried  fruits,  dried  fruit ;  fish  of 
all  kinds ;  products  of  fish  and  all  the  creatures  living  in  the 
water  ;  poultry  ;  eggs  ;  hides,  furs,  skins  or  tails  undressed  ; 
stone  or  marble  in  its  crude  or  unwrought  state  ;  slate  ;  butter, 
cheese,  tallow ;  ores  of  metals  of  all  kinds ;  coal ;  unmanu- 
factiu'ed  tobacco ;  pitch,  tar,  turpentine ;  firewood ;  plants, 
shrubs,  trees  ;  pelts;  wool;  fish  oil ;  rice  and  broom-corn  ;  barks, 
gyj)sum,  gromid  and  iingroiind ;  wrought  or  unwrought  burr 
and  grindstones ;  dyostulTs  ;  flax,  hemp  and  tow  unmanufac- 
tured ;  rags. 

Article  4th  secures  to  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  the 
right  to  the  free  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  British 
canals  with  vessels  and  boats,  and  to  British  subjects  the  right 
to  navigate  Lake  Michigan,  and  the  United  States  agree  to  urge 
their  State  governments  to  allow  British  sul^jccts  to  use  their 
canals  ;  ordinary  tolls  to  be  paid  in  both  cases.  The  British 
Government  reserves  a  right  to  suspend  navigation,  but  in  such 
case  the  Government  of  the  United  States  may  suspend  the  third 
article.  This  article  also  ju-ovidcs  that  no  export  duty  shall  l)e 
put  on  timber  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  descending  the 
river  St.  John  and  its  tributaries  destined  for  the  United  States. 

Articles  5th,  Gth  and  1th  provide  for  the  extension  of  the  pro- 
visions to  Newfoundland,  if  laws  shall  be  passed  by  contracting 
parties  and  Newfoundland  to  that  effect. 


I 
I 


th 


NAVIGATION  OP  TIIR  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


13 


nnd  cure 

s  without 

sultjocts. 

(Ur  k1  lores 
also  for 
iiiiio  wlmt 
ruiiccs. 
lio  KchoU- 
or  of  tlio 
pcctivcly, 

iill  kinds; 

liiiubor  of 

;  cotton, 

t ;  fish  of 

ng  in  the 

idrossod  ; 

;  butter, 

uniuanu- 

;    plants, 

n ;  barks, 

ight  burr 

inanufac- 

Itatcs  the 
d  British 
the  right 
c  to  urge 
use  their 
0  Britisli 
it  in  such 
the  third 
f  shall  l)e 
iding  the 
id  States. 
'  the  pro- 
ntracting 


The  first  article  of  this  treaty  is  im])ortant  in  its  hearing  on 
the  fisheries  ;  not\vithst;uifling  \\w  all('g(!d  trespasses  of  our  fisher- 
men when  r(!stri('t('d  lo  (he  distance  of  (jiree  miles  from  the 
coasts,  bays  and  harliors,  and  their  repeated  seizure,  they  are  by 
this  trt'aty  allowed  to  IVe(iuent  and  a[)proach,  without  regard 
to  distance,  all  the  shores  of  four  Provinces,  and  to  lanil  and 
cure  their  fish  there  with  the  consent  (jf  th,;  private  owners, 
and  are  thus  restored  to  the  rights  claimed  under  the  treaty  of 
178o. 

Althouuh  our  commissioners  in  ISlS  had  relinquished  tho 
right  to  conu!  within  a  lyarine  lengue  of  all  the  shores  but  thoso 
of  Lalirador  and  Newfoundland,  i.'xeept  for  repaii's  and  shelter, 
our  rights  deeineij  inadmissil)le  were  thus  conceded. 

Ill  exchange  for  this  a  similar  right  to  apjjroach  our  shores 
was  also  granted,  which,  although  rarely  used,  may  at  times  bo 
valuable  as  the  shoals  of  mackerel  usually  strike  our  coasts 
early  in  tiic  season  and  before  they  reach  the  I'rovinces.  And 
at  times  tho  mackerel  are  jmrsued  both  in  the  spring  and 
autunni  on  our  coasts  and  more  successfully  taken  than  on 
those  of  the  I'rovinces. 

Navigation  op  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Less  than  two  thousand  tons  of  our  shipping  on  the  average 
have  thus  far  annually  i)asscd  down  the  St.  Lawrence  from  the 
lakes  to  the  oceiui. 

It  is  a  valuable  outlet  for  our  cereals,  but  its  importance  must 
depend  in  a  great  measure  upon  the  enlargement  of  the  canals 
and  increase  of  their  depth  to  twelve  to  fifteen  feet  to  suit  a 
class  of  vessels  adapted  to  the  navigation  of  the  ocean. 

The  most  important  article  of  the  treaty  is  the  third,  which 
defines  the  free  list,  and  its  chief  importance  to  us, lies  in  its  free 
admission  of  all  the  products  of  Colonial  fisheries,  agriculture, 
forests  and  mines  into  our  country. 

To  illustrate  the  value  and  effects  of  this  jirovision,  I  submit  a 
tal)ular  statement  of  the  imports  from  the  above  Provinces  into 
the  United  States,  and  tho  exports  to  them  from  the  United 
for  a  series  of  years  preceding  and  following  tho  adoption  of  the 
treaty,  which  did  not  take  full  effect  until  1855  from  delay  of 
its  ratification. 

9 


.  .<■■ 


14 


EXPORTS   AND   IMPORTS   UNDER  TREATY. 


JUxports  and  Imports  from   United  States  to  British  North  American 
Provinces,  exclusive  of  those  on  the  Pacific,  from  July,  ISol,  to  July, 

1802. 

[Prom  Offleial  Ueports  of  the  United  States.] 


Exi'ORTS  FitoM  United  States.                            1 

! 

H 

iMIOnTS  ISTO 

< 

a 

Foreign. 

Domestic. 

Total  Exports. 

;    IMiED  States. 

1852, 

8:3,853,911)  00 

8G,055,0J7  00 

§10,509,010  00 

1 

'  150,110,290  00 

1853, 

5,7:]0,555  00 

7,404,087  00 

13,140,042  00 

7,550,718  00 

1854, 

9,3(i2,710  00 

15,204,144  00 

24,5QG,S0O  00 

8,929,509  00 

1855, 

11,999,378  00 

15.300,042  00 

27,800,020  00  ' 

i  15,130,734  00 

1850, 

0,314,052  00 

22,714,097  00 

29,029,340  00  , 

j  21,310,421  00 

1857, 

4.320,300  00 

19,930,113  00 

24,202,482  00 

22,129,290  00 

1858, 

4,012,708  00 

19,038,959  00 

23,051,727  00 

15,800,519  00 

1859, 

0,022,473  00 

17,029,254  00 

28,154,174  00 

19,727,551  00 

1800, 

4,038,899  00 

18,007,429  00 

22,700,328  00 

23,851,381  00 

1801, 

3,801,098  00 

18,883,715  00 

22,079,115  00 

23,002,933  00 

1802, 

2,427,103  00 

18,052,012  00 

21,079,115  00 

;  19,299,995  00 

1 

In  our  comiuorco  with  the  Provinces  our  arnual  exports  and 
imports  rose  from  82,100,000  in  1828  to  $3,800,000  in  1832 ; 
88,100,000  in  1840  ;  80,300,000  in  184G  ;  818,700,000  in  1851 ; 
850,300,000  in  1850  ;  and  fell  to  840,400,000  in  1802. 

Since  1802  there  has  been  a  recovery ;  the  aggregate  of 
imports  and  exjjorts  in  the  commerce  with  the  Provinces,  hav- 
ing risen  in  1805  to  808,000,000,  under  largo  importations  from 
Canada. 

From  the  tables  you  will  notice  that  the  trade  was  in  its 
infancy  down  to  1820,  just  before  the  time  when  Mr.  McLean 
made  an  arrangement  for  free  poris  and  the  removal  of  some  of 
the  restraints  on  commerce,  and  that  the  growth  was  rapid,  more 
than  20  per  cent,  per  annum,  in  the  four  years  from  1828  to 
1832.  That  the  advance  was  still  rapid  or  14  per  cent,  per 
annum  down  to  1840.  That  the  movement  then  continued  slow 
down  to  184(),  when  goods  came  in  more  freely  and  fish  and 
flour  were  admitted  under  bond  for  exportation. 

During  this  period  the  gro  .vth  was  less  than  2.}  per  cent  a  year. 
But  with  now  privileges  an  1  the  prospect  of  Reciprocity  the 


■ii^i 


EXPORTS   AND    IMPORTS   OP   CANADA. 


16 


trade  gained  for  the  next  five  years  20  per  cent,  annually,  and 
rose  iu  five  years  more  at  the  rate  of  27  per  cent,  per  aiuuun,  to 
$50,300,000  ill  1850,  and,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  dccli'.ied 
25  per  cent,  or  more  than  4  per  cent,  per  annum  down  to  1802, 
the  eighth  year  of  Reciprocity,  when  it  receded  to  840,300,000, 
showing  a  loss  of  810,000,000. 

This  decline  was  confined  to  the  Canadian  commerce.  It 
becomes  an  important  inquiry  what  measures  caused  this  great 
decline,  and  upon  further  investigation  we  discover  that  the 
decline  was  in  our  exports  to  Canada  which  fell  from  185(»,  when 
they  were  820,883,241,  to  1802  when  such  exports  were  but 
812,842,500.  The  reduction  was  in  round  numbers,  a  reduction 
of  eight  millions  in  exports,  accompanied  by  a  reduction  of  two 
millions  in  imj)ortations.  It  is  my  duty  also  to  draw  your 
attention  to  another  fact  shown  )»y  these  exhibits,  and  still  more 
forcibly  by  the  returns  t)f  Canadian  trade,  that  prior  to  the 
Ecciprocity  Treaty,  which  took  effect,  as  wo  have  suggested,  in 
1855,  our  exports  to  the  Provinces  usually  exceeded  our  imports, 
but  in  1800  this  was  reversed,  and  since  that  j)criod  imports 
have  exceeded  our  exports  in  commerce  with  the  Provinces. 

Our  trade  with  Canada  may  Ijc  illustrated  by  a  brief  tabular 
statement  of  cxi)orts  and  imports. 


Exports  from  the  United  States  to   Canada,  and  Imports  from  Canada. 

[Taken  from  the  OOIcial  Tables  of  the  UQited  States.] 


DATE. 

Exports  to  Canada. 

Imports  from  Canada. 

r 

1850,     .    . 

§5,390,821  00 

14,285,470  00 

Before  Treaty,  .    .  ■ 

1851,     .     . 

7,929,140  00 

4,950,471  00 

. 

>1853,     .     . 

7,829,090  00 

5,278,110  00 

f 

1850,     .    . 

20,883,211  00 

17,488,107  00 

1857,     .    . 

10,574,895  00 

18,291,834  00 

18G1,     .    . 

14,301,858  00 

18,645,457  00 

Since  Treaty,    .    .• 

18G2,     .    . 

12,812,504  00 

15,253,152  00 

1803,     .     . 

19,898,718  00 

18,810,999  00 

18G4,     .    . 

10,058,429  00 

30,974,113  00 

■ 

1865,     .     . 

18,300,497  00 

30,547,267  00 

■  ■•■  (■, 


^ 


•16 


EXPORTS  AND   IMPORTS   OF   GREAT   BRITAIN. 


Of  the  above  cxix)rts  iliorc  were  of  1801,  specie,  8803,308 ; 
18G2,  82,530,297  ;  1803,  84,(Jo2,G79  ;  1804,  82,300,000. 

The  excess  of  imports  into  the  United  .States  over  exports  to 
Canada  t^ince  1800,  deduced  from  the  above  tables  and  from 
the  Report  of  the  ]\Iiuister  of  Finance  in  August  last,  has  been 
more  than  830,000,000.  The  Canadian  tables  differ  somewhat 
from  our  official  tables. 

In  considering  the  remarkable  change  which  has  taken  placo 
in  the  course  of  our  trade  with  Canada,  I  shall  endeavor  to 
guard  against  the  danger  of  attaching  any  uuduo  importance 
to  tho  ancient  theory  of  the  balance  of  trade. 

It  may  safely  bo  conceded  that  the  excess  of  imports  over 
exports  is  not  in  all  cases  conclusive  jiroof  that  commerce 
is  unprofitaljle.  The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  for  a  series  of 
years,  has  shown  a  large  excess  of  imports  over  exports,  accom- 
panied by  an  excess  of  arrivals  over  sliijjments  of  specie  and 
great  progress  in  national  Avcalth. 

Her  exports  and  imports  have  been  as  follows  : — 


DATE 


Exports. 


Imports. 


1858, 
1859, 
13G0, 
18G1, 
ISG2, 


£130,782,000 
155,092,000 
104,521,000 
159,032,000 
107,189,000 


£100,583,000 
179,182,000 
210,530,000 
217,185,000 
220,592,000 


The  excess  of  im^x^rts  may  spring  from  tlii3  use  of  capital 
abroad,  from  freights  and  profits,  in  which  case  tbe  excess  of 
imj)ortfi  indicates  addition  to  wealth,  and  not  accumulating  debt. 

A  change  in  the  l)alancc  of  trade  might  not  alone  w'arrant  tho 
abrogation  of  a  treaty,  but  it  docs  warrant  investigation.  Wo 
may  concede,  safely,  that  a  treaty  of  reciprocity,  which  adjusts 
the  quarrels  of  nations  and  does  equal  justice  to  each,  is  most 
desirable  for  the  country,  and  at  the  same  lime  point  out  omis- 
sions and  objectionable  features  in  a  treaty  we  have  abrogated, 
with  a  view  to  one  more  perfect  and  comprchensivo. 


■.*.;V 


OBJECTIONS  TO   TIIK  TREATY. 


17 


.'t 


4 


There  were,  and  arc,  various  olijcctioiis  to  the  treaty  about  to 
exph'c. 

First.  AVhile  it  quieted  strife  and  restored  the  rights  secured 
by  the  treaty  of  '83  to  our  fisheries,  from  which  spring  the  seamcu 
to  man  our  navy,  the  mates,  masters,  and  intrepid  merchants  wlio 
have  guided  our  keels  to  the  very  confines  of  the  earth — it  gave 
to  the  maritime  provinces  our  home  market,  and  the  incentive 
to  improve  the  fislieries  at  their  doors,  for  the  pursxiit  of  which, 
they  have  advantages  which  were  counterbahmccd  by  our  intel- 
ligence and  liome  markets  alone. 

We  should  make  tlie  fisheries  accessory  to  our  own  progress, 
not  to  that  of  Great  Britain.  If  tlie  maritime  provinces  would 
join  us  spontaneously  to-day — sterile  as  they  may  be  in  soil,  under 
a  sky  of  steel — still,  with  their  hardy  population,  their  harbors, 
fisheries,  and  seamen,  they  would  greatly  improve  and  strengthen 
our  position  and  aid  iis  in  our  struggle  for  equality  upon  the 
ocean. 

If  we  would  succeed  upon  Uie  deep,  we  must  cither  maintain 
our  fisheries,  or  absorb  the  provinces.  In  18Go,  the  tonnage  of 
Great  Britain  and  her  colonics  was  0,041,358 ;  ours  4,080,307. 
The  disparity  is  now  greater. 

For  our  great  home  market  for  her  cod  and  mackerel,  her 
whale  oil,  whalebone  and  seal  oil,  and  the  impulse  it  gives  to 
the  provincial  fisheries  and  navigation  of  Great  Britain,  have 
we  thus  far  sufficient  equivalents  ? 

Another  feature  in  the  treaty,  is,  the  imi»ulsc  it  gives  to  tho 
coal  mines  of  Nova  Scotia  aiul  Cape  Breton.  The  shipment  of 
coal  from  these  provinces  to  the  United  States,  has  increased 
from  220,000  tons  in  1803,  to  at  least  400,000  tons  in  1805. 

This  is  doubtless  very  acceptable  to  our  commercial  cities  on 
the  coast ;  but  it  comes  free  from  duty  to  compete  with  the 
black  diamonds  from  our  mines,  which  contribute  to  the  expense? 
of  the  war — virtually  it  comes  with  a  bounty  against  our  owe 
productions.  The  revenue  thus  suffers,  and  the  foreign  minci 
realizes  the  profits.  If  a  new  treaty  be  made,  some  cquivalen' 
should  be  given  for  this,  or  a  moderate  lax  may  be  imposed  fo* 
the  benefit  of  the  treasury.  AVe  are  not,  however,  to  forget  tlia* 
we  already  export  from  105,000  to  171,000  tons  of  coal  to 
Canada,  a  part  of  which  ascends  the  Hudson  and  reaches  Moii 
trcal,  while  a  part  crosses  Eric  and  Ontario,  into  Canada  West. 


'..■'>■ 


■.^'> 


'" '. 


18 


TRANSIT  TRADE. 


;^i 


Again,  wc  iicrmlttcd  the  Provinces,  at  tlic  moment  Great  Britain 
was  inijtorting-  the  pine  of  Norway,  and  they  were  losing  the  market 
for  a  third  or  hall"  of  their  timber,  to  send  it  here  and  enter  the 
home  market,  on  e(iual  terms  with  our  own  lumbermen.  The 
lumber,  as  well  as  the  jM'oduets  of  the  fisheries,  How  from  the 
Provinces  to  the  markets  of  the  Union,  and  there  is  little  or  no 
reciprocity  on  these  articles.  The  Provinces  require  little  of 
our  fish  or  oi/r  lumber.  If  we  make  undue  concessions,  IIowo, 
the  organ  of  Nova  .^cotia,  at  our  Detroit  convention,  may  well 
compare  us  and  the  provinces  '■•  to  tlui  Triune  Trefoil,"  which 
hangs  from  the  stem  of  Great  Britain. 

If  lumber  were  not  free  to-day,  a  duty  of  five  ])er  cent,  on  our 
own  lumber,  and  of  ten  jter  cent,  on  that  of  the  I'rovinces,  W(mld 
doubtless  place  five  millions  in  our  national  coiTers ;  but  the 
insertion  of  lumber  on  our  free  list,  deprives  us  of  this  revenue, 
while  it  enhances  the  value  of  Canadian  forests. 

It  is  doubtless  true,  that  freedom  from  duties  enal)les  Canada 
to  send  through  New  York  and  Maine,  wheat  and  Hour  for 
foreign  shipment,  and  enables  the  \Vest  to  send  to  i\Iontreal  a 
portion  of  its  surplus,  to  reach  an  outlet  for  Europe,  at  Montreal. 
This  interchange  is  doul)tless  beneficial  to  all  parties,  but  this 
transit  trade  gives  but  little  stimulus  to  production.  The 
commerce  which  terminates  in  consumption  in  Canada,  consists 
of  the  shipment  to  her  of  a  moderate  amount  of  corn  and  red 
wheat,  with  some  coal  and  salt,  and  a  less  amount  of  our  coarser 
products,  provisions  and  im])orted  goods.  ^ 

While  Canada  sends  to  us  for  consumption  her  animals  and 
products  of  the  forest  and  of  agriculture,  she  buys  but  little  of 
any  more  of  our  manufactures  than  she  did  before  the  treaty, — 
although  in  the  last  twelve  years,  she  has  added  two-fifths  to  her 
population,  and  nearly  doubled  her  i)roductions  and  consumption, 
— there  are  important  deficiencies  in  the  free  list,  to  Avhich  it 
is  my  duty  to  call  your  attention,  which  should  Ite  borne  in 
mind  upon  revision  of  the  treaty. 


Salt. 


This 


is  an 


The  treaty  is  silent  ujjon  the  subject  of   salt.      

important  production,  both  of  New  York  and  Michigan. 

It  is  produced  near  the  lakes,  and  may  bo  easily  transjiorted 
to  the  section  of  Canada  bordering  upon  the  lakes,  and  is  tm 


SIRUP,  TOOLS  AND  IMPLEMENTS. 


19 


appropriate  for  the  free  list  as  slate,  marhlo,  Jiypsum  or  ashes. 
It  is  a  production  of  the  soil,  and  essential  to  our  animal  life. 
It  is  singular  that  it  was  omitted.* 

Maple  and  Sorghum  Sirup. 
These  also  arc  products  of  the  forest  and  agriculture,  and 
come  within  the  spirit  of  the  treaty,  and  should  be   included. 
Sorghum  does  not  flourish  in  Canada,  but  is  extensively  culti- 
vated at  the  West. 


Tools  and  Implements. 

The  treaty  includes  in  its  schedule,  the  mfllstonc  and  tho 
grindstone,  both  implements,  the  one  to  sharpen  the  axe,  the 
other  io  manufacture  wheat  into  Hour.  These  arc  })roduced  in 
the  provinces,  but  the  treaty  is  silent  Avith  respect  to  other  tools; 
the  axe,  the  plough,  the  sliovel,  and  tlie  rea])er,  which  are 
fashioned  by  the  artisans  of  New  England  and  the  West.  Tho 
laws  of  Canada  and  some  of  the  other  provinces,  arc  so  deficient 
in  reciprocity,  that  no  ])atent  can  be  taken  there  by  a  citizen 
of  the  Union.  The  Canadian  minister  of  finance,  concedes, 
that  tools,  implements  and  machinery,  and  Ijooks,  sliould  be 
included. 

lie  concedes  i)atents  also.  If  a  new  treaty  l)e  made  let  it  also 
provide  for  a  j)atent  law,  and  for  copy-rights,  to  do  justice  to 
hivcntors  and  authors,  and  let  it  also  contain  a  lu'ovision  that  all 
tools,  inij)lements,  and  machinery,  l)e  added  to  the  free  list.  It 
would  be  desirable  also  to  include  in  this  list  our  manufactures 
of  leather,  tin,  copper,  castings,  })ins,  ])uttons,  types,  utensils, 
carriages,  furniture  and  other  articles.  I  would  also  suggest 
that  wliile  it  is  desirable  for  l)otli  parties  to  except  from  tho 
schedule  the  articles  of  spirit,  tobacco,  sugar,  molasses,  and 
costly  fabrics  of  silk,  flax  and  wool,  as  important  sources  of 
revenue  ;  and  while  it  is  desirable  to  withdraw  coal,  lumber, 
and  barley,  and  the  products  of  the  fisheries,  from  the  free  list, 
it  may  be  politic  to  provide  that  these  last  products  of  each 
country  and  all  others,  not  specifically  excepted,  shall  be  sulyect 
to  duties,  not  exceeding  fifteen  per  cent.,  or  to  duties  as  low  as 
those  of  Canada  before  the  Reciprocity  Treaty. 

♦  Canada  now  admits  salt  without  duty,  although  omitted  in  tho  free  list. 


20 


REASONS  FOR  RENEWAL. 


Tlicrc  arc  gentlemen  of  intelligence,  and  possibly  some  states- 
men, Avho  think  it  will  l)c  politic  to  allow  the  treaty  to  ex])irc 
without  any  cCforts  or  arrangement  for  a  renewal ;  who  })redict 
that  in  i!:uch  case  the  Provinces  Avill  range  themselves  under  our 
banner,  and  seek  admission  into  the  Union.  This  accession 
v/ould  doubtless  be  l)enelicial ;  it  would  l)ring  to  the  Union  a 
Aviiite  population  which  will  in  1808,  possibly  before  the  measure 
could  be  consununated,  reach  four  millions. 

It  would  bring  to  us  two  thousand  miles  of  railways,  and  vast 
forests  and  mines,  and  fisheries  and  mariners,  and  nearly  two- 
tliirds  of  a  million  tons  of  shi])ping  ;  but  will  this  accession  be 
secured  l>y  the.  loss  of  the  treaty?  Is  there  not  danger  that 
the  termination  of  the  treaty  will  result  in  mercantile  losses, 
strife  and  alienation  V  * 

Peace  and  a  jirosperous  commerce  create  friendship,  and  tend 
to  alliance  ;  and  will  it  not  be  wise  to  make  a  fair  treaty,  one  of 
equivalents ;  to  impose  moderate  duties  for  revenue  on  fish^ 
coal,  lumber,  the  chief  subjects  of  the  treaty,  after  agriculture ; 
to  place  salt,  tools,  and  machinery,  and  imi)lements  of  agricul- 
ture, with  other  items,  in  the  free  list ;  ^o  secure  jjatents  and 
copy-riglits  ;  to  remove  all  discriminations  ;  and  let  the  Provin- 
cials look  forward  to  a  union  which  will  eventually  remove  these 
duties,  increase  their  wealth  and  contribute  to  their  improve- 
ments ?  Is  the  present  moment,  when  avc  are  mastering  a  debt 
of  twenty-eight  hundred  millions  by  severe  taxation,  an  auspi- 
cious one  for  bringing  in  new  States  to  share  our  burden? 
When  we  have  reduced  our  del^t  and  our  taxes,  and  shown  that 
they  rest  lightly  on  our  shoulders,  and  England  has  paid  for  our 
losses  l)y  her  cruisers,  Avill  not  the  moment  be  more  auspicious 
for  the  enlargement  of  our  territories  ?f 

Wo  have  traced  the  successive  stages  of  the  growth  of  the 
commerce  with  the  Provinces,  doubling  in  seven  years  after 
the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  rising  to    more  than 


*  Soc  remarks  of  distinguished  Provincials  in  the  Appendix,  page  82. 

t  Tlio  debt  of  Canada  in  proportion  to  its  assessed  wealtli  is  nearly  two- 
thirds  the  size  of  our  own.  The  interest  upon  our  debt  can  be  met  by- 
moderate  duties  on  liquors,  cotton,  tobacco  and  coffee,  without  bearing  heavily 
on  the  Provinces  should  they  hereafter  join  us  "spontaneously,"  as  suggested 
by  the  "London  Times."  In  1S(JS  our  population  will  reach  40  millions.  We 
havo  lost  but  half  a  million  by  the  war. 


RESOURCES  OP  CANADA. 


21 


fifty  millions  in  I80G,  tlio  secoud  year  of  the  Treaty  of  Recip- 
rocity. 

Duriii;^  the  ten  years  from  18')!  to  18()1,  wliich  comi)rise  four 
years  jirior  to  the  treaty  and  six  that  followed,  all  the  Provinces 
made  rapid  |)rogress,  Init  Canada  was  pre-eminent. 

From  1S,j1  to  ISiil  the  popiUation  of  Canada  increased  more 
rapidly  than  the  population  of  the  Union.  It  had  gained  30 
per  cent.  In  18C0  the  population  of  all  the  Provinces  was  as 
follows : — 


Canada,     . 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Newfoundland,  . 
Prince  Edwards  Island, 

Aggregate, 


2,r,01,888 
2:3;],TT7 

2ao,«;oo 

124,008 
80,048 

a,271,")T0 


lions.    We 


The  rate  of  increase  in  all  tlie  Provinces  was  nearly  equal  to 
that  of  the  Union. 

Canada  led  in  connnerce  and  revenue  as  well  as  in  i)opula- 
tion.  In  the  fifteen  years  from  18t)l  to  18G5,  the  whole  exports 
and  imports  of  Canada  rose  from  835,000,000  to  887,000,000. 
Her  revenue  rose  also  from  83,500,000  to  810,500,000.  Petwecn 
1851  and  1801  lier  imi»roved  land  increased  from  7,307,950 
acres  to  10,855,854,  or  41)  per  cent.;  the  value  of  the  same  from 
8203,510,000  to  8400,075,780.  The  wheat  croj),  which  exceeds 
that  of  Illinois  and  of  each  of  our  States,  rose  from  15,750,493 
hushels  to  27,274,779,  or  78  per  cent.  The  oat  crop,  larger 
than  that  of  New  York,  the  leading  Htato  of  our  Union,  rose 
from  20,309,247  l)ushels  to  38,772,170,  or  91  per  cent.  During 
the  same  period  the  value  of  her  lumber  rose  from  an  average 
of  87  to  810  per  M. 

And  in  the  interval  between  1851  and  1803  her  export  of 
lumber  rose  from  85,085,028,  of  which  but  23  per  cent,  reached 
the  United  States,  to  a  total  of  812,204,178,  of  which  a  third — 
nearly  as  much  as  the  former  importation  of  Great  Britain — 
came  to  the  United  States.  For  a  series  of  years  prior  to  184G, 
the  imports  of  Canada  from  the  United  States  greatly  exceeded 
10 


22 


FINANCIAL  STATEMENT  OP  MINISTER   OP   PINANCR. 


the  exports,  and  p;roat  disparity  continued  down  to  the  Reci- 
procity Treaty  ;  but  since  18<50  the  balance  of  trade  lias  been 
reversed. 

Th(!  statement  of  the  minister  of  fnianco  to  the  Canadian 
Parliament  on  the  'JtUh  of  August  last  shows  the  present  con- 
dition of  Canadian  commerce. 

lie  gives  us  for  the  year  a  revenue  of  §10,528,000,  collected 
at  a  cost  of  lo  per  cent. 


Imports  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  180"), 
exclusive  of  specie,        .... 

Specie  imports,     ...... 

Exports  of  the  year,  exclusive  of  sjiecie, 
Specie  exports, 


8P>0,8:)1,901  00 

4,7(58,478  00 

40,702,0()()  00 

l,(!88,ll)l  00 


The  results  present  a  Ijalance  for  the  year  of- nearly  one  mil- 
lion of  exi)orts  over  imjwrts,  independent  of  specif  ;  and  a 
balance  of  gold  close  upon  tiu'oe  millions. 

And,  since  this  report  was  made,  it  is  currently  reported  that 
the  sales  of  white  and  red  wheat,  horses  and  other  stock  by 
Canadians  for  the  past  quarter  to  this  country  will  reach  eight 
millions.  The  minister  in  his  speech  estimates  an  addition 
of  six  per  cent,  to  the  revenue  for  the  coming  year,  and  gives 
us  the  following  items  of  income : — 

Customs,  ....  80,100,000  00 
Excise  on  spirit,  beer  and  tobacco, .  l,Gi')0,000  00 

Post-ofiice, 470,000  00 

Public  lands, 450,000  00 

Ocean  postage,  ....  70,000  00 
Territorial  income,  .  .  .  050,000  00 
Sundries, 1,050,000  00 


In  illustrating  the  trade  with  the  United  States  he  as«umcs 
the  imports  from  our  country  into  Canada  for  the  preceding 
years,  1800,  '01,  '«)2  and  '03,  to  l)e  818,370,000  more  than  arc 
shown  by  our  oflicial  statements.     The  discrepancy  weakens  his 


IMPORTS   AND   EXPORTS   OP  CANADA  FOR  18G5. 


23 


argument,  hut    doos  not  afTuct  his   returns   for  tlio   current 
year.* 

His  i^tatenlcnt  contains  a  very  full  analysis  of  the  exports  to 
the  United  States  for  the  year.  After  deducting  the  specie 
from  cacli,  he  gives  us  the  results  : — 

Imports  frohi  all  countries,  and  exports  to  the 

same, 687,001,020  00 

Exports  to  the  United  States,  ....  821,350,350  00 
Im])orts  from  the  United  States,  exclusive  of 

specie,  for  year  ending  June  30, 1805,       .     14,820,557  00 

Excess  of  exports, $0,529,793  00 

To  licjuidate  this  l)alanco  from  our  country  Canada  has 
received  a  large  amount  of  s])ecie. 

The  entire  importation  of  s])ccic  from  all  comitrics  having 
been  84,708,-178,  he  leads  us  to  the  result  that  while  the  exports 
of  Canada  to  the  ^vorld  exceed  the  imports  by  nearly  a  million, 
the  imports  on  goods  from  our  country  are  six  and  a  half  mil- 
lions less  than  those  Canada  has  sold  to  our  citizens,  and  ho 
leaves  us  to  infer  that  \ve  liipiidutc  the  j)rinci})al  part  of  the 
balance  in  specie.  If  any  part  of  our  exports  have  been  valued 
in  greenbacks,  the  deficit  will  l)e  still  gr(!ater. 

The  exports  of  Canada  to  the  United  States  are  shown  by 
him  to  be, — 

Lumber,     ......  85,000,000  00 

Animals,  of  which  tsvo-fifths  are  horses,    4,478,000  00 


Wool, 

Barley  and  oats, . 

Manufactures,     . 

Butter,       ... 

Meats, 

Other  products  of  animals, 

Balance,  wheat,  Hour,  itc. 


.  1,351,722  00 
.  4,500,000  00 
400,000  00 
340,899  00 
484,890  00 
891,000  00 
.     4,443,839  00 

821,350,350  00 


♦The  $18,370,00(5  atlJccl  by  the  Minister  of  Finance  are  doubtless  goods 
which  puss  rin  the  Grand  Trunk  from  Great  Britain  to  the  St.  Lawrence, 
without  breaking  bulk;  tlicy  aro  not  entered  on  our  official  reports,  and, 
carried  by  British  steamers  and  a  British  railway,  are  British  exports. 

Our  siiipmeuts  down  the  Lawrence  arc  less  ;  but  $5,000,000  for  two  years,— 
•CO  and  'CI. 


24 


COUaSE  OP  CANADA   UNDEIl  UESTRICTIONS. 


lie  rc^artls  tlu;  trado  in  wheat  or  flour  as  a  mere  intercliango 
between  the  United  .States  and  I'rovinees,  the  exports  from 
Canada  heinji'  eonipcnsatcMl  for  in  mv{  l>y  th(^  iniporls  into  Can- 
ada, and  are  not  [greater  than  the  shipment  IVoiu  tlie  United 
•States  to  the  maritime  provinees.  The  minister,  in  the  eourse 
oi*  his  siteeeli,  hesidc  giving  ns  these  partienhirs,  makes  several 
important  suggestions. 

First — That  Canada  woukl  l)e  disposed  to  enlarge  her  eanals 
if  slie  eonld  lie  admitted  to  register  her  ship[)ing  and  partieipato 
in  tlie  eoasting  trade. 

Tliat.the  men  wlio  formerly  h'd  puldie  opinion  in  England, 
and  who  tliought  eolonies  a  burden,  liad  lost  their  inliiienee. 
That  if  wo  jtut  duties  on  Canadian  i)roduets,  they  wouhl  open 
trade  with  the  maritime  provinees,  and  send  them  flour  and 
barley,  and  would  fatten  swine  on  their  eoarsc  grains,  instead  of 
our  eorn  ;  that  they  eould  change  the  character  of  their  pro- 
ductions. He  states,  also,  that  Canada  has  been  allowed  by 
Great  Britain  to  come  in  luider  the  new  treaty  with  France,  and 
is  increasing  its  trade  uilh  the  maritime  provinces  and  foreign 
nations,  from  which  they  now  import  three  and  a  quarter  mil- 
lions dollars.  Tliat  our  country  could  not  sustain  high  duties 
on  a  variety  of  imjjorts  without  illicit  trade,  which  might  bo 
checked  if  Canada  were  friendly  ;  but  if  wc  built  a  Chinese  wall 
of  restriction,  if  there  was  to  be  no  intercourse,  the  United  States 
must  look  after  their  own  frontier. 

That  if  we  did  not  send  them  corn  and  take  barley,  they 
could  distill  the  latter ;  that  the  returns  of  distillation  might  not 
cover  all  the  s}iirit,  so  much  was  sent  out  of  the  country,  -omo 
legally  and  some  illegally,  Tliat  he  and  his  colleagues  thought 
smuggling  might  be  checked  by  a  friendly  spirit  and  the  selec- 
tion of  certain  articles  on  whicli  duties  might  be  assimilated, 
and  they  were  ready  to  meet  the  commissioners  of  the  United 
States  in  a  friendly  sjtirit  and  listen  to  their  suggestions.  In 
his  very  moderate  return  of  imports  from  the  United  States, 
(814,820,557)  he  sets  down  corn  and  coarse  grains,  81,800,000 ; 
meats,  887G,9G8  ;  cheese,  830G,()18  ;  wool,  8174,071 ;  other  pro- 
ducts of  animals,  8814,599 ;  fish,  8257,901,  but  gives  no  addi- 
tional items. 

Wo  have,  thus,  from  official  sources,  the  position  of  Canada 
and  the  views  of  her  Government,  and  it  is  apparent  that  she 


has 


slie 


BENEFITS  OP  TRKATY. 


26 


:n'chango 
rts  iVoin 
ntt)  Caii- 
i  United 
c  coiirso 
s  several 

ci"  canals 
irticipate 


has  proppcrcd  under  the  treaty.  From  1851  to  1801  she  lias 
increased  lier  miles  of  railway  from  twidvo  to  ninet(!en  liundred; 
she  has  increased  \vn'  wheat  and  oat  crops,  \\va-  wool,  tlie  value 
ol'  her  lo.estsand  wealth  more  tlian  we  liave,  although  she  is 
natnridly  inU.'rior  in  climate,  soil  and  position. 

Mhi!  has,  liy  iier  selecfe  connnittee  on  commerce,  appoinlcid  in 
IS.jS,  coneediMl  that  for  sonu;  years  prior  lo  tin;  Keeiprocity 
Treaty  tlie  jirain  of  tlio  United  !?tates  was  worth  25  p(>r  cent, 
more  than  tlie  yrain  oi'  Canada,  and  now  in  hoth  countries  the 
treaty  has  Jor  ten  years  kept  it  at  nearly  tlie  same  level.  She  is 
disposed  to  build  our  sliips  and  take  a  large  part  of  the  eoasting 
trade,  and  as  an  inducement  for  such  concession  she  may  i)ossi- 
bly  deepen  her  canals,  to  divert  the  trade  of  the  West.  Already 
has  Canada  made  fi'ce  ports  on  her  coasts  to  the  e.\tt;nt  of  one 
or  two  thousand  miles  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  the 
Gulf  of  St.  LaA'rence,  doubtless  to  tem})t  our  (ishermen  and 
frontiersmen  to  evade  our  duties,  and  now  we  are  told  distinctly 
that  we  must  expect  illicit  trade  if  we  adopt  a  system  of  restric- 
tion. 

The  Committee  of  Congress  on  Commerce,  in  their  rejiort  on 
Recijirocity,  in  February,  18(]2,  well  suggest  that  in  admitting 
Canada  to  the  commercial  advantages  she  would  enjoy  if  she 
were  a  State  of  the  Union,  we  had  a  right  to  expect  from  her 
in  return  the  same  commercial  privileges  which  each  State  of 
the  Union  confers  upon  the  others ;  we  liavo  given  her  all  tlioso 
privileges  exccjjt  those  she  now  desires,  and  which  we  hesitate  to 
concede  in  consequence  of  her  connection  with  a  great  empire, 
which  declines  to  do  us  Justice.  She  has,  with  those  conceded, 
achieved  great  success,  and  the  question  now  arises,  what  recijv 
rocal  privileges  has  she  given  us? — have  they  proved  to  be  an 
equivalent  for  those  we  have  conceded?  The  reports  of  Mr. 
Andrews  and  of  the  Committee  on  Commerce,  to  which  we  have 
referred,  present  many  conclusive  answers  to  this  qiiestion. 

Ijcfore  the  treaty,  JMr.  Andrews,  in  his  preliminary  report — a 
document  submitted  by  Mr.  Corwin  to  our  Senate — said,  "•  that 
it  would  be  wise  to  ])lace  the  l)order  trade  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Colonies  on  a  ditTerent  basis  and  under  the  influ- 
ence of  a  higher  principle,  so  as  to  mature  and  perfect  a  com- 
plete system  of  nuitual  exchanges  between  the  dillerent  nations 
of  this  vast  continent."     While  the  treaty  was  pending,  Lord 


2G 


INDUCEMENTS  TO  THE  TREATY. 


filL'iii,  tlin  l»iitish  miinstor  at  Washinp;ton,  allcf?c(l  that  "  Canada 
liacl  always  adoptinl  the  most  lilx-ral  ruiiuiKMrial  policy  Avith 
respect  to  the  United  States,  as  veil  in  reirard  to  the  connncrco 
thi'onuh  its  canals  as  in  regard  to  the;  adniissi<jn  ol"  nianufac- 
turetl  goods  coming  IVoni  this  conutry,  and  if  the  natnral  pro- 
ducts of  that  countiy  (Canada)  should  be  admittiMJ  duty  free, 
that  Covernment  would  he  willing  to  carry  out  still  further  tho 
same  lil)eral  policy  already  pursued  towards  tho  manufactures 
of  the  United  States."  TIkj  treaty  itself  recited  that  the  parties 
*' were  desirous  so  to  regulat(3  the  conunerco  and  navigation 
hctween  llicir  respective  territories  and  peojile,  and  more  espe- 
cially hctween  her  ^Majesty's  possessions  in  \orth  America  and 
th(!  United  States,  in  such  manner  as  to  render  tho  same  recip- 
rocally henelieial  and  satisfactory." 

With  these  intentions,  thus  expressed,  the  treaty  was  cxe- 
cut<!<l  and  commerce  com"'  need. 

When  the  ti'caty  took  eU'ect  hy  tho  President's  proclamation, 
March  17,  185"),  the  duties  in  Canada  were  very  moderate,  hut 
5  per  cent,  on  some  conunodilies,  and  10  per  cent,  on  others, 
hut  12^  per  cent.  <  nir  hoots,  sIkjcs,  leather,  harnesses,  and 
many  of  our  other  products  ;  hut  within  a  year  after  the  treaty 
Canada  began  to  advance  these  duties,  and  by  1850  had  raised 
them  021  por  cent,  on  one  class,  and  100  per  cent,  on  another, 
embracing  our  chief  manufactures,  aiul  most  of  them  were  thus 
excluded  and  tho  sale  of  others  reduced. 

The  Conmiittec  of  Congress  on  Commerce  in  1802  complained 
in  their  rei)ort  that  the  duties  levied  on  our  manufactures  and 
other  j)roducts  had  checked  their  cx])ortation  from  tho  United 
States  to  Canada,  that  our  commerce  with  that  country  reached 
its  height  in  1850  and  then  hegan  to  decline  with  the  advance 
of  duties,  that  our  exports  which  paid  duties  to  Canada  declined 
from  87,1)81,284  in  1850,  the  year  after  the  treaty  was  adopted, 
to  $4,197,^10  in  1800,  a  decline  of  47  per  cent,  in  four  yeaid 
only,  while  tho  whole  amomit  of  our  Canadian  connncrco 
dc(dined  25  per  cent,  from  1850,  when  the  duties  were  low, 
to  1802  when  they  were  high.  Tho  committee  suggest  that  if 
Canada  required  more  revenue,  her  attempt  to  raise  it  by  new 
duties  on  our  manufactures  was  a  failure.  It  effected  nothing 
but  their  exclusion.  The  committee  in  this  connection  draw 
ittention  to  the  fact  that  while  Canada  urges  that  she  was 


FRKK   POUTS.' 


27 


was  cxc- 


oltli  ftl  to  raiso  duties  for  revenue,  she  liiis  estalilislied  two  great 
free  torts — tlx;  jiort  of  ('ias|ie  ou  tin;  (Julf  of  St.  Ijawrciice,  with 
a  frontage  of  1,-00  miles  on  shores  fre(|nente(l  hy  our  li>her- 
nicn,  aiitl  another  extending  for  1,000  miles  from  tlie  Sault  St. 
Mary,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Sii|(erior,  along  the  chores  of  Huron 
and  Superior,  where  our  setth'rs  and  seanu'n  engaged  in  the 
growing  trans])ortation  of  (he  lakes  may  he  temiiletj  to  huy 
gooils  and  evade  cnir  dut"  •<.  If  legitimate  trade  he  the  ohjeet 
of  Canada,  she  should  reuueo  her  duties,  wlien  they  diminish 
revenue,  and  if  lair  reeiproeal  trade;  is  desiriitl,  should  sIk;  t(nui»t 
our  mariners,  miners  and  settlers  to  evade  our  tluties,  and  eoui- 
pel  us  to  estaltlish  ports  and  custom  houses  at  great  expense 
upon  a  long  frontier  ? 

If  Grea't  liritain  maintains  (Jihraltar  to  extend  her  trade  ou 
the  coast  of  Sjiain,  must  we  have  a  (Jihraltar  on  our  frontiers 
also  ? 

Our  committee  complain  of  the  change  fnnu  s[)ccinc  to  ad 
vafoniii  duties  on  loreign  goods,  which  are  hased  on  prime  c(jst 
in  gold,  if  tlu'y  come  hy  the  St.  Lawrence  or  hy  the  fJrand 
Trunk  a  British  Railway,  hut  are  assessed  on  cost,  freight, 
and  charges  if  not  i)rices  iu  currency  if  they  come  via  JJoston  or 
New  York.  This  the  committee  deem  an  evasion  of  the 
treaty.  They  comi)lain  also  of  discriminating  tolls  on  the 
"Wellaud  Canal,  hy  which  goods  destined  via  Oswego  and  Ogdens- 
hurg  for  New  York  or  IJoston  pay  tenf(jld  the  tolls  recjuired  on 
goods  diverted  from  our  ports  to  (Juei)ee  or  ^Montreal.  They 
cite  the  reports  of  ^lessrs.  Hatch  &  Taylor  to  our  Treasury 
Departmout,  iu  which  they  favor  the  extension  of  free  trade. 
They  refer  to  the  trade  with  the  maritime  Provinces  under  their 
system  of  low  duties  as  more  satisfactory  than  that  of  Canada, 
and  come  to  the  conclusion,  at  which  the  legislaturj  of  New 
York  had  previously  arrived  and  set  forth  in  their  R"  jIvcs  now 
on  fde  at  Washington,  that  "  the  legislation  of  Canada  suhsc- 
quent  to  the  treaty,  was  suhversivc  of  its  true  intent  and  mean- 
ing, and  that  an  isolating  and  exclusive  policy  had  heen  adopted, 
intended  to  destroy  the  natural  eflect  of  the  treaty  l)y  heavy 
duties  on  the  products  the  United  States  have  to  sell,  and  by 
discriminating  duties  and  tolls  imposed  to  exclude  the  United 
States  from  Canadian  markets."  Our  Committee  on  Commerce 
conclude  with  a  full  recognition  of  the  benefits  which  would 


28 


CANADIAN    MINISTRY, 


y^ 


flow  from  11  just  treaty  aiul  oxteiKled  system  of  frco  trade 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Proviuees,  by  which  reci- 
prociry  W'uld  be  not  merely  a  name  but  a  substance  on  the 
whole  frontier,  and  as  a  sul»stitute  for  the  treaty  reeonnnend 
the  Zollverein,  under  which  more  than  thirty-six  millions  of  (ler- 
mans  iVeely  interchanjio  their  connnodities  and  divide  foreign 
duties,  while  nearly  as  many  Austrians  are  included  luider  a 
more  limited  system. 

The  cniciiMit  minister  of  finance,  who  is  very  naturally  on 
the  ali'rt  when  this  treaty  is  discussed,  reviews  the  action  of  our 
committee  in  a  statement  to  the  Canadian  Parliament  in  ^March. 
18G2.  lie  concedes  most  of  the  facts  found  by  our  conunilteo, 
but  ('-.ideavors  to  weaken  their  force  and  sustain  the  treaty.  lie 
urges  that  Canada,  like  the  United  States,  was  obliged  to  raise 
b.er  duties,  but  ajjparently  forgets  that  our  rise  did  not  affect 
the  great  exports  of  Canada. 

He  eliii'j:s  [o  the  letter  without  reuard  to  the  spirit  of  the 
treaty  shown  in  its  preamble,  and  does  not  refer  to  the  assur- 
ances given  l)y  ^Ir.  Andrews,  its  chief  author,  and  by  the  British 
minister  ami  the  ofticers  of  Canada,  when  the  treaty  was 
pending. 

It  is  fresh  in  my  memory  that  when  invited  to  favor  the 
treaty  I  declined  to  do  so,  because  the  prograimue  of  the  treaty 
did  not  expressly  authoriz(;  us  to  buy  the  stajdes  of  Canada  with 
the  products  of  New  England,  but  it  's  now  ap])arent  tiiat  this 
was  a  dangerous  omission  and  that  Canada  has  not  reilecmed 
her  pledges.  The  minister  of  Ihiance  urges  that  Canadian 
duties  are  not  as  high  as  our  own,  but  a  duty  of  20  or  2-")  per 
cent,  is  too  high  if  it  excludes  our  manufactures.  The  duty  on 
our  clocks  at  Liverpool  and  on  our  drilN  at  Calcutta  were  not 
higher,  but  they  were  just  high  enough  to  cllect  the  purjjose  of 
Great  Jjritain,  the  exclusion  of  the  fabrics  of  the  United  States. 
The  minister  urges  that  the  free  ports  of  Caspe  and  Sault  St. 
Mary  are  to  encourage  the  settlers;  but  the  few  settlers  on  these 
desert  coasts  require  no  such  stimulus,  and  Canada  in  establish- 
ing them  pays  no  respect  to  the  great  maxim  of  the  law — Sic 
uterc  tiio  111  alicnuin  non  hcdas — while  benefiting  by  a  treaty 
whose  express  object  was  to  make  the  trade  beneficial  to  both 
parties.  lie  admits  that  the  discriminating  tolls  and  duties 
have  been  imposed  and  claims  the  right  to  impose  them.     Uc 


IMPORTATIONS   BY   THE   ST.   LAWRENCE. 


29 


owns  his  object  to  be  to  promote  the  direct  trade  by  the  St. 
LawrcMico  by  such  mcasiuvs,  and  avers  that  he  has  done  so.  lie 
conceives  this  to  l^e  a  huidabh)  object  and  submits  a  talile  to 
show  Iiow  hvrgc  a  proportion  of  tlie  imi)ortations  of  Canada, 
many  of  which  formerly  came  through  the  tStates,  now  come  via 
the  St.  Lawrence. 

EXTHACT    FKOM   THE   TaULK    OF   THE   MlNISTEH    OF    FINANCE. 

Importation  of  Leading  Articles  into   Canada  in  18G1. 


Wliole  am't  linpnrtctl 
into  the  I'roviiicc. 

Proportion  Imported 
via  tlic  St.  Lawrence. 

Cotton  -ioods,      .... 

$5,G90,000 

• 

!?5,123,07G 

Earthen  and  glass  ware, 

G18,89G 

427,703 

Fancy  goods,       .... 

328,391 

215,419 

Iron  and  hardware, 

2,851,01-1 

1,943,398 

Silks,  ?atins  and  velvets, 

921,152 

875,195 

Woollens, 

4,271,270 

4,003,077 

Total, 

814,081,500 

§12,017,928 

The  minister  of  finance  thus  demonstrates  that  eighty-six 
per  cent,  of  this  merclumdise  enters  Canada  via  the  gates  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  leaving  but  fourteen  per  cent,  for  New  Yoik, 
IJoston,  and  for  American  vessels,  canal  boats  and  railways.  It 
is  his  province  to  conciliate  Montreal  and  Quebec  and  propitiate 
Great  Britain. 

His  duties  arc  arduous  and  conflicting.  For  the  seaports  of 
Canada  he  must  attract  the  breadstulTs  of  the  West,  to  give 
freights  to  iheir  shipping  and  commissions  to  their  merchants  ; 
ibr  them  he  must  seek  outlets  to  France,  the  maritime  Prov- 
inces, Brazil  and  West  Lidics.  With  respect  to  Creat  Britain, 
whose  subjects  have  little  respeci,  for  custom-houses  or  '.lock- 
ades,  he  can  present  free  ports  on  great  highways  and  duties  dis- 
crimi'iating  in  their  favor.  To  satisfy  the  Upper  Province  and 
to  give  value  to  forests  and  agriculture,  he  nuist  conuuand  the 
home  market  of  the  Ujiited  States.  If  we  will  give  him  the 
coasting  tra  Ic,  he  will  accpcu  the  canals  and  take  the  direct 
trade  also 

11 


80 


COASTING    TRADE. 


IIo  will  acconiplisli  three  objeets  if  lie  can  secure  the  coasting 
trade,  and  the  direct  trade  and  tiie  home  market  l>y  a  single 
Mow,  Itut  till!  loaslintj;  trade  is  not  to  be  conceded  .and  avc  must 
comi)oti;  lor  tlio  direct  trade  also.  In  his  statement  to  Parlia- 
ment he  ])rotests  auainst  a  Zollverein  Avhich  would  sever  Canada 
from  Great  Jiritain  and  cut  oil'  her  imimrts  from  tlic  IJritish 
Isles.  He  expresses  a  disposition  to  enlarge  the  frci;  list,  by 
adding  books,  imi)lements,  wooden  ware  and  machineiy,  and 
would  extend  the  system  of  free  trade  if  such  measures  lM'eon)0 
necessary  to  ])reserve  the  trt-aty.  He  is  ready  to  negotiate  for 
its  preservation,  for  he  has  nuich  to  lose,  while  there  is  n-asou  to 
apprehend  that  we  may  struggle  to  revive  our  connncree  and 
may  ask  eciuivalents  for  the  future  in  a  new  uegotiatin;i. 

We  have  thus  examined  the  progress,  ccjuuneree  and  policy  of 
Canada,  and  find  that  she  lias  grown  rapidly  in  tralc.  wealth 
and  population,  that  her  annual  conuntu'ce  with  us  is  Courfold 
its  auKuuit  before  the  treaty  ;  that  she  has  not  thus  far  redeemed 
the  pledges  given  for  her  liy  Lord  Elgin,  the  IJritish  minister,  to 
favm*  our  jiroductions,  but  has  cheeked  their  inijioitation  without 
lienelit  to  lu-r  own,  for  she;  still  devoti's  herself  ehielly  to  her 
forests  and  agriculture,  canals  and  railways  ;  she  has  diverted 
some  trade  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  established  some  free  jiorts, 
and  expanded  ln'r  whole  conunerce  to  8(S7,000,()U0  in  I81J0,  of 
whieh  N.")().()0O,()U()  are  with  the  United  States.  We  lind  that 
her  exports  of />r(;r///ff  to  us  exceed  her  imports,  that  somi!  shares 
and  probaltly  some  bonds  liavt;  flowed  into  Canada  while  a 
counter  current  has  llowed  into  the  States  from  the  maritinu! 
Provinces. 

J>ut  if  the  treaty  has  lieen  a  boon  to  Canada  have  we  not  also 
derived  some  benefits  from  a  conunerce  of  fifty  millions,  three- 
fifths  of  whieh  consist  of  articles  of  food  and  materials  for 
manufacture  ? 

Are  wc  not  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  treaty  has  brought 
to  us  S(mie  b!(\<sings  in  its  train  ?  Has  not  our  tonnage  in  this 
trade  wonilerfully  increased,  aiul  do^s  it  not  still  maintain  its 
ascendancy  ?  If  our  imports  from  Canada  have  exceeded  our 
exports,  \vA\\i  not  those  imports  ministered  to  our  wants  and 
swelled  our  exports  in  the  most  trying  periods  of  our  four  years' 
struggle  ?  If  wc  have  imported  horses  and  oats  and  live  stock, 
have  they  not  mounted  aud  fed  our  cavalry  and  horsed  our 


BENEFITS   TO   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


81 


artillery,  and  aided  Sheridan  in  his  last  campaigns  ;  and  if  wo 
liavc'scnt  a  balance  of  two  or  three  millions  of  specie  to  Canada 
bo\'(ind  what  we  receive  from  the  maritime  Provinces,  are  we  to 
send  the  products  of  onr  mines,  one  of  our  chief  exports,  to 
England  only  ? 

W  Frederick  the  Great  was  able  successfully  to  contend  for 
seven  years  with  Austria,  France,  and  finally  with  Russia,  by 
the  supj)li('s  he  drew  from  Silesia  and  Saxony,  have  not  the 
Provinces  contributed  something  to  our  success,  and  have  wc  not 
some  ]icnsions  to  jiay  in  the  Provinces? 

If  our  ("xports  hav(!  diminished,  a  part  of  the  diminution 
must  be  asci'il)cd  to  our  currency  and  the  derangcmcmt  of  our 
trade.  Are  we  not  for  the  moment  obliged  to  pay  in  our  own 
markets  three  or  four])rofits:  first,  the  legitimate  profit ;  second, 
a  profit  U)  cover  the  risk  of  a  decline  of  value  to  specie  prices; 
third,  a  profit  to  cover  increased  cost  of  living;  and  often  a 
fourth,  from  the  insufiicient  supply  caused  by  the  fear  of  pro- 
ducers to  enlarge  their  works  while  labor  and  materials  arc 
al)()ve  their  true  value  ;  and  shall  we  not  produce  more  cheaply 
and  (;hange  this  as  we  return  to  specie  ? 

If  (licre  arc  omissions  of  our  productions  in  the  treaty,  is 
Canada  to  blame  for  them,  if  she  has  conformed  to  the  letter  of 
the  treaty,  and  may  they  not  have  been  made  with  a  wise 
forecast  by  Mr.  Marcy? 

If  the  Provinces  have  sent  us  coal,  wool,  timber  and  rags, 
which  last  Canada  classes  among  lier  manufactures,  have  they 
not  given  a  stimulus  to  oijr  industry,  and  if  she  has  refused  our 
return  freight  has  not  that  diminished  the  net  return  uj)on  her 
exports  ?  And  will  she  be  less  friendly  and  less  interested  in 
our  progress  if  she  holds  a  few  of  our  bonds?  Will  they  not 
be  lionds  of  amity  between  us  ? 

And  now  if  she  lias  drawn  capital  from  Europe,  built  her 
canals  and  railways  and  connected  them  with  our  own,  and  is 
able  to  construct  more  for  the  *trade  of  both  countries  ;  if  she 
has  to-diiy  a  small  surplus  rmenue  and  is  able  and  willing  to 
transfer  some  of  her  duties  from  our  manufactures  to  foreign 
luxuries  and  to  discourage  illicit  trade ;  if  she  is  willing  tc 
make  the  terms  of  a  new  treaty  more  beneficial  than  those  of 
tho  last,  is  it  our  true  policy  to  withdraw  into  our  shell  and 
refuse  to  listen  to  her  overtures  ? 


82 


EXPORTS   AND  IMPORTS  OP  TEIR   M.VRITIMB   PROVINCES. 


'  H 


Maritime  Provinces  op  Creat  Britain. 

Let  us  now  glaiico  at  tho  sciicoast  and  turn  from  Canada  to 
our  commerce  with  tho  maritime  Provinces. 

Our  intercourse;  with  these  Colonies  is  annually  increasing. 
They  send  to  us  lar<i-e  supplies  of  coal,  lumber,  fuel,  gypsum, 
grindstones,  fish  and  i)roduets  of  the  fisheries,  and  receive  in 
payment  our  breadstulTs,  some  manufactures,  and  some  foreign 
goods.  The  goods  we  export  arc  more  valuable  than  those  we 
receive,  and  for  several  years  before  tho  treaty  our  exports 
averaged  in  value  more  than  twice  the  value  of  our  imj)orls. 
This  disparity  has  been  reduced,  but  still  the  l)alancc  of  trade  is 
in  our  favor  and  is  realized  in  pai-t  from  drafts  on  England  for 
the  proceeds  of  ships  l)uilt  in  the  Colonies  and  remittances  in 
gold,  and  our  citizens  are  engaged  to  a  considerable  extent  in 
opening  coal  and  gold  mines  in  these  Provinces. 

Imports  and  Exports  of  British  Maritime  Provinces  of  Nova  Scotia, 
New  Brunswick,  Newfoundland  and  Prince  Edwards  Island,  in 
Commerce  with  the   United  States. 


DATE. 

Kxports  10  flliovo 
Slaritliiio  rroviiiccs. 

Imports. 

AgKTCBntcs. 

1850,      . 

§3,110,810  00 

?  1,358,922  00 

84,475,832  00 

1851,     . 

3,221,55;)  00 

1,730,050  00 

4,901.2(13  00 

1852,    . 

2,050,131  00 

1,520,330  00 

4.170,41)1  00 

1853,     . 

3,308,575  00 

2,072,002  00 

0,071,177  00 

1851,    . 

4,003,771  00 

2,200,021  00 

0,890,;92  00 

1855,    . 

5,855,878  00 

2,051,420  00 

8,810,.>98  00 

1850,    . 

7,510,900  00 

3,222,224  00 

10.742,133  00 

1857,    .        . 

0,011,405  00 

3,832,402  00 

10,743,807  00 

1858,    . 

5,975,494  00 

4,224,918  00 

10,200,442  00 

1859,    . 

8,329,900  00 

5,518,831  00 

13,818,791  00 

18G0,    . 

7,502,830  00 

4,089,708  00 

12,392,547  00 

1801,    . 

7,1:53,734  00 

\     4,117,470  00 

11,551,210  00 

1802,     . 

7,309,905  00 

4,040,813  00 

11,410,748  00 

18G:J,    . 

10,198,505  00 

5,207,421  00 

15,405,920  00 

1804,    . 

12,323,718  GO 

7,047,897  00 

20,270,015  00 

At  least  ten  per  cent,  should  be  added  to  these  imports,  as  tho 
Provincial  manifests  usiudly  underrate  tho  amount  of  ship- 
ments from  the  Provinces,  to  that  extent. 


NOVA  SCOTIA   COMMiiP.CE. 


33 


The  touimgo  of  the  vessels  in  the  trade  with  these  Provinces 
arriving;  in  the  United  States  and  clearing  therefrom,  in  the  year 
1804,  exhibits  an  anionnt  of  more  than  l,t!00,000  tons,  and 
their  commerce  with  the  United  States  during  that  year,  as 
shown  hy  exports  and  imports,  was  two-fifths  of  the  amount  of 
our  average  trade  with  Canada,  while  their  po])ulation  already 
given  is  less  than  one-third  that  of  Canada.  The  vessels  owned 
hy  these  Provinces  exceed  five  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  tons. 
Were  these  vessels  to  he  withdrawn  from  the  British  marine  and 
added  to  our  own,  we  should  resume  our  maritime  suprenr.iey, 
notwithstanding  the  reduction  of  more  than  a  million  of  tons, 
by  sales  and  losses,  by  the  depredations  of  the  Alabama,  Sea 
King  and  other  cruisers.  The  extensive  coasts,  navigation  and 
fisheries  of  these  Colonies,  make  their  inhabitants  familiar  with 
the  sea  and  they  can  furnish  at  least  30,000  seamen. 

Wc  have  considered  them  in  the  aggregate,  but  let  us  now 
glance  at  them  in  detail  and  examine  their  revenue  and 
commerce. 

Nova  Scotia. 

This  Province,  within  one  day's  nni  of  Boston,  with  its  capital, 
Halifax,  a  great  naval  station,  with  the  coal  mines  of  Capo 
Breton  annexed,  and  prosperous,  to  say  nothing  of  recently 
discovered  gold  mines,  is  the  most  important  of  these  maritime 
Provinces. 

In  1802,  Its  tonnage  was  ....      277,708  tons. 

Imports, 88,450,042  00 

Exports, 5,646,401  00 

Revenue, 730,000  00 

Its  seamen  employed  in  the  fisheries,  were  in  1801,  14,522, 
which  is  four  per  cent,  of  its  entire  population  of  330,857. 
The  growth  of  its  population  from  1851  to  18(51,  has  been 

The  progress  of  its  fisheries  has  been  as  follows : 

Veuels.  Boats.  Hen. 

1851, 812        5,101        10,394 

1801, 900        8,810        14,322 


Increa  jC  of  men,  38  per  cent. 


88 


3,655 


3,928 


.,.(,. 


84 


FISHERIES. 


'     I 


^'l' 


The  fislj  tukcii  ill  its  fislicrios,  were — 
111   I80I,  mackerel,    100,047    bbls. ;     herring,    15P,,200  bbls. 
1801,  "  00,108       "  "  194,170      " 


Tlie  vessels  l)uilt  in  this  Province,  were,  in 

18.58, 10,800  tons. 

1861, 2:5,034    " 

Our  merchants  who  are  engaged  in  the  trade  with  Nova 
Scotia,  and  other  British  Provinces,  complain  of  tlie  charges  for 
lights  and  pilotage,  and  represent  that  owing  to  the  standard  of 
measurement  adopted  in  the  Provinces,  our  vessels,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  capacity,  are  exjiectcd  to  pay  more  than  the  Provin- 
cial vessels;  that  the  packets  and  other  small  vessels,  wliieli  run 
frequently  from  New  England  and  New  York  to  Provincial  ports, 
retpiire  no  pilots,  l)iit  are  oltliged  to  pay  lor  them.  And  that 
each  of  our  vessels  is  reijuired  to  pay  light  dues  for  a  year  in 
the  Provincial  ports,  although  it  may  make  but  u  single 
voyage. 

In  our  ports,  no  charge  for  lights  is  exacted,  and  it  is  just 
that  this  be  reciprocated,  and  that  no  charge  bo  made  for  ])ilot- 
age  to  regular  i)ackets,  and  no  charge  for  anchorage  or  trans- 
shipment to  our  fishermen.  A  portion  of  the  shipitiiig  of  Nova 
Scotia,  is  held  by  citizens  of  the  Provinces,  on  American  account, 
under  the  British  flag,  and  intelligent  merchants  compute  that 
one-seventh  of  the  tonnage  of  the  Provinces,  is  thus  held  for 
our  countrymen.  It  is  not  imi)robable  that  several  hundred 
thousand  tons  of  United  States  sliii)i)ing,  have,  during  the  war 
been  registered  in  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies,  to  reduce 
insurance,  in  addition  to  all  that  have  been  sold,  and  I  would 
resi)ectfully  suggest  to  the  Deiiartment,  the  policy  of'pa^sing  a 
special  Act,  allowing  vessels  that  have  l)eeii  thus  registered,  to 
be  registered  again  in  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  u|>()ii 
paying  a  moderate  duty,  to  be  apjjlied  to  the  benefit  of  the 
orphans  and  widows  of  tliose  who  defended  our  flag.  This 
would  do  no  injustice  to  our  ship-l)uilders,  and  would  take  from 
the  roll  of  England  and  restore  to  our  own,  a  part  of  the  ton- 
nage of  which  her  cruisers  have  deprived  our  nation.  Would 
it  be  well  to  exclude  such  vessels  and  com])el  the  owners  to 
sell  at  low  rates  to  the  English ,  or  risk  their  property? 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


35 


The  average  of  duties  in  Nova  Scotia  is  not  far  from  10  per  cent. 

The  coal  mines  of  Xova  Scotia  now  produce  ahout  half  a 
million  of  tons  annually.  Two  at  Pictou  and  Sydney  are  held 
hy  an  l']n_<i'lish  (•oriii)any.  The  others,  producing  nearly  half  the 
coal,  arc  held  i)riucij)ally  hy  citizen;?  of  (he  United  Statt!s. 

Several  valinil lie  gold  mines,  in  which  the  cpiartz  veins  yield 
from  2  to  11  ounces  per  ton,  arc  worked  in  this  I'rovincc  by 
citizens  of  the  United  States ;  some  have  become  profitable  and 
a  hall"  of  one  has  been  recently  sold  for  8'j00,000. 

New  Brunswick. 
This  Province  is  but  an  extension  of  the  State  of  Maine,  along 
the  Ijay  of  Fund;:. 


In  18G2  its  Exports  were 

Expoi'ts  to  Uinted  States, 

Impoi'ts, 

Impoi'ts  from  United  States, 

Revenue, 

III  1800  its  vessels  built 
Tonniige, 
Population,    . 


$3,84r),r,:3S  00 

889,410  00 

0,10!»,701  00 

2,t)00,70:}  00 

008,197  00 

41,00:5   tons. 
158,240      " 
252,047 


The  shi})S  built  and  sold  nearly  si  fliced.to  make  up  the  diftcr- 
cnce,  Ijctwecn  exjiorts  and  imports, 

The  duties  in  New  iJrunswick,  average  less  than  10  per  cent.* 

Until  a  recent  period  there  has  been  in  this  Colony  a  strong 
opposition  to  the  luiion  of  the  Provinces  under  one  govern- 
ment. But  this  Province  has  been  conciliated  by  a  promise 
that  it  may  draw  for  the  general  revenue  a  sum  wlucli  will 
exceed  8200,000  annually,  for  a  cDiitract  to  aid  a  railway  from 
the  St.  John  River,  to  the  line  of  Maine,  to  me(>t  one  from 
Bangor,  one  of  the  two  links  that  remain  to  complete  the  chain 
from  Halifax  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

The;  Province  has  agreed  to  advance  810,000  a  mile  to  aid  this 
line  as  it  passes  through  New  Brunswick.  It  has  also  a  mine  of 
albcrtine,  rich  in  mineral  oil,  which  yields  annually  15,000  to 
20,000  tons  and  niturns  very  large  profits.  This  is  held  liy  our 
citizens. 

♦  Letter  of  E.  Allison,  Esq.,  Nov.  16,  1865. 


86 


PRINCE   EDWARDS   ISLAND   AND  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


'  <i 


PuiNCK  Edwards  Island. 

This  fertile  islaiul  derives  importiineo  from  its  liarltors  and 
position  oil  tlie  Iiorders  of  tlie  fishery  for  nuiekerel.  Th(!  fleets 
of  fishermen  lake  in  its  vieinity  a  lart^e  proportion  of  their  l)Cst 
fisli;  and  if  the  I'nitrd  States  shonld  seeure  nothing-  else  heyond 
th(3  ri<j;hts  r(!tain(;d  under  the  eonvention  of  IHIH,  the  ri^ht  to 
fish  elose  to  its  shores,  would  he  of  great  inii)ortaiiee  to  our 
fisheries.  A  line  of  steamers  is  now  estahlished  hetween  this 
island  and  IJoston,  and  larj^c  importations  of  fish  and  oats  aro 
made  from  it  anmudly. 


In  18(')1  its  Population  was 

Imports, 

Exports, 
Vessels  built,  8,04*)  tons,  value, 


80,557 

$1,040,750  00 

815,570  00 

210,500  00 


Twenty-fivo  years  since  a  single  schooner  could  have  trans- 
ported all  the  goods,  passing  hetween  this  fertile  island  and  the 
United  States,  hut  now  two  steam  ])ackets  n;n  between  it  and 
Boston,  making  freipient  passages  through  the  Gut  of  Canso. 
Largt.'  shipments  of  oats  and  other  ]»ro(iuee  are  made  to  Boston 
and  New  York,  ami  many  products  interchanged,  and  large 
supplies  furnished  our  fishermen.  At  least  half  the  crop  of 
oats  is  shipi)ed  to  England,  and  were  wo  to  impose  heavy 
duties  on  tliem,  tlu;  whole;  surplus  of  the  Province  would  proba- 
bly taki!  that  direction  to  the  injury  of  our  trade. 

Doubtless,  any  considerable  duties  on  oats  and  barley  would 
sciul  a  large  portion  of  those  crops  fnmi  Canada  to  Great  Britain, 
under  tlie  d-.'cline  of  prices  that  would  attend  these  great  staples 
of  Canada. 

This  fertile  island  was  settled  by  the  French,  as  a  garden  for 
their  great  fortress  at  Louisburg. 

Duties  10  \)cr  cent. 


Newfoundland. 

This  Province  has  a  sterile  soil  and  brief,  cloudy  summer,  but 
has  for  centuries  been  renowned  for  its  fisheries,  which  comprise 
the  cod,  seal,  salmon,  herring  and  mackerel,  although  the  two 
first  are  the  i)rincipal. 


Vancouver's  island. 


37 


Near  its  coast  Ho  the  Grand  IJaiiks,  enveloped  in  almost  cease- 
less fop:s,  IVoni  the  evaporation  caused  l»y  the  coulluence  of  the 
(Julf  Stream  with  the  iceherj>s  and  ice  currents  of  the  north. 
Hero  cod  ahound  in  water  .'JO  to  50  fathoms  deep,  on  a  holtom 
uhonndini^  in  slu.'llllsh  and  fre(piented  hy  small  lish  in  jrreat 
ahnndanci!.  Cod  are  taken  from  hoats  near  tlie  shore,  and 
herrings,  early  in  tius  year  ar(>  taken  in  vast  numhers  in  seines. 
and  many  vessels  load  with  them  as  liait  for  our  lisliernien. 

In  1802  the  Imports  were       ....  §4,02S,()(J(J  (J() 

Ex|)orts, 4,G8-1,0U(J  00 

Tonnajiie, 87,000 

Revenue, $4.")2,000  00 

Population,          ....  122,038 

As  early  as  1517,  50  sail  of  vessels  fished  on  the  banks. 
Duties  10  per  cent. 

Vanx'ouver's  Island. 

Tliis  large  and  fertile  island,  with  a  soil  and  climatt;  resem- 
bling that  of  Ireland,  is  situated  opjiositc  IJritisli  Columl)ia.  It 
has  become  the  chief  naval  station  of  England  on  tlie  Pacific 
coast,  and  occupies  a  position  on  that  coast  with  reference  to 
California,  liki;  that  Nova  Scotia  holds  on  the  Atlantic,  with 
reference  to  the  States  of  New  England.  Its  chief  city  is  Vic- 
toria, near  the  spacious  harlwr  of  Escpiimault,  and  the  principal 
imports  from  IJritish  Columbia,  and  the  exports  of  its  gold,  arc 
made  from  this  city. 

In  lUu-clay  Sound,  a  London  firm  manufjicturcs  annually,  20 
million  feet  of  timber ;  autl  in  I80o,  22,000  tons  of  coal  were 
sent  to  California  from  valuable  coal  mines  of  Nanaimo. 

In  180.3,  the  exports  from  Victoria  to  our  States 
on  the  Pacific,  were 

Imports — 

From  our  Pacific  States, 

England, 

Sandwich  Islands,    ..... 
other  places  on  Pacific  Ocean,  . 


82,935,170  IG 

82,230,501  00 

1,432,521  00 

113,480  00 

101,294  00 


Tonnage  entered  and  cleared,  . 

12 


J,877,802  00 
.       93,132 


88 


DRITISII   COLUMDIA   AND   HIIITISII    FISHERIES. 


British  Columiua. 
The  chief  sottk'iiKMits  and  mines  of  this  territory  are  in  tho 
vicinity  of  Frazcr's  River.  For  cliniate  ami  s(jil  it  (dni])arcs 
favoralily  witli  Se()thin(l,an(l  with  resjieet  to  lislieries,  th(j  rivers 
and  outlets  sM|(]ily  a'nnidaiu'e  (jf  salmon.  Its  riivemu',  drawn 
principally  from  mines,  annually  exce;)ds  half  a  million  ol'  dollars. 

Tni:  UniTisu  I'lfoviNfi.vL  Fishkriks. 
It  is  imj)()rtant  for  oar  g'overnmiMit,  when  adjusting  a  treaty 
which  h(>ars  on  our  iisheries,  to  h-arn  what  encoura.u'ement  is 
given  liy  other  nations  to  their  fisheries  iu  the  sanr.5  waters. 
(Jreat  Ih'itain  for  many  years  paid  large  hounties  to'her  (isher- 
men,  hut  of  late  years  has  sulistitutcd  for  them  what  is  more 
heneficial, — a  system  of  liglit  thities.     The  colonists  of  ("Jreat 
Britain  enjoy  great  natural  advantages.    The  fish  are  u[)on  their 
coasts.     Without  loss  of  time  or  long  voyages,  like  those  mado 
hy  the  mariners  of  France  and   the  United  States,  they  can 
pursue   their    avocations   upon   their  farms ;   and  when    wind, 
weather  and  fish  invite,  (.'an  launch  their  small  hoats  from  tho 
shore,  and  retui'n  weelcly  and  »jften  daily  to  their  families,  and 
dry  or  jtack  their  lish  upon  their  own  land.     (Jreat  ]]rilain  has 
cstal)lished  ports  for  free  trade  ui)ou  their  coasts,  and  duties  less 
than  one-fourth  of  those  wo  have  heen  compelled  to  impose. 

Remissions,  low  duties  and  natural  advantages  confer  henefits 
ou  the  Provincial  of  twice  the  amount  of  the  hounty  of  *^4:  per 
ton  which  tho  United  States  grant  to  our  fisheries  to  oducato 
mariners. 

The  hest  ostinuite  of  the  i)rodiict  of  these  Provincial  fisheries 
which  1  find  accessible,  is  the  rejjort  of  Arthur  Harvey  Esq., 
statistical  (derk  in  the  finance  department,  Quebec.     It  is  based 
\i\)on  the  census  taldes  of  the  several  Provinces  for  1800  and 
1801. 

Vd/ue  of  Fish  caught,  1800. 
Newfoundland  (principally  cod,) 
Nova  Scotia  (cod,  mackerel,  herring,) 
New   Brunswick   (cod,  mackerel,  herring,  ale- 
wives  and  hake,)    ......        888,080  00 

Prince  Edwards  Island  (cod,  herring,  mackerel,)        272,o3:2  00 
Canada  estimate, 700,000  00 


84,440,000  00 
2,002,000  00 


$8,302,917  00 


FRENCH    FISHERIES. 


09 


These  fisliorios  an;  jrnvdiially  incroasing;.  The  duty  on  moht 
articles  used  in  this  fishery  is  but  one  per  cent. 

Tin:  FuKNcii  FisiiKiUKK. 

Frauec,  two  eMitiirics  sine;',  hidil  Acadia,  ami  controlled  \c\v- 
louudlaml.  Ilcr  ^'i-i'iit  olijcct  was  to  sccui-i!  tin;  tislu'i'lcs,  which 
she  considered  a  nursery  of  seanuni,  and  essential  to  her  jtower. 
To  insure  tln-ir  safely  she,  exjunided  livi;  millions  of  dollars  upon 
Louishuru; ;  and  her  (isheries  more  than  a  century  since  were 
estimated  to  produce  one  million  (piintals  annually. 

On  the  -0th  I'  Decemher,  1S')0,  wIkmi  the  law  whieli  ^'ranted 
bounties  t<5  the  sea  fisheries  was  expiriuii",  the  French  Ministers 
of  Marine  and  Colonies  submit l-^l  a  report  to  the  National 
Assembly,  in  which  they  uave  th  ;  statistics  of  the  ei)d-(i>hery, 
and  stated  that  the  averaj;e  number  of  seamen  enj^ajrcsd  in  them 
from  1841  to  IHoO  was  11,000,  and  the  average  bounty  i)aid 
annually  was  8TS0,000,  or  :],!i()0,<)00  francs,  e(iuivalent  to 
'"^•'"iVo  ^^^'  *^'^^^^  seaman  ;  and  that  France  trains  up  in  this 
manner  able  and  hardy  seamen  for  h<'r  navy,  who  would  cost 
the  natiou  nuieh  more  if  they  were  trained  to  the  sea  on  ships 
of  war. 

Their  statemeuts,  ai'companicsd  by  a  draft  of  a  law  t(»  reninv 
the  bounties,  were  referred  to  a  couuuission  ;  and  its  chairman, 
May  3,  I.Sol,  made  a  report  in  which  he  states  that  tlu^  commis- 
sion had  examined  delegates  fnmi  all  tlu;  ports  engaged  in  the 
fisheries,  with  the  papers  of  a  former  commission,  and  those  of 
the  Council  of  State ;  and,  in  coneurrenci!  with  the  Directors  of 
the  Customs  and  the  Ministcu's  of  Marine  and  Commerce, 
reports:  '-That  the  intervention  of  thi!  State  in  the  form  of  aids 
and  bounties  can  Ije  justilied  only  Iiy  considerations  of  general 
and  puitlic  interest;"  that  such  imlustiial  employments  as  can 
prosper  at  the  expense  of  the  pulilic  treasury  only  should  not 
exist'  that  although  the  industry  exerted  in  the  fisheries  and 
the  commercial  activity  that  resulted  from  it  gave  employment 
to  a  large  class  of  peojile,  this  was  a  secondary  consideration  ; 
that  the  encouragement  given  to  the  great  lishcries  was  not  an 
exclusive  protet'tion  or  favor  to  any  one  form  of  industry  ;  that 
the  law  they  had  the  honor  to  jiropose  was  not  a  commercial  but 
a  maritime  law,  conceived  for  the  advancement  of  the  naval 
power  of  the  State ;  that  France,  situate  on  thrco  of  the  most 


«| 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V. 


// 


{/ 


A 


A'     ^?    '^'     ///// 


&? 


w- 


(./.. 


1.0    lif 


I.I 


1.25 


M 

2.2 

1.8 


1-4    IIIIII.6 


V] 


<^ 


/i 


7: 


y 


/A 


&s> 


40 


FRENCH  BOUNTIES. 


!.. 


ii- 


important  seas  of  Europe,  must  continue  a  maritime  power ; 
that  treaties  which  had  become  inevitable  had  robbed  her  of  her 
colonies  ;  that  coal  belongs  to  the  English,  and  cotton  to  the 
Americans  ;  and  the  shipments  of  sugar  were  growing  less  and 
less. 

The  great  fisheries  still  remain ;  on  them  repose  our  hopes  ; 
and  to  preserve  them  wo  must  continue  the  encouragement  we 
have  given  them,  even  at  periods  when  commercial  and  colonial 
prosperity  infinitely  superior  to  that  now  existing  nmltiplicd  our 
sljipping  and  furnished  abundance  of  seamen.  That  the  fisher- 
ies gave  employment  to  a  great  number  of  men,  whom  a  labori- 
ous navigation,  luider  climates  of  extreme  rigor,  rapidly  formed 
to  the  profession  of  the  sea. 

No  school  can  compare  with  it  in  preparing  so  many  and  so 
well  for  the  services  of  the  navy.  Tliat  if  the  bounties  on 
exportations  were  stopped,  an  insignificant  number  of  vessels 
would  be  equipped ;  that  the  annual  returns  averaged  forty- 
four  millions  kilogrammes  of  dry  fish  (or  one  million  quintals,) 
of  which  three-eights  were  exported  under  bounties  "  on  expor- 
tation." The  law  continues  the  bounty  of  50  francs,  or  ilO  per 
man,  engaged  in  the  deep  sea  fisheries  and  establishes  a  bounty 
of  20  francs  or  ^-i  for  each  French  quhital  of  221  lbs.  avoirdu- 
pois exported  to  America.     This  is  equal  to  $2  per  cwt. 

The  official  tables  annexed  to  this  report,  give  the  average 
number  of  tons  of  the  vessels  of  French  fishermen  employed  from 
1842  to  1847. 

Tons. 
On  the  coast  of  Newfoundland,        ....        21,195 

At  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon, 657 

At  Grand  Banks,     .       ' 5,816 

At  Grand  Banks  without  drying,  ....  13,703 
At  Iceland, 7,794 

Total, 49,165 

Average  from  1835  to  1839, 53,456 

Number  of  vessels  1st  period,  416 ;  2nd  period,  389. 

Since  the  passage  of  this  law,  the  French  fisheries  have 
materially  improved.     Larger  and  superior  vessels  are  i:oed, 


OUR    FISHERIES. 


41 


fivcraging  157  tons,  or  twico  tlio  size  of  our  vessels.  They  carry 
20  ir":i  eacli.     France  had  in  these  fisheries, 

111  1858,  492  vessels ;  77,150  tons ;  15,280  men. 

During  this  year  she  paid  in  bounties,  $735,000  equal  to  ^0\  for 
each  ton  in  the  trade,  while  our  rate  was  but  81  per  ton. 

The  product  of  hor  fisheries  was  83,500,000,  and  she  exported 
in  that  year  to  die  United  States  41,151  quintals. 

The  French  Dictionary  of  Commerce  published  at  Paris  three 
years  since,  remarks  that "  the  Americans  cannot  continue  their 
fisheries  against  the  English,  and  against  tlic  Frencli  aided  by  a 
bounty,  without  a  bounty  also."  Tlic  increase  in  the  French 
fisheries  since  1851  has  averaged  8  per  cent,  per  annum. 

TiFE  United  States  Fisheries. 

The  importance  of  these  fisheries  has  not  been  appreciated 
by  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  although  they  have  rendered 
such  important  aid  to  our  nation,  both  in  the  wars  of  177G  and 
1812,  and  more  recently  from  18G1  to  18G5,  by  men  trained 
amid  ice  and  fogs  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  upon 
boisterous  seas  to  naval  service. 

I  have  adverted  to  the  services  of  these  trained  seamen  in 
former  wars,  but  many  of  them  have  in  the  last  four  years 
evinced  their  ability  and  endurance  by  maintaining  for  years, 
through  storm  and  sunshine,  summer  and  winter,  days  and 
nights,  a  blockade  of  3,000  miles  of  coast,  that  Great  Dritaiii 
considered  impossible,  and  by  the  capture  of  1,500  prizes.  At 
Port  Royal  with  wooden  walls  alone,  they  assailed  and  captured 
strong  and  well  armed  fortresses. 

At  New  Orleans  they  pushed  aside  the  fire-rafts,  and  with 
their  ships  festooned  with  chain  cables,  assailed  successfully 
both  forts  and  iron-clads. 

They  were  among  those  who  run  the  gauntlet  of  Vicksburg 
and  Port  Hudson,  and  opened  the  Cumberland  and  rrennessce 
Rivers,  and  manned  the  decks  at  Mobile,  when  Farragut,  who 
fought  with  them  in  1812  on  the  Essex,  lashed  himself  to  the 
mast. 

The  history  of  the  past  teaches  us  their  value  in  the  future. 
The  American  fisheries  are  not  only  the  chief  nurseries  for  the 


'■•■■•H 


■'-  l:  '•'-: 


M 


42 


AMERICAN  TONNAGE. 


mariners  and  potty  ofiiccrs  of  our  navy,  but  tlicy  are  the  scliools 
from  which  spring  the  most  able  and  enterprising  mates,  cap- 
tains and  mcrcliants  who  conduct  the  foreign  commerce  of  the 
nation, 

Tlie  deep  sea  fisheries  of  the  United  States,  at  the  present 
moment,  altliough  opjirc-sed  by  heavy  duties;  although  deprived 
of  a  part  of  the  home  market, — are  still  alive,  and  their  returns 
for  iSi),')  exclusive  of  the  whale  fishery,  are  more  than  tlio 
whole  returns  of  the  British  North  American  fisheries. 

Tlie  tonnage  engaged  in  the  United  States  fisheries  has  been 
as  follows : — 


I)  ATE. 


Tons  in  tho 
Cod  Fishery. 


In  tho 
JIackcrc)  Kislierv. 


Aggregate. 


18G2,   

122,803 

80,590 

203,459 

18G3,   ..... 

117,290 

51,010 

108,309 

1804,   

103,742 

55,494 

159,230 

The  return  of  fish  and  oil  from  this  tonnage  for  18G2  con- 
siderably exceeded  fourteen  million  dollars — drawn  from  the 
rich  pastures  of  the  deep.  AVe  l.\a,ve  not  exact  returns  of  the  fish 
or  oil  landed  on  our  shores,  for  these  arc  not  recorded  in  our 
official  reports ;  but  we  have  proof  that  in  18G2  and  down  to 
the  i)rosent  hour  the  trade  has  paid  fair  profits  beyond  outfits, 
repairs,  insurance  and  other  disbursements,  and  tliat  these 
average  more  than  8H0  per  ton  for  the  vessels  and  boats  in 
service,  or  more  than  $13,000,000. 

The  aggregate  produce  of  tho  French,  British  and  United 
States  fisheries  on  the  coasts  of  America  at  this  time,  must 
3xceed  825,000,000,  of  which,  about  one-half  belongs  to  the 
United  States,  and  our  proportion  of  the  men  in  the  service, 
averages  at  least  25,000.  Our  conclusions  are  drawn  alike  from 
the  tonnage  employed,  the  men  required  to  navigate  it,  and  tho 
necessary  expense  of  sailing  tho  vessels,  and  from  evidence 
taken.*"    The  progress  of  the  American  fisheries,  down  to  iSol, 

*  During  the  present  season  many  Beverly  fishermen  have  averaged  more 
than  124  quintals  of  dry  fish  to  the  ton,  caught  in  less  than  G  months.  The 
ircscnt  value  of  such  fish  exceeds  $8  the  quintal. 


PROCEEDS   AND    VALUE   OF   FISHERIES. 


43 


is  well  rccouiited  by  W.  A.  Wellniau.  Esq.,  lato  Assistant  Col- 
lector of  Boston,  in  Senate  Document,  No.  112,  for  1852,  to 
wliicli  I  refer. 

The  Treaty  of  1780  expressly  stipulated  that  the  people  of 
the  United  States  shall  continue  to  enjoy  unniulcst(!d  the  right 
to  take  fish  of  every  kind  on  tlic  banks  and  on  the  coasts,  and 
on  the  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  the  British  doniinloiis  in 
America,  and  under  its  provisions  the  fisheries  were  revived 
and  rajudly  increased. 

A  bounty  was  allowed  on  the  exportation  of  fish  as  a  draw- 
back of  the  duty  on  salt  which  subsequently  took  the  form  of 
the  [)resent  allowance. 

Until  t]m  embargo  of  1808  fell  with  crushing  weight  upon 
the  industry  of  the  North,  the  fisheries  grew  rapidly. 

During  the  embargo  and  the  war,  when  bounties  were  dis- 
continued, the  export  declined  to  less  than  8100,000  in  1814. 
But  the  navy  was  manned  and  cnaVdcd  to  cope  successfully  with 
the  frigates  of  England.  Tlic  Treaty  of  1814  was  silent  as  to 
the  fisheries  and  we  resumed  our  original  rights,  and  the 
bounties  were  renewed,  but  our  commissioners  in  1818  having 
imprudently  renounced  our  right  to  fish  within  three  miles  of 
the  shores,  harbors  and  bays  of  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick, 
Cape  Breton  and  Prince  Edward  Island,  and  the  Imperial 
Government  having  subsequently  undertaken  to  draw  a  line 
from  headland  to  headland  and  exclude  us  from  tho  bays  of 
Chaleurs,  Fundy  and  the  Strait  of  Canso,  and  to  seize  and  con- 
fiscate our  vessels,  our  fisheries,  which  had  gradually  progressed 
and  reached  145,000  tons,  again  receded  and  became  nearly 
stationary  from  1838,  until  negotiations  for  a  treaty  were  com- 
menced in  1851. 

The  tonnage  then  began  to  improve,  and  continued  progres- 
sive uutil  1862,  as  appears  by  the  followhig  table : — 


1851," 

1852, 

1853, 

1854, 

1C55, 


Tonnage  of  the  United  States  Fisheries. 
129,000 


175,000 
169,000 
137,000 
125,000 
133,000 


185T, 
1860, 
1861, 
1862, 
18bi, 
1864, 


147,000 
163,000 
181,000 
203,000 
168,000 
150,000 


'  !■'■ 


:.# 


-■,■'.  -i'l 


44 


TONNAGE. 


:''^ 


The  trade  culminates  with  the  return  of  203,000  tons-  It  has 
been  reduced  by  the  high  duty  on  nalt  and  outfits.  But  aided 
by  the  higli  prices  of  the  present  year  and  increased  demand  it 
is  recovering,  and  will,  if  i)ropcrly  sustained  by  Government 
and  freed  from  oi)pressivc  taxes,  probal^ly  again  become  pro- 
gressive. 

It  suffers  for  the  moment  a  temporary  check  from  the  duties 
on  salt  consumed,  which  have  been  as  follows,  by  official  returns : 


DATE. 

Duties  on  Salt  Consumed  In  the 
Unltcil  States,  chiefly  In  the 
Fisheries. 

Remissions  of  Duties  tenncil 
Bounties. 

Seamen  In  Fisheries. 

1859, 

§100,905  00 

§420,962  00 

21,758 

18G0, 

210,331  00 

458,394  00 

22,611 

18G1, 

194,300  00 

407,834  00 

20,575 

1862, 

418,084  00 

429,550  00 

28,048 

1803, 

1,211,997  00 

350,135  00 

23,222 

1864, 

887,003  00 

352,854  00 

21,925. 

The  salt  consumed  by  the  fishermen  is  at  least  1,400  pounds 
per  ton,  and  ranges  from  8600,000  to  8700,000  yearly.  The 
lisheries  break  in  at  least  5,000  new  seamen  annually. 

The  number  of  vessels  in  the  fisheries  has  ranged,  since  1850, 
from  2,414  to  3,815  in  1862,  beside  boats  in  the  shore  fisheries. 
Six  hundred  sail  of  these  -essels  have  in  a  single  season  fished 
for  mackerel  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  Bay  of  Chaleurs, 
and  taken  fish  to  the  amount  of  84,500,000.*  f 

The  change  of  measurement  reduces  the  amount  of  tonnage 
in  the  fisheries,  as  most  of  the  new  vessels  are  clipper  built,  and 
can  make  the  run  from  Boston  or  Gloucester  in  three  or  four 
days  to  the  Strait  of  Canso ;  but  its  effect  is  not  to  reduce  their 
capacity  to  carry,  but  capacity  to  draw  bounties,  and  as  the 
bounty  is  not  well  imderstood,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  the 
change  of  its  name  to  what  it  truly  is,  a  partial  drawback  of 

• 

*  Sec  Appendix.,  page  84. 

rt  Nearly  one-fourth  of  our  fishing  fleet,  with  a  tonnage  of  40,000  to  50,000 
tons,  worth  f  5,000,000  to  $7,000,000  annually,  fish  near  the  three  mile  lino 
of  the  Provinces.  ~" 


/ 


ROUTINE  OP   FISHERMEN. 


45 


duties  on  salt  and  outfits,  to  vessels  engaged  in  the  deep  sea 
fisheries. 

This  will  save  valuable  time  and  prevent  misapprelieusion. 

Let  lis  glance  for  a  moment  at  the  routine  of  tlie  fisherman. 
In  January  ho  repairs  his  vessel.  In  February  the  fleet  sail  for 
George's  Banks,  where  in  a  deep  and  turbulent  sea  they  fish  for 
cod  and  halibut,  while  a  i)art  run  to  the  banks  and  shores  of 
Newfoundland.  In  May,  t\ie  mackerel  strike  the  coast  at  Capo 
Henry,  and  the  fleet  divides — some  vessels  seek  the  fish  off  the 
Capes  of  the  Delaware ;  some  run  through  the  Strait  of 
Canso  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  where  they  fish  for  cod  until 
the  last  of  Juno,  when  many  of  them  pursue  the  mackerel  until 
the  approach  of  winters,  along  the  shores  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia, 
and  Prince  Edwards  Island.  In  November  they  steer  towards 
home,  while  a  i)ortion  have  fished  for  cod  on  the  banks  and  coast 
of  Labrador,  and  a  portion  have  found  the  mackerel  on  the  coasts 
of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  By  December  the  fleet  returns, 
the  fishermen  pack  and  divide  the  spoil,  take  a  brief  respite,  and 
then  prepare  for  the  resumption  of  their  perilous  voyages.  In 
1851  more  than  100  vessels  were  driven  ashore  in  a  gale,  and 
300  lives  lost,  on  the  coasts  of  Prince  Edwards  Island  ;  the 
fleet  faced  the  storm  rather  than  risk  detention  in  port  for  an 
infraction  of  the  treaty. 

In  1852,  says  the  "  Gloucester  Telegraph,"  the  mackerel  taken 
fall  short  one-half  from  the  supply  of  the  previous  year,  because 
the  vessels  were  obliged  to  keep  further  from  the  shore,  and 
were  prohibited  from  fishing  in  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs,  where  full 
fares  would  have  been  obtained. 

Many  vessels  pursue  the  cod  for  four  or  five  months,  to  secure 
the  bounty,  and  then  return  or  follow  the  mackerel,  and  by 
combining  both  make  the  season  profitable.  All  consider  the 
perpetuation  of  their  ancient  rights  -to  the  shore  fislieries  as  of 
the  highest  importance. 

The  people  of  Prince  Edwards  Island,  where  the  best 
fish  abound,  do  not  object  to  the  fisheries.  Their  season 
for  agriculture  is  so  brief  and  time  so  valuable  when  the 
fish  strike  their  coast,  that  they  cheerfully  resign  the  fish  to 
their  visitors,  and  are  happy  to  sell  them  milk,  butter,  vege- 
tables and  poultry.  In  the  winter  they  devote  themselves  to 
ship-building. 

13 


s- 


;f>l';' 


46 


WHAT  IS  TO   BE  DONE 


.1    '■■' 
ti'   '' 


■  f!i 


Franco  gives  a  bounty  to  licr  fisheries,  to  sustain  her  naval 
power. 

Nature  gives  a  bounty  to  the  Provinces,  in  tlieir  proximity  to 
tlie  fishing  grounds. 

The  jwlicy  of  Enghmd  cooperates  witli  nature,  l)y  remitting 
duties  on  all  the  fisheries  require.  This  the  French  term  pro- 
tection. This  is  better  than  bounties.  And  wo,  who  have 
both  distance  and  adverse  influeiujcs  to  counteract,  impose 
duties  on  hull,  rigging  and  sails,  on  chains,  cables  and  anchors, 
on  seines,  lines  and  fish-hooks,  on  tea,  sugar  and  colTee,  on 
nearly  everything  the  seaman  eats,  drinks  or  wears.  Wiien 
these,  too,  were  at  the  highest,  wo  have,  by  change  ol"  measure- 
ment, reduced  one-fourth  the  drawback  avc  have  given  for  the 
last  fifty  years,  in  the  shape  of  a  bounty  or  allowance  of  four 
dollars  per  ton,  and  while  we  diminish  it  to  one-fourth  the  rate 
paid  by  France,  and  import  her  dry  fish  at  a  duty  of  fifty  cents 
per  (piintal,  after  they  have  drawn  a  bounty  of  fourfold  that 
amount,  we  continue  a  tax  of  eighteen  cents  per  100  pounds,  or 
more  than  200  per  cent,  on  prime  cost  of  salt,  a  most  0})pressivc 
burden  on  our  fisheries. 

When  Avc  consider  what  the  fisheries  have  done  for  our  com- 
merce and  our  country,  and  reflect  how  cheap  and  useful  is  the 
food  they  furnish,  indispensable  on  certain  days  to  Roman 
Catholics,  and  renovating  to  all,  as  Agassiz  states,  from  the 
phosphorus  it  contains ;  when  we  reflect,  too,  upon  the  great 
market  the  fisheries  furnish  for  the  beef,  pork  and  flour  of  the 
West,  the  question  may  well  arise, — does  the  nation  deal  fairly 
or  wisely  with  its  fisheries?  They  consume  at  least  75,000 
barrels  of  beef,  pork  and  flour,  annually,  according  to  the 
computations  of  the  fishermen,  while  the  wives  and  children 
of  those  fishermen,  doubtless,  consume  a  much  larger  amount. 
Whether  we  ti'eat  or  not,  the  duties  on  salt  and  necessaries 
should  be  remitted,  and  the  fishermen  protected. 

We  have  tluis  taken  a  brief  but  comprehensive  glance  at  the 
inland  commerce  with  Canada,  the  trade  with  the  maritime 
Provinces  and  the  fisheries;  and  the  question  recurs,  What  is  to 
be  done  ?  Arc  we  to  go  back,  with  contiguous  and  growing 
Provinces,  more  populous  than  the  United  States  in  1783,  to  a 
system  of  retaliation  and  restricted  commerce,  to  ports  closed  as 
they  were  before  1830,  except  during  the  embargo,  when  Eng- 


,  ■* 


BOUNTIES. 


47 


on 


■ '.5 


lanci  opened  them  ? — are  we  to  come  to  blows  with  her  for 
rights  won  by  the  sword  in  the  war  ol'  the  llcvohition,  which 
improvident  commissioners  liavc  impaired  or  put  in  jeopardy, 
or  shall  wc  make  a  treaty  ?  AVe  nuist  either  risk  onr  mackerel 
fisliory,  treat,  or  annex  tlic  Provinces.  We  may  not  be  ready 
for  the  latter,  and  can  oft'er  more  indncemcnts  and  attractions 
at  a  future  day,  but  wc  are  in  a  strong  position  to  negotiate. 
Shall  wc  try  negotiation  or  duties  restrictive  of  commerce  ? 
Lord  North  tried  restriction  and  coercion,  and  they  cost  him 
the  Colonics.  Let  us  pursue  a  different  policy.  Let  us  treat 
the  Provinces  as  friends  and  patrons,  as  valuable  customers,  and 
if  they  join  us  let  them  come  as  friends  ;  we  desire  no  unwilling 
associates. 

Thus  far  the  Provinces,  and  more  especially  Canada,  have 
found  reciprocity  teeming  with  benefits.  It  is  to  them  eminently 
beneficial ;  without  it  their  agriculture  and  commerce  must  lan- 
guish, and  their  lumber,  coal,  fish,  canals  and  railways  probably 
decline  in  value.  Wc  can  properly  demand,  and  it  seems  to  mc 
they  must  and  will  grant  terms  that  will  satisfy  our  country. 
It  would  be  most  unwise  for  Great  Britain,  with  83,000,000,000 
annually  afloat,  on  foreign  voyages  and  in  her  coastwise  com- 
merce, to  risk  a  collision  with  our  fishermen,  and  the  war  to 
which  it  would  in  all  probability  lead,  in  the  present  state  of 
public  feeling  in  this  country.* 


Navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Ship  Canals  to  the  Sea. 

There  is  another  subject  in  Avhich  the  West  takes  a  deep 
interest,  which  w^as  discussed  at  length  before  the  convention 
at  Detroit,  and  should  command  the  attention  of  the  com- 
missioners who  negotiate  a  treaty.  In  the  language  of  the 
Resolution  adopted  unanimously  by  the  Boards  of  Trade  and 
commercial  representatives  of  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Detroit,  and  fifteen  other  large 
cities,  "  the  treaty  should  include  the  free  navigation  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  other  rivers  of  British  North  America,  with  such 
improvements  of  the  rivers  and  enlargement  of  the  canals  as 

♦  Will  it  be  the  policy  of  Great  Britain  to  allow  38  millions  of  our  people 
inured  to  war,  to  contrast  much  longer  her  apathy  in  the  case  of  the  Alabama 
with  her  alacrity  in  the  case  of  the  Fenians  and  Jamaica  negroes  i 


'■  ■  ■<' 


':L- 


,-  <f 


mmiK 


wm 


ft;-' 


^frT 


48 


NAVIGATION   TO   lllK  SEA. 


■> 


shall  render  tlioiu  adequate  for  tlio  requirements  of  the  West  in 
communicating  with  the  ocean." 

Tlie  "West,  with  its  soil  of  exhaustless  fertility,  stimulated  by 
tlie  jn'ogress  of  art,  finds  all  its  outlets  insuihcient  and  its  gran- 
aries overflowing.  The  enlarged  canals  of  New  York,  the 
railways  of  our  great  seaports,  prove  inadequate. 

It  requires  Lake  St.  Clair  to  be  deepened  and  ship  canals  to 
bo  constructed  for  large  steamers,  to  enable  it  to  send  its  freight 
•without  breaking  bulk,  both  to  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

In  the  discussion  at  Detroit  the  Provincials  urged  the  import- 
ance of  a  direct  route  to  Liverpool  to  a  market,  which  in  ordi- 
nary years  absorbs  breadstufis  to  the  amoinit  of  £26,000,000, 
and  to  a  country  ready  with  low  duties  to  send  any  quantity  of 
manufactures  in  exchange.  Other  gentlemen  proposed  to  send 
flour  and  provisions  by  this  route  to  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  and  receive  back  sugar  and  coffee  in  return.  New 
York  and  Canada  both  favored  the  opening  of  a  ship  canal  from 
the  St.  Lawrence  into  Lake  Champlain;  other  States  urged  the 
importance  of  lines  from  Green  Ijay  or  Lake  Superior  to  the 
Mississippi  and  the  enlargement  of  the  canal  from  Lake  Michigan 
to  the  Mississippi. 

The  United  States  and  the  Provinces  are  alike  interested  in 
these  measures,  and  it  is  respectfully  suggested  that  they  should 
be  embraced  in  the  treaty. 

At  the  present  time  the  Erie  Canal  admits  no  vessels  exceed- 
ing two  hundred  and  twenty-four  tons,  the  St.  Lawrence  Canals, 
with  small  locks  and  ten  feet  water,  are  restricted  to  three  hun- 
dred tons,  while  the  Welland  admits  vessels  of  four  hundred 
tons,  drawing  nine  feet  only. 

The  West,  through  Mr.  Joy,  of  Detroit,  asks  for  a  depth  and 
width  sufficient  for  vessels  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  tons,  of 
sufficient  draft  to  navigate  the  ocean  safely,  and  for  such  vessels 
twelve  font  will  be  required.  Through  the  six  months  of  sum- 
mer and  tuitumn  the  run  from  Montreal  can  l^e  made  to  Liver- 
pool with  dispatch — the  distance  is  less  than  the  distance  from 
New  York. 

It  would  be  reasonable  to  ask  Great  Britain  to  perfect  that  por- 
tion of  the  route  which  lies  between  Lake  Ontario  and  Montreal. 
She  ought  also  to  be  called  upon  to  aid  in  deepening  Lake  St. 


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Clair,  for  it  will  benefit  the  commcrco  of  both  countrios,  She 
has  proposed  to  make  a  ship  canal  from  Lachine  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  which  may  be  effected  for  three  to  fonr  millions,  and  carry 
large  vessel?  laden  with  the  cereals  and  lumber  of  the  West  to 
Burlington  and  Whitehall ;  and  such  a  step  would  induce  New 
York  to  enlarge  her  Champlain  Canal,  and  thus  carry  largo 
steamers  to  the  deep  waters  of  the  Hudson. 

While  these  steps  are  approi)riato  for  Canada,  the  United 
States  might  stipulate  to  aid  in  deepening  St.  Clair,  in  enlarg- 
ing the  Michigan  Canal,  and  to  build  a  ship  canal  on  her  own 
territory  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara  with  a  depth  of  twelve  to 
fifteen  feet  and  a  capacity  for  vessels  of  one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred tons.  They  could  anmially  apply  two  or  three  millions 
to  these  great  objects  of  national,  and  more  than  national 
importance,  and  in  a  few  years  -they  would  be  accomplished. 

The  St.  LawTcncc  route  would  relieve  the  existing  canals  and 
railways,  and  the  route  by  Lake  Champlain  would  compete  for 
the  direct  trade  to  Europe  and  suj)ply  our  Eastern  seaports, 
while  the  Michigan  Canals  would  attract  the  commerce  of  the 
South  and  the  West  Lidies.  It  is  proper  also  to  remark  that  a 
very  valuable  suggestion  as  to  these  public  works  has  been 
made  by  one  of  the  ministers  of  Canada.  It  is  that  they  should 
bo  made  neutral  in  case  of  war,  and  that  all  vessels  and  prop- 
erty of  both  nations  passing  through  the  same  shall  Ijc  exempt 
from  seizure. 

Provision  would  thus  be  made  both  for  the  Provinces,  the 
West,  the  South  and  the  East,  and  the  great  home  market  of 
the  East  is  not  to  bo  forgotten. 

The  Provincials,  when  presenting  to  the  West  the  market  of 
Great  Britain  for  breadstuffs,  urged  as  an  argument  for  a  cheap 
and  direct  route  that  we  should  meet  there  some  competitors, 
and  the  following  table  was  submitted  by  G.  H.  Perry,  C.  E.,  of 
Canada  West;  viz. : — 

Percentage  of  breadstuffs  imported  into  Great  Britain  from, — 

Russia, 19J-  per  cent. 

Prussia,  ...... 

Mcchlenburg,  ....         * 

Hanse  Towns,  .... 

France,  ...... 


31} 

8 

4 

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60 


SOUTIIKRN  OUTLET   FOR  ST.   LAWRENCR. 


•>* 

per 

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n 

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111 

u 

2} 

l>( 

Turkey,  . 

I'^gypt,    • 

United  States, 
Denmark, 
Other  countries, 


These  prove  his  case,  but  he  omitted  to  state  that  while  wo 
shouhl  divide  the  profits  with  otliers  abroad,  and  find  prices  less 
than  in  former  days,  there  was  a  home  market  in  our  Eastern 
and  Central  States  v.'hcre  8i',000,000,000  of  domestic  manufac- 
tures were  exchanged  for  the  products  of  agriculture,  to  which 
easy  access  might  be  had  by  the  placid,  clear  and  safe  naviga- 
tion of  Lake  Champlain,  and  the  railways  that  radir'o  from 
Oswego  and  Ogdensburg,  Luke  Champlain  and  the  l^udson. 
With  these  improvements  made,  all  the  Provinces  and  the  States 
would  be  interested  in  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Railway 
from  Lake  Superior  and  the  Mississippi  across  the  Red  River  of 
the  North  to  the  Pacific,  and  the  growth  of  the  "West  would  still 
give  a  large  trafiic  to  the  canals  of  New  York. 

The  propellers  on  their  way  down  the  lakes  would  rarely 
take  fuel  for  more  than  two  or  three  days'  consumption,  and 
on  their  arrival  at  the  ports  of  Montreal  or  New  York  would 
land  there  portions  or  the  whole  of  their  cargoes  for  distribu- 
tion, and  replace  them  with  coal  for  a  fortnight's  steaming  and 
freight  to  Europe. 

Let  lis  give  the  St.  Lawrence  a  Southern  outlet.* 

In  case  the  old  treaty  expires,  there  arc  those  who  desire  to 
place  heavy  duties  on  the  exports  of  Canada.  They  urge  that 
she  gave  her  sympathies  to  our  foes  and  allowed  them  to 
organize  and  assail  us  across  the  frontier.  That  nature  has 
interposed  our  country  between  Canada  and  the  sea.  That  we 
should  avail  oiirselves  of  our  position  and  draw  a  revenue  from 
her  commerce.  That  her  natural  market  was  our  home  market, 
that  her  Provinces  were  nearer  to  the  seats  of  our  commerce 
and  manufactures,  than  our  Western  States.  That  her  lands, 
forests  and  mines  depended  for  their  value  in  our  markets.  That 
we  had  inciirred  debts  to  preserve  the  latter,  and  if  Canada  is 
to  use  them  she  should,  like  our  States,  contribute  to  the  cost. 

*  See  Appendix,  page  83. 


' 


DUTIES. 


61 


That  kIio  could  easily  do  so,  as  slio  had  access  across  the  lakes 
to  our  canals  aud  railways,  and  that  under  our  treaty  her 
animals  and  coarse  f^rains  were  worth  more  at  Kingston  or 
Toronto,  than  ours  at  the  West.  Tiiat  the  nations  of  tlie  old 
world  coin  their  natural  advantages  into  money.  That  Russia, 
France,  Holland  and  Great  JJritain  in  her  East  India  i)ossessions, 
imi)0sc  duties  on  the  exports  that  they  monopolize,  and  exact 
tril)ute  from  other  countries. 

Hut  may  it  not  be  urged  that  some  allowance  is  to  bts  made 
for  Colonics  lilce  Canada  struggling  to  reach  the  octian,  to 
break  the  icy  fetters  that  bind  them  half  the  year,  anxious  to 
obtain  favor  from.  England  and  rival  the  im])rovements  of  the 
great  Republic  on  their  borders,  and  to  meet  the  interest  of  a 
debt  wliich  seemed  to  us  immense  before  we  had  contracted  our 
own  ? 

And  may  \vc  not  ascribe  the  tone  of  the  frontiers  to  the 
emissaries  of  secession  and  the  leaders  of  the  London  press  ? 

Would  it  be  wise  to  incur  the  ill  will  of  a  Province  whose 
frontier  for  three  thousand  miles  borders  on  our  own  ?  Would 
it  be  politic  to  stimulate  illicit  trade  at  a  time  when  wo  require 
high  duties  to  meet  our  engagements  ? 

Again,  let  me  ask,  is  it  desirable  for  us  to  have  a  Province  on 
our  borders  with  property  depreciated  and  trade  languishing — 
and  should  we  not  participate  in  its  prosperity,  if  we  give  life 
to  its  connncrce — or  should  we  divert  business  from  our  canals 
and  railways  to  a  new  and  circuitous  route  across  New  Bruns- 
wick ?  And  if  New  England  and  New  York  lie  between  Canada 
and  the  sea,  does  not  Canada  lie  between  us  and  some  of  the 
States  of  the  West  ? 

If  the  revenue  of  Canada  now  enables  her  to  recede  from 
her  duties  on  our  products ;  if  she  sec3  that  they  give  no 
commensurate  benefit ;  if  she  has  inexhaustible  forests  and 
fields  on  our  borders  ;  if  under  the  guidance  of  England  vslie 
has  not  yet  learned  to  manufacture  largely  and  is  willing  to 
exchange  her  staples  for  the  products  of  a  country  like  ours, 
more  advanced  in  the  arts ;  if  our  manufactures  bid  fair  soon 
to  overtake  our  agriculture, — may  we  not  profit  by  a  fair  ex- 
change and  may  we  not  forget  the  errors  of  the  past  and  welcome 
the  friendship  of  the  future.  It  is  doubtless  desirable  for  Canada 
to  reach  our  home  market  and  to  gain  a  direct  route,  summer 


■  '      IH  VI>PP> 


wn 


62 


CANADIAN  EXPORTS. 


",5'K 


and  winter,  to  the  sea,  but  she  has  open  to  her  half  the  year 
the  route  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  connected  by  a  series  of  canals 
and  railways,  with  tlio  lakes.  And  is  it  our  policy  to  turn  all 
her  trade  tha*^i  way,  or  through  the  wilds  of  New  Brunswick? 
These  are  important  questions. 

Canada  sends  to  us  under  the  treaty  many  animals.  Among 
these  in  ISGo  were  19,835  horses  and  21,605  cattle,  and  71,000 
sheep,  which  aided  us  in  finishing  the  war. 

The  aggregate  value  of  all  such  animals  imported  from 
Canada  was  last  year,  more  than  $5,000,000,  but  we  send  her 
beef  and  pork  to  the  amount  of  nearly  $2,000,000  and  she 
exports  beef  to  Europe. 

Should  we  impose  heavy  duties  on  lioises,  sheep  pelts  or 
wool,  would  she  not  send  cattle  in  their  place  ?  If  we  tax  the 
cattle  heavily,  would  she  send  the  animals  across  the  border,  or 
ship  their  beef  to  Great  Britain  and  compete  with  our  beef  in 
the  Engli'oh  market  ? 

Many  of  her  chief  products  now  stand  upon  an  equipoise. 
We  send  her  cheese  and  she  sends  us  biitter,  but  more  than 
half  her  export  of  butter  is  to  England.  Two-thirds  of  her 
surplus  peas  and  beans  go  to  Europe  less  than  one-third  cross 
our  lines,  and  the  lumber  we  exclude  by  an  onerous  tax  might 
meet  ours  in  South  America  or  the  West  Indies.  Canada 
migiit  thus  suffer,  but  our  canals,  railways  and  commerce, 
would  partake  of  her  losses. 

Again,  we  have  a  large  manufacture  of  wool,  which  had  risen 
from  805,000,000  in  1800  to  $122,000,000  in  1804,  requiring 
152,000,000  of  pounds,  nearly  half  of  which  was  imported, 
and  Canada  su^iplies  us  with  5,500,000  pounds  of  combing 
wool  the  present  year,  of  a  quality  we  do  not  produce,  but 
which  we  require  for  our  new  fabrics  for  our  mousseline 
delaines,  alpaccas  and  bunthig. 

In  the  recent  very  able  address  of  J.  "L.  Hayes,  Esq.,  to  the 
National  Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers,  the  above  facts 
are  stated.  It  is  also  stated :  "  That  in  1800  we  imported 
$15,000,000  of  worsteds,  principally  from  England.  We  made 
only  $3,000,000.  To  replace  the  English  Avoisteds  we  have 
absolutely  no  raw  material  and  depend  wholly  on  the  Leicester 
and  Cotswold  wools  of  Canada."  The  success  of  the  Lowell 
Manufacturing    Company  in  fabricating   alpaca    goods  from 


I 


\ 


I 


BREADSTUFFS. 


68 


M 


Canada  lustre  wools  has  demonstrated  that  the  wool  docs  not 
deteriorate.  The  Canada  wool  has  been  found  efjual  to  tho 
best  English  lustre  wool  imported  for  comparison.  The  freo 
wool  of  Canada  has  been  an  nicstimable  favor  to  our  worsted 
manufacturers.  It  does  not  comijetc  with  the  productions  of 
our  own  farmers,  as  we  raise  little  more  than  200,000  Dounds 
of  long  wool,  while  Canada  consumes  J'jOO,000  ])Ounds  of  our 
clothing  wool  annually.  It  is  not  possible  that  our  production  of 
long  wool  can  keep  up  with  the  demand.  Would  it  be  wise, 
while  Avc  are  competing  with  Europe  for  the  production  of 
$15,000,000  of  worsteds,  to  check  Mio  introduction  of  the  long 
and  silky  fleeces  produced  in  the  cold  and  moist  climate  of 
Canada,  and  send  that  staple  abroad  to  aid  our  rivals  ?  In  four 
years  Canada  can  furnish  all  we  require  for  the  fJlojOOOjOOO  of 
worsteds. 

There  arc  few  of  the  great  staples  of  the  Provinces  it  would 
be  wise  to  tax  heavily,  should  the  chance  be  afforded.  It  would 
be  unwise  to  tax  the  minor  articles,  and  most  unwise  to  tax 
those  which  would  be  diverted  by  a  duty. 

The  field  of  inquiry  is  limited  to  the  great  staples  of  tho 
Provinces — wheat,  oats,  barley,  coal,  lumber  and  fish,  and, 
possibly,  horses.  We  may  dispose  at  once  of  wheat ;  Canada 
sends  us  the  flour  of  her  white  wheat,  and  annually  takes  in 
return  an  equivalent  in  the  red  wheat  of  the  West,  most  of 
which  she  consumes.  This  is  a  fair  interchange.  As  respects 
the  flour  "  in  transilii,''^  each  country  hivites  to  its  ports  for 
shipment  to  Europe. 

With  respect  to  oats,  the  production  in  Canada  is  immense, 
having  risen  in  1860  to  thirty-eight  millions  of  bushels ;  and 
our  importation  of  oats  from  Canada  was,  in  1804,  over  nine 
millions  of  bushels.  But,  under  our  system  of  free  trade,  half 
the  oats  exported  from  Prince  Edwards  Island  seek  tho  market 
of  Great  Britain ;  and  a  duty  exceeding  four  cents  per  bushel, 
would  probably  either  diminish  the  cultivation  in  Canada,  or 
send  a  large  portion  to  Europe. 

Barley  might  possibly  bear  a  duty  of  five  or  seven  cents  per 
bushel,  but  a  higher  duty  would  probably  send  it  to  the  still  or 
to  Europe. 

Tho  coal  of  Pennsylvania  meets  the  English  coal  at  Montreal, 
and  our  exports  through  the  lakes,  including  Lake  Ghamplain, 

14 


54 


COAL. 


rango  from  103,000  to  171,000  tons  annually,  between  1861 
and  18G4,  wliilo  wc  receive  from  Canada,  annually,  100,000  to 
150,000  cords  of  firewood.  Tliis  interchange  must  progress 
with  a  return  to  specie  payments,  and  the  extension  of  coal 
railways  to  Rochester  and  Oswego.  But  we  import  coal  from 
the  Provinces,  as  well  as  export  to  them.  Nova  Scotia  has 
extensive  coal  mines,  once  held  in  strict  monoi)oly  by  the  Duke 
of  York.  Most  of  them  have  reverted  to  the  Province,  and 
grants  arc  now  made  to  individuals,  reserving  royalties.  Some 
of  our  own  citizens  are  opening  mines  in  this  region  to  supjily 
our  home  demands.  The  chief  mines  at  Sydney  and  Pictou 
arc  within  nine  miles  of  the  seacoast,  and  nearly  free  from  the 
charges  of  raihvay  transportation.  The  freights  to  the  New 
England  coast  are  often  as  low  as  the  freights  from  the  Chesa- 
peake, and,  in  ordinary  times,  Provincial  coal  can  be  laid  down 
hi  the  seaports  of  New  England,  for  live  dollars  per  ton  in 
specie. 

It  would  seem  as  if  nature  had  designed  this  region  for  tlie 
supply  of  our  north-eastern  coast.  The  coal  from  Nova  Scotia 
is  bituminous,  and  tluis,  differs  from  the  coal  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  is  adapted  lor  other  uses,  in  gas-works,  forges  and  furnaces. 
At  least  half  of  it  is  used  for  gas.  Fifty  thousand  tons  are 
annually  used  by  one  gas  company,  in  Boston.  It  is  used,  also, 
to  a  considerable  extent  by  the  steamers  which  run  to  foreign 
ports. 

While  wc  place  a  tax  on  our  own  coal,  it  is  doubtless  just 
that  this  coal  should  contribute  as  much,  or  more,  to  our 
revenue ;  and,  doubtless,  a  moderate  duty  of  live  or  ten  per 
cent,  might  be  hazarded  on  this  coal,  on  which  we  pay  both 
cost,  and  a  large  })roportion  of  tlie  freight,  to  foreigners.  The 
importation  annually  increases. 

But  we  must  not  forget  tliat  if  we  impose  a  large  duty,  it 
must  fall  in  part  on  the  consumer ;  and  whatever  falls  on 
the  Provinces  may  ciieck  importation.  That  the  Eastern  States 
require  cheap  coal  to  impel  their  engines,  to  heat  their  furnaces 
and  set  their  steamers  in  motion,  as  well  as  to  meet  the  severity 
of  their  long  winters.  That  if  wc  are  to  compete  in  steam 
navigation  with  England,  whose  coal  is  nearer  her  ports,  wc  must 
have  cheap  fuel.  Wc  have  already  resigned  to  her  our  passage 
money,  freights,  and  ocean  postages,  to  encourage  packets  con- 


LUMBER. 


55 


it 


i 


vertiblc  into  frigates,  and  now  it  is  not  easy  to  regain  the  ground 
we  have  lost,  if  we  relinqnisli  clieap  fuel.  Such  considerations 
will,  doubtless,  prevent  a  heavy  impost  on  such  a  necessary — 
which  we  take  in  i)ayment  for  our  brcadstuifs — from  shores 
adapted  by  nature  to  supply  New  England. 

LUiMBER. 

Another  article,  on  which  we  might  impose  duties,  is  lumber, 
which  comes  to  us  in  the  various  shapes  of  timber,  plank, 
boards,  masts,  spars,  railway  tics,  laths,  shingles,  clapboards 
and  saw  logs.  It  comes  principally  from  Canada,  as  New 
Brunswick  sends  most  of  her  surplus  to  foreign  ports,  (where 
she  competes  with  Maine,)  and  less  than  twenty  million  feet  to 
the  United  States ;  while  Canada  sends  us  luml)cr  to  the 
amount  of  five  million  dollars. 

An  average  duty  of  one  dollar  per  thousand,  board  measure, 
woul  add  materially  to  our  revenue,  and  with  a  less  impost 
upon  our  own  lumber,  miglit  enable  us  to  raise  annually,  from 
this  article,  six  or  eight  millions  of  dollars  ;  as  our  bomc  pro- 
duction was  found,  by  the  census  of  18G0,  to  exceed  ninety-live 
millions  of  dollars  annually. 

Nature  has  made  on  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Canada  an 
immense  provision  of  pine,  which  may  be  easily  floated  to  our 
borders,  and  thence  to  our  great  centres  of  production ;  and 
its  bulk,  and  the  rapid  diminution  of  our  home  supply,  would, 
doubtless,  prevent  a  diversion,  if  we  impose  a  moderate  duty. 

There  arc  strong  arguments  for  a  moderate  duty.  It  will  fall 
in  part  on  the  producer.  We  arc  wasteful  in  the  use  of  lum- 
ber— we  expose  it  to  moisture  and  quick  decay  in  fences,  walks 
and  cellars,  where  hedges,  stone,  or  brick  would  render  more 
service ;  and  if  a  tax  checks  consumption,  it  will  keep  more 
in  reserve  for  the  wants  of  the  future. 

There  is,  too,  no  reciprocity  as  to  lumber,  for  we  export  little 
or  none  to  the  Provinces,  unlcs^s  it  be  a  small  amount  of  yellow 
pine  and  oak,  for  ship-building,  and  some  staves  and  clear  pino 
from  the  West.  Mr.  Skead,  of  Ottowa,  estimates  that  Canada 
has,  upon  lakes  and  rivers,  easily  accessible,  287,000  square 
miles  of  pine  forests,  and  a  large  supply  of  valuable  wood  ;  less 
than  one-tenth  of  her  pine  forests  have  been  cut  over. 


?v.  * 


b6 


DUTIES  ON  PISH. 


Fisii. 

Anotlicr  subject  for  duty  is  fish,  not  tlic  white  fish,  sahnon  or 
sahiaou-trout,  sent  fresh  to  market,  and  caught  upon  the  lakes 
and  rivers  of  the  Provinces.  Not  the  smoked  salmon  or  her- 
ring, which  come  in  small  lots  to  market,  or  the  fresh  herring 
imported  from  NcwfoanJIand  for  bait,  but  the  dry  cod-fish  and 
packed  mackerel,  such  as  arc  the  chief  product  of  our  deep  sea 
fisheries. 

France  gives  a  bounty  to  her  fishermen  of  82  for  every  quin- 
tal they  send  to  Boston  or  New  York.  Nature  gives  one  to  the 
Provinces ;  Great  Britain  another,  by  the  remission  of  duties. 
The  combined  effect  of  these,  aided  by  the  pressure  of  our 
duties  on  salt,  enabled  the  Provinces  to  send  us,  in  1864, 
fish  to  the  value  of  81,370,704,  while  France  sent  us  the  less 
amount  of  $32,410,  on  which  we  realized  a  duty. 

To  meet  the  privileges  of  the  Provinces  and  the  bounties  of 
France,  we  allow  our  vessels  Avhich  pursue  the  cod-fishery  for 
four  months,  a  remission  of  duties  of  84  per  ton,  a  remission 
which  is  reduced  by  the  new  measurement.  We  accompany  this 
by  duties  that  average  more  than  three  times  the  amount  of  our 
remission. 

Thus  do  we  meet  the  rivalry  of  the  world  in  conducting  our 
great  naval  school  of  seamen.  To  meet  the  privileges  and 
bounties  of  other  nations,  our  fishermen  had  their  native  energy 
and  their  home  market  left.  We  admit  the  foreigner  to  the  latter, 
and  now  they  have  nothing  to  fal  back  upon  but  that  native 
energy  of  which  no  one  can  rob  tnem ;  which  these  amphibious 
men,  alike  at  home,  at  sea,  or  on  shore,  have  ever  exhibited.  Is 
it  just  to  give  again  the  great  home  market  for  fish  to  the  Prov- 
inces, while  wc  place  a  duty  of  fifty  cents  per  quintal,  in  gold, 
on  the  French  fish,  and  tax  our  own  fishermen  so  severely? 
Should  we  not  have  full  equivalents  for  admission  to  the  home 
market,  and  should  not  some  of  these  accrue  to  the  benefit  of 
our  great  college  of  seamen  ?  Wc  have  never  resigned  our 
rights  to  fish  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  Bays  of  Fundy 
and  Chaleurs,  which  are  not  bays  of  shelter  and  repairs,  and 
exceed  six  miles  in  width  at  their  outlets ;  and  our  country  will 
never  resign  them.  The  only  right  we  have  resigned  is  the 
right  to  fish  within  three  miles  of  the  coast  and  ports  for  shelter 
on  the  shores  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edwards  Island 


I 


CONFISCATION  ILLEGAL. 


67 


^ 


and  Now  Brunswick.  But  few  fish  arc  taken  witliin  a  marine 
league  of  the  coast,  Init  it  will  often  happen  that  when  a  fleet 
of  several  hundred  sail  are  in  pursuit  of  a  vast  shoal  of  mack- 
erel in  the  open  sea,  and  loading  their  vessels,  the  fish  will  pass 
the  invisible  lino,  and  a  fleet  manned  by  three  thousand  to  six 
thousand  men  in  close  pursuit  may  follow.  If  the  fish  bite 
freely  the  fishermen  rarely  stop  to  measure  distances.  While 
the  decks  are  piled  up  with  fish  there  is  little  space  to  use  the 
theodolite,  and  under  such  circumstances  the  claim  of  the  Prov- 
inces of  a  right  to  confiscate  the  vessels  for  such  harmless  and 
accidental  trespass  is  one  which  our  country  will  not  readily 
tolerate.*  Such  trespasses  rarely  injure,  and  the  world  is  bene- 
fited by  the  *  addition  to  its  food.  Until  we  have  a  treaty,  lot 
the  nation  make  reparation  for  injuries  sustained  in  such 
cases  as  one  gentleman  makes  reparation  to  another,  if  he  jiasses 
his  boundary  in  the  chase,  but  let  the  nation  insist  that  the 
penalty  shall  not  exceed  the  offence. 

Does  the  forbearance  of  the  maritime  Provinces  to  insist 
upon  claims  to  the  exclusive  use  of  great  arm::  of  the  sea, 
in  which  our  ancestors  have  fished  for  two  centuries  —  such 
as  the  Strait  of  Canso,  the  great  Bays  of  Fundy  and  Chalcurs — 
or  their  forbearance  to  seize  and  confiscate  the  vessels  of  one- 
quarter  of  our  fishing  fleet,  for  trespasses  often  involuntary, 
entitle  them  to  the  posseseion  of  our  home  market,  for  admis- 
sion to  which  we  imi^osc  heavy  taxes  upon  the  fisheries  of 
France  ?  If  it  docs,  let  the  Provinces  have  a  full  equivalent, 
but  if  they  attempt  again  to  seize  vessels  five  or  six  miles 
from  the  shore,  or  even  nearer,  dismiss  the  crews  Avho  sail 
on  shares,  in  a  state  of  destitution,  strip  the  vessel,  and  when 
she  is  acquitted,  return  her  to  the  owners,  on  payment  of 
costs,  witli  her  salt  melted,  her  lines,  sails  and  rigging  gone, 
and  the  voyage  ruined,  and  deny  redress,  the  fishermen  and 
the  nation  have  a  right  to  demand  redress. f     If  the  treaty 


*  Such  confiscation  is  not  sanctioned  by  the  modern  law  of  nations.  It  was 
abolished  by  Franco  as  a  punishment  as  far  back  as  1790;  is  pronounced  an 
outrage  on  the  civilized  world  by  Chief  Justice  Marshall  in  United  States  vs. 
Contcman,  Peters'  Reports,  7,  page  8G,  cited  as  law  by  Philmore  on  International 
Law,  vol.  3,  page  743.    Wheaton,  595. 

t  The  Hon.  Mr.  Sabine  gives  me  such  a  case,  occurring  prior  to  the  llecipro- 
city  Treaty. 


68 


MAKEWEIGHTS  FOR  A   TREATT. 


expires  find  is  not  renewed,  I  would  respectfully  suggest  that 
the  Government  should  despatch  a  squadron  to  tlic  fishing 
grounds,  to  sec  that  our  vessels  are  not  molested,  and  that  our 
fisheries  arc  not  destroyed.  If  tlK>y  do  not,  we  may  well  expect 
the  fishermen  who  have  been  south  under  Parragut,  to  follow  the 
advice  of  General  Dix,  if  any  one  attempts  to  haul  down  the 
American  flag. 

Has  England  suffered  from  the  Dutch,  who  have  for  centuries 
caught  lierrings  on  her  coast  ?  Ilavc  the  Provinces  suffered 
loss  by  the  occasional  capture  of  a  few  fish  near  their  shores  ? 
If  they  have,  let  the  nation  recognize  the  claims,  and  assume 
the  debt,  and  thus  sustain  the  treaty,  but  the  great  fact 
stands  out  in  bold  relief,  that  luidcr  the  treaty  of  reciprocity, 
for  the  last  eleven  years,  the  fisheries  have  been  pursued 
outiidc  and  inside  of  the  three  mile  line,  the  fishermen  have 
enjoyed  all  their  ancient  rights,  and  no  serious  claims  for 
losses  have  been  made  public.  Should  we  admit  the  fish  of 
the  Provinces,  at  a  duty  of  ten  per  cent.,  they  will  still  have 
a  decided  advantage  over  the  fish  of  Franco,  while  the  small 
duty  that  protects  the  fishermen  during  the  period  of  high 
taxes,  will  aid  the  revenue. 

If  a  new  treaty  is  made,  the  commissioners  will  doubtless 
examine  the  sources  of  revenue  to  which  I  have  adverted,  but 
if  Avc  ask  concessions  we  must  be  i^reparcd  to  concede  also,  and 
apj)roach  the  subject  ii.  a  kind  and  liberal  spirit ;  and  if  we  can 
obtain  the  more  important  olrjccts  of  the  treaty,  the  extension 
of  the  free  list,  the  safety  of  the  fisheries,  the  protection  of  our 
present  revenue,  and  the  reduction  of  expenses  on  our  frontier, 
we  can  afford  to  resign  a  part  of  the  income,  to  whose  sources  I 
have  drawn  attention,  and  still  have  a  treaty  beneficial  to  all  the 
contracting  parties,  although  it  may  leave  the  Provinces  some 
reasons  for  a  still  closer  union. 

Under  our  present  tariff,  the  productions  of  the  Provinces, 
now  free,  will  be  subjected  to  the  following  duties : — 


Bituminous  coal,  per  ton,  . 

Leather. 

Timber,     .        .        .        . 


.  II  25* 
35  per  cent. 
20  per  cent. 


•  In  currency,  $1.80  per  ton. 


REGISTRY  AND   COASTING  TRADE. 


59 


Manufactures  of  wood, 
Wool  worth  over  32  cts.  a  lb., 
Salmon,  per  barrel. 
Mackerel,  per  barrel, 
Dry  fish,  per  quintal. 
Wheat,  per  bushel,    . 
Oats,  per  bushel. 
Barley,  per  bushel,     . 
Flour,  ad  valorem,     . 


of)  per  cent. 
.    12  cts.  per  lb.  and  10  per  cent. 

$3  00 

2  00 

.         •         •         •         .      ou  cts. 

'^0  ct'? 

•  •  •  «  •  A.\J     V/lrd* 

•  •  •  •  »         X.\J  \j \jii» 

20  per  cent. 


Under  such  duties  it  is  safe  to  predict  that  our  commerce 
will  rapidly  diminish.  Tlio  duty  on  dry  fish  is  the  only  low 
duty  among  them.  That  duty  is  less  than  ten  per  cent,  at 
present. 

Registry  and  Coasting  Trade. 

There  is  a  strong  desire  on  the  part,  Ijoth  of  Canada  and  the 
maritime  Provinces,  to  secure  admission  into  the  coasting  trade, 
and  the  privilege  of  registry  for  their  vessels  in  the  United 
States.  We  have  a  vast  coasting  trade,  and  an  important  trade 
around  the  Cape  with  California,  and  they  have  no  equivalent 
of  equal  value  to  offer,  but  we  should  at  least  allow  our 
own  citizens  who  have  placed  their  vessels  under  the  Brit- 
ish flag,  to  avoid  the  cruisers  of  the  enemy,  to  register  them 
again  under  our  own,  and  at  the  present  time,  when  wc  arc 
suffering  from  the  loss  of  so  many  vessels,  and  coal  freights 
between  Pliiladelphia  and  Boston  have  risen  from  82  to  ^4.75 
per  ton,  it  is  an  important  question,  whether  we  might  not 
admit,  at  least  for  a  brief  period,  a  supply  of  vessels  from  the 
Colonies,  at  a  duty  not  exceeding  $*5  per  ton,  without  injury  to 
the  shii>builders.  This  Avould  replenish  our  stock  of  vessels 
and  alleviate  the  charges  for  coal,  now  selling- at  $15  per  ton  in 
the  ports  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  I  am  not,  however, 
prepared  to  recommend  such  a  step  without  further  considera- 
tion. 

It  will  be  difficult  to  adjust  all  pending  questions  without  a 
treaty,  and  such  a  treaty  should  secure  to  us  the  right  of 
imposing  taxes  on  articles  imported  from  the  Provinces,  when 
we  impose  taxes  on  the  same  articles  produced  at  home. 


in 


60 


EMIGUATION   FROM  THE  PI10VINCE3. 


"», 


The  treaty,  too,  must  be  one  of  equivalents,  so  tliat  no  other 
nations  may  claim  a  reduction  of  duty  under  any  ajucreement  to 
lilace  Ihcni  on  tlie  looting  oi'  the  most  favored  nation.  If  \vc 
exclude  our  chief  imj)ortations  from  distant  nations  from  the 
free  list,  and  re(;[uire  equivalents,  they  will  sec  iio  favor  in  the 
treaty,  and  the  treaty  might  provide  that  any  article  for  which 
such  claim  shall  bo  established  may  be  stricken  from  the  free 
list. 

Tliero  are  a  few  opponents  of  a  treaty  who  fear  that  a  new 
treaty  Avith  the  Provinces  may  tempt  our  citizens  to  cross  tho 
lines  and  establish  their  mills  and  manufactures  in  Canada.  It 
is  doul)tless  true  that  we  at  this  moment  tax  production  and 
locomotion  most  severely  ;  that  the  amount  of  our  imposts 
on  manufactures  and  freight,  with  tho  state  of  our  currency, 
deter  our  iidiabitants  from  liuilding  ships,  steamers,  mills  and 
houses,  of  Avhich  there  is,  at  this  moment,  a  great  deficiency. 

But  the  return  to  specie  payments  is  already  foreshadowed, 
and  there  is  reason  to  hope  that  the  able  commissioners  who 
have,  with  indefatigable  industry,  examined  the  sources  of  our 
revenue,  Avill  soon  recommend  the  removal  of  all  charged  on 
production,  will  liberate  entirely  our  coal  and  iron  from  internal 
duties,  and  adopt  the  recommendation  of  our  President,  in  his 
late  message  to  Congress,  to  remove  all  taxes  upon  railroads. 
If  they  throw,  as  we  may  well  presume,  half  our  taxes  upon 
cotton,  liquors  and  tobacco,  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  residue 
upon  the  luxuries  we  import,  if  they  tax  licenses,  -stamps, 
petroleum,  lumber,  banks  and  dividends,  the  taxes  upon  our 
farms  and  mills  will  be  so  light,  and  our  climate,  soil  and 
capital  bo  found  so  much  superior  to  those  of  the  Provinces, 
that  we  shall  tempt  their  citizens  to  emigrate.* 

If,  under  the  treaty,  our  commerce  with  the  Provinces  has, 
in  twelve  years,  increased  threefold,  and  in  that  commerce  the 
tonnage  arriving  and  departing  from  our  ports  exceeds  0,600,000 
tons,  if  in  this  tonnage  wo  have  tho  preponderance,  if  our 
country  has  made  rapid  progress  both  in  population  and  wealth, 
is  there  reason  to  dread  tho  operation  of  a  new  treaty  more 
favorable  to  our  own  productions  than  the  treaty  expiring? 


I 


i 


•  It  is  reported  that  out  of  20,000  emigrants  from  Europe  to  Canada  in  18(55, 
18,000  have  come  into  the  United  States. 


COMMISSIONERS. 


61 


H 


Commissioners. 

Tho  commissioners  to  negotiate  a  new  Treaty  of  Reciprocity 
with  Great  Britain,  should  be  men  wlio  arc  conversant  with 
commerce,  the  fisheries  and  treaties,  and  men  wlio  will  leave 
no  questions  for  tho  future. 

We  owe  to  John  Adams,  oi  Massachusetts,  the  incorruptible 
patriot,  tho  founder  of  our  navy,  tho  treaty  of  1783,  which 
secured  the  fisheries.  Although  his  colleagues  were  lukewarm, 
he  appreciated  their  value ;  and  although  his  native  State  was 
exhausted,  and  owed  debts  that  exceeded  the  value  of  her 
property,  he  told  the  British  commissioners  he  would  fight  on 
until  our  rights  were  admitted.  His  treaty  preserved  them 
entire,  as  our  fathers  held  them. 

•  At  tho  Treaty  of  Ghent,  in  1814,  the  treaty  of  '83  was 
considered  the  basis  of  our  rights — tho  quitclaim  deed  of  Great 
Britain.  Our  commissioners  took  the  ground  that  we  should 
consider  all  the  rights  it  granted  established,  and  Great  Britain 
acquiesced.  But  a  few  years  afterwards  Great  Britain  denied 
those  original  and  fundamental  rights  we  had  won  by  the 
sword  and  treaty,  which  she  had  once  abandoned,  and  then 
recognized  as  our  own ;  she  told  us  we  had  resigned  them  by 
the  Treaty  of  Ghent.  She  molested  our  fishermen  and  denied 
them  shelter  in  her  ports.  We  were  obliged  to  treat  again.  A 
convention  was  made  with  her  by  Rush  and  Gallatin  in  1818, 
and  to  secure  shelter,  and  under  the  pressure  of  unjust  claims, 
they  resigned  our  right  to  fish  on  certain  shores,  within  three 
miles  of  the  coast,  inlets,  harbors  and  bays,  stipulating  that  we 
might  enter  those  inlets,  harbors  and  bays  for  shelter  from 
storms  or  for  repairs.  For  many  years  Great  Britain 
acquiesced  in  our  construction,  but  subsequently  set  up  a  new 
construction,  and  seized  our  vessels,  molested  our  vessels,  and 
our  fisheries,  instead  of  keeping  pace  with  our  national 
progress,  actually  declined  a  third,  and  we  were  thus  com- 
pelled to  fight  or  make  aivother  treaty  —  the  Trqaty  ol 
Reciprocity. 

The  value  of  our  fisheries  was  appreciated  in  the  early  days 
of  the  Republic.  The  "  Federalist "  speaks  of  our  three  great 
rights  —  the  right  to  the  lakes,  the  right  to  the  rivers,  tho  right 
to  the  fisheries. 

16 


62 


CONCURRENT  LEGISLATION. 


;.,» 


:!li 


It  has  been  suggested  that  wo  may  regulate  our  intcrcourso 
with  the  Provinces  by  concurrent  legislation  and  dispense  with 
a  treaty,  and  this  suggestion  must  be  treated  with  respect,  as  it 
might  enable  us  to  alter  our  duties.  But  how  are  wo  to  legislate 
in  concurrence  with  five  dilTcrent  Provinces,  each  of  which  may 
repeal  to-morrow  the  act  of  to-day  ? — Provinces  whose  interests 
are  ditTcrent  and  sometimes  conflicting? — who  may  require 
months,  and  possibly  years,  for  their  union  unless  we  accelerate 
it  by  refusing  a  treaty  ?  One  is  absorbed  in  the  fisheries, 
another  in  agriculture,  another  in  commerce  and  mines, 
another  in  lumber  and  ship-building,  while  a  fifth  has  little 
to  do  with  mines,  and  still  less  with  fisheries,  but  is  devoted 
to  canals,  railways,  forests  and  agriculture.  One  cares 
little  for  the  three  mile  line  which  encircles  some  Provinces ; 
others  deem  it  important,  and  the  great  shoals  of  mackerel  may 
cross  the  line  of  three  Provinces  in  a  day.  One  Province 
controls  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John,  which  flows  through  the 
land  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts ;  another  the  St.  Lawrence. 
One  has  free  ports  on  our  borders,  and  no  charges  for  lights  or 
anchorage  ;  others  oppressive  charges  for  lighthouses,  pilotage 
and  anchorage.  With  proper  reservations  in  a  new  treaty  we 
may  provide  for  future  duties,  or  for  the  termination  of  the 
treaty  itself  on  six  months'  notice  ;  and  if  England  perseveres  in 
her  refusal  to  do  us  justice,  and  compels  us  to  make  reprisals 
on  her  commerce  for  injuries  done  to  our  own,  and  war  ensues, 
it  will  terminate  the  treaty,  unless  we  neutralize  the  rivers  of  the 
Provinces.  If  we  have  other  questions  to  settle  with  England, 
will  not  the  adjustment  of  one  pave  the  way  for  the  adjustment 
of  all? 


■ 


I 


British  Treaties. 

By  the  Treaties  of  1783  and  1814  the  boundary  lino  was  to  run 
from  the  source  of  the  St.  Croix,  to  the  north-west  angle  of 
New  Brunswick,  then  Nova  Scotia,  and  thence  by  the  highlands 
that  divide  the  waters  running  into  the  sea,  from  those  that  flo^7 
into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

But  Great  Britain  subsequently  discovered  that  these  high- 
lands came  near  Quebec,  and  a  distinguished  surveyor  told 
me  at  Quebec  in  1838,  that  England  would  never  allow  us  to 
come  so  near  their  chief  fortress  and  the  great  highway  of 


BRITISH  TREATIES. 


68 


Canada.  Such  was  the  vcsiilt.  England  could  never  find 
the  north-west  angle  of  New  Brunswick,  although  the  line 
between  Canada  and  that  Province  was  discoverable  and  has 
since  been  discovered,  and  tlic  line  running  north  from  tlio 
sources  of  the  St.  Croix  was  determined,  and  those  lines, 
protracted,  necessarily  intersect.  Regardless  of  this,  England 
put  forth  the  pretension,  that  the  Highlands  we  claimed  severed 
the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from  those  of  the  St.  John, 
and  that  it  did  not  run  into  the  sea,  but  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
although  most  of  the  rivers  of  Maine  pass  through  bays  on  the 
way  to  the  sea. 

By  such  constructions,  by  great  urbanity,  and  our  desire  for 
peace.  Lord  Ashburton  obtained  the  territory  in  dispute. 

By  this  Ashburton  Treaty,  Maine  and  Massachusetts  were  to 
have  the  free  navigation  of  the  St.  John  River  for  their  timber 
on  its  upper  waters,  but  New  Brunswick,  with  the  express  or 
implied  sanction  of  Great  Britain,  deprived  us  of  the  right, 
guaranteed  by  treaty.  Slie  exempted,  as  Mr.  Sabine,  secretary 
of  the  Boston  Board  of  Trade,  informs  me,  her  lumbermen 
from  the  license  money  previously  paid  on  Crown  lands,  and  in 
place  of  it  imposed  an  export  duty  on  American  and  British 
lumber,  thus  exacting  a  tax  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  value 
of  the  British  timber,  as  it  stood  in  the  Crown  lands  of  the 
Province. 

Mr.  Everett  urged  its  remission,  but  failed  to  obtain  it,  and  on 
his  return  stated  to  a  gentleman,  from  Avhom  I  receive  the  infor- 
mation, that  Mr.  Calhoun,  of  the  South,  then  in  office,  instructed 
him  to  press  no  further  for  a  remission.  Under  the  Ashburton 
Treaty  of  1841,  we  resigned  also  British  Columbia,  including 
the  gold  mines  of  Frazer's  River,  possibly  within  our  lines,  and 
Vancouver's  Island,  in  part,  south  of  49  degrees  —  to  a  large 
part  of  which  our  right,  was  conclusive,  and  now,  in  con- 
struing that  treaty,  Great  Britain  wishes  to  deprive  us  of  all 
right  to  the  main  channel  and  the  islands  between  such  channel 
and  the  main. 

Then  we  made  the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  In  making  it  wo  were 
assured  that  Great  Britain  and  the  Provinces  were  inaugurating 
the  system  of  Free  Trade,  that  the  duties  on  our  products  were 
low,  and  we  could  pay  in  goods  for  the  breadstufis  and  raw 
material  of  Canada,  and  we  in  good  faith  executed  the  treaty. 


u?:^' 


64 


THE  RECiniOCITY  TREATY. 


i  ■•„ 


.'!!! 


J  P 


It  took  cfToct  March  ITtli,  1855,  as  ))oforo  stated,  and  Canada 
with  tho  iinpUcd  consent  of  Great  IJrituln,  contrary  to  tho 
understanduig  of  tho  nej^otiators,  began  to  raise  her  duties. 
By  185!)  they  were  generally  advanced. 

Again,  by  this  treaty  tiie  citizens  of  tlie  United  States  woro  to 
navigate  the  St.  Lawrence  and  British  canals  as  freely  as  British 
subjects,  but  under  this  treaty,  the  citizens  of  the  United  Sttites, 
who  passed  through  the  Welland  Canal  to  tho  American  ports  of 
Oswego  and  Ogdensburg,  have  been  comj)ellcd  to  pay  ten  times 
tho  tolls  that  arc  paid  by  tho  Provincials  and  others  who  passed 
down  to  tho  British  ports  of  Montreal  and  Quebec  by  tho  canals 
of  Canada. 

Again,  in  tho  importation  of  foreign  goods  into  Canada,  thoso 
imported  by  the  St.  Lawrence  or  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  have 
been  charged  a  lower  ad  valorem  duty,  than  those  which  camo 
via  Boston  or  Now  York. 

It  is  to  bo  hoped  that  wo  shall  hereafter,  in  making  treaties 
with  the  Provinces  and  Great  Britain,  cover  the  entire  ground, 
and  make  treaties  that  admit  of  but  one  construction,  and  do 
our  country  justice. 

If  Great  Britain  desires  to  propitiate  this  country  after  all  that 
has  occurred,  would  it  not  be  her  true  policy  to  cede  to  us  a 
portion  of  her  remote  territories,  valuable  to  us  but  of  littlo 
value  to  her.  Were  she  to  cede  to  us  Vancouver's  Island,  and 
British  Columbia,  so  important  to  our  Pacific  coast,  and  so 
remote  from  England,  and  settled  in  great  part  by  our  own  citi- 
zens, might  she  not  easily  bring  our  claims  to  a  peaceful  solution, 
and  would  not  this  be  preferable  to  a  specie  payment  or  reprisals 
for  tho  ravages  of  her  cruisers.  Might  she  not  thus  remove 
the  precedent  of  the  Alabama,  so  dangerous  to  her  own  com- 
merce ? 

She  has  of  late  reduced  her  estimate  of  tho  value  of  foreign 
colonies  and  advised  us  to  divide,  and  may  she  not  bo  tempted  to 
resign  Western  Columbia  and  a  distant  island,  if  she  could 
thereby  retain  our  commerce  and  avert  the  ultima  ratio  regum. 

I  respectfully  submit  this  to  the  consideration  of  the  Govern- 
ment. 

Great  Britain  could  afford  to  give  Austria  such  a  precedent 
for  resigning  Venice,  and  thus  induce  Europe  to  promote  trade 
by  reducing  its  standing  armies.    I  assume,  however,  that  Great 


i 


! 


DASI3   FOR   A   NKW  TIIEATY. 


65 


Britain  will  conclude  to  do  us  justice  and  will  \inito  with  the 
Provinces  in  making  an  equitable  treaty  of  reciprocity,  under 
which  our  seaboard  States  to  wliicli  th<^  I'rovinces  send  most  ot 
their  animals,  coal,  coarse  grains  and  timber,  may  pay  for  them 
as  they  pay  for  produce  from  our  Western  States,  with  their 
varied  manufactures. 


In  conclusion  allow  mo  to  suggest  the  policy  of  adopting  as  u 
basis  for  a  new  treaty  with  Great  Britain  and  the  Provinces,  the 
following  provisions,  or  as  many  of  tlicm  as  can  be  obtained  : — 

First.  That  neither  party  shall  establish  or  maintain  either 
in  the  Provinces  or  on  the  waters  that  flow  into  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  or  within  fifty  miles  of  the  same,  any  free  port 
whatever. 

Second.  That  each  party  shall  make  all  reasonable  exertions 
to  discountenance  and  punish  illicit  trade  between  each  of  the 
Provinces  and  their  vessels  and  the  United  States,  by  allowing 
no  shipments  except  by  proper  manifests  and  documents,  and 
with  reasonable  security  against  smuggling. 

Tliird.  That  each  party  may  impose  any  duties  and  imposts 
whatever  upon  spirits,  malt,  malt  liquors,  wines,  cordials,  tobacco 
and  its  products,  silks,  satins,  laces,  velvets,  sugar  and  molasses 
from  the  sugar  cane,  coffee,  tea,  cocoa,  spices,  broadcloth,  and 
cotton  cloth  Avorth  more  than  one  dollar  per  pound,  witli  this 
proviso,  that  each  party  shall  impose  duties  of  at  least  sixty 
cents  per  gallon  on  spirits  and  cordials,  of  at  least  fifteen 
cents  per  pound  on  manufactured  tobacco  and  tea,  and  four 
cents  per  pound  on  coffee,  spices  and  cocoa,  and  two  dollars  per 
pound  on  silks,  satins,  velvets  and  lace,  imported  into  cither 
country. 

Fourth.  That  the  schedule  of  articles  to  be  imported  free,  bo 
changed  as  follows,  viz. :  the  articles  of  cotton,  lumber,  fish  and 
coal  to  be  taken  therefrom  and  the  additions  made  which  are 
suggested  in  the  annexed  draft  of  a  treaty. 

Fifths  That  specific  duties  of  $1  per  thousand,  board  measure, 
on  lumber,  ten  per  cent,  on  coal  and  fish  be  imposed.  That  no 
duties  exceeding  twenty  per  cent,  be  imposed  on  any  products 
of  each  country  not  enumerated. 


60 


BASIS    FOR   A    NEW  TREATY. 


Sixth,  That  any  citizen  of  cither  country  may  take  a  patent  or 
copy-right  in  the  other  by  one  proccLs  not  more  costly  than  the 
process  here. 

Seventh,  That  goods  received  in  Canada,  through  or  from  the 
United  States  in  original  packages,  shall  be  valued  in  gold  for 
duty  at  the  cost  in  the  country  wlicrc  they  were  produced,  as 
if  they  had  come  direct,  and  vice  versa  on  importations  through 
Canada. 

Eighth,  That  no  diminution  shall  be  made  on  tolls  oii  Cana- 
dian canals  or  railways  in  favor  of  vessels  or  goods  passing 
between  Lake  Erie  and  points  below  Ogdensburg,  as  against 
parties  using  the  Welland  Canal  only.  That  no  export  duties 
or  charges  of  any  kind  be  imposed  on  American  timber  from 
Maine,  descending  St.  John  River. 

Ninth,  That  navigation  for  vessels  drawing  12  to  14  feet  each 
be  secured  through  Lake  St.  Clair  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  and  into  Lake  Champlain,  for  both 
countries,  and  that  the  canal  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River  be  deepened. 

Tenth,  That  vessels  built  in  cither  country  may  be  sold  and 
registered  in  the  other,  on  payment  of  a  duty  of  five  dollars  per 
ton,  for  a  limited  period. 

Eleventh,  That  the  treaty  be  extended  to  Newfoundland, 
Western  Columbia  and  Vancouver's  Island. 

Tioelfth,  And  if  possible,  that  the  rights  to  the  fisheries  con- 
ceded by  Treaty  of  1783  and  re-established  by  Reciprocity 
Treaty,  be  made  perpetual.  And  if  as  an  inducement  for  this 
treaty  and  in  settlement  of  Alabama  claims  we  can  obtain  a 
cession  of  Vancouver's  Island  or  other  territory,  it  wiU  be  a 
cr  summation  most  devoutly  to  be  wished  for.  Such  a  treaty 
would  be  indeed  a  treaty  of  reciprocity  ;  under  it  our  exports  to 
the  Provinces  would  rapidly  increase.  The  export  of  our  manu- 
factures, which  from  1856  to  18G3  dwindled,  under  onerous 
duties,  from  seven  and  one-half  to  one  and  ojie-half  million  dol- 
lars, would  doubtless  soon  recover  the  ground  it  had  lost,  and  a 
growth  of  eight  or  ten  million  in  our  exports  would  diminish 
the  call  for  specie  to  balance  our  account  and  give  our  mer- 
chants facilities  to  make  further  purchases  in  the  Provinces. 
Canada  under  such  a  treaty  would  doubtless  prosper.  Return 
freights  from  this  country  would  reduce  the  freight  of  bread- 


CONFERENCES. 


6T 


stuffs,  the  ships  wo  should  reccivo  from  the  Provinces  would 
swell  our  marine,  instead  of  that  of  England  and  contribute 
something  to  the  National  revenue,  without  injustice  to  our  own 
ship-builders. 


Under  such  a  treaty  there  would  bo  a  fair  rivalry  between 
New  York  and  Canada  for  the  improvement  of  their  respective 
canals,  and  if  Great  Britain  should  aid  Canada  in  opening  ship 
canals  from  Ogdensburg  to  the  city  of  Montreal  and  Lake 
Champlain,  and  it  should  be  the  policy  of  our  country  to  carry 
a  ship  canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  New  York  might  bo 
stimulated  to  connect  Lakes  Ontario  and  Champlain  with  the 
Hudson  by  ship  canals  or  railways  like  the  Reading  railway,  with 
a  regular  descent  to  the  deep  waters  of  the  Hudson  and  the 
Tunnel  route  to  Boston.  Should  such  measures  be  adopted 
we  may  place  our  trust  in  tl\e  advantages  which  climate,  and 
open  seas,  and  safe  navigation  and  harbors,  rarely  closed  by 
icCj  give  to  our  great  seaports,  and  may  safely  rely  upon  the 
future  of  our  counti*y. 

Most  of  the  views  taken  in  this  Report  have  been  confirmed 
since  it  was  written  by  a  conference  with  some  of  the  most  able 
and  influential  men  in*  the  Provinces,  and  there  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  a  treaty  can  be  negotiated  more  satisfactory  than 
that  repealed. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  most  of  our  productions 
may  be  placed  on  the  free  list,  that  the  free  ports  may  be  dis- 
continued, that  duties  imposed  for  revenue  may  be  assimilated, 
and  discriminating  tolls  and  duties,  if  any  now  remain,  be  dis- 
continued, and  possibly  some  revenue  drawn  from  several  of 
the  important  staples  of  Canada.  And  after  the  conference  I 
have  held,  it  is  but  just  to  Canada  and  her  ministers  to  say  that 
the  duties  imposed  by  Canada  may  be  in  part  ascribed  to  un- 
favorable seasons  between  1856  and  1863,  and  to  the  pressure 
of  a  debt  of  seventy  millions  incurred  in  great  part  for  public 
improvements,  still  unproductive,  and  to  an  extreme  solicitude 
to  develop  trade  and  revenue  proportionate  to  her  largo  ex- 
penditure. 

During  this  conference  the  idea  of  extending  the  treaty  for 
another  year  to  give  time  to  negotiate  and  to  avoid  a  collision 
in  the  fisheries  was  suggested.    It  will  be  difficult  to  have  a  new 


nT^ 


68 


CONFERENCES. 


treaty  ratified  by  all  the  parties  before  the  17th  of  March,  1866. 
And  I  respectfully  recommend  that  power  should  bo  given  to 
the  President  to  extend  the  Treaty  of  Reciprocity  for  a  single 
year  if  Canada  shall  before  the  1st  of  April  next  discontinue 
her  free  ports  and  check  illicit  trade  by  raising  her  duties 
on  spirits  to  the  point  at  which  our  Revenue  Commissioners 
shall  recommend  our  Government  to  place  it,  and  shall  repeal 
her  duties  on  the  article-  named  in  the  annexed  draft  of  a 
treaty.  Such  a  repeal  she  is  disposed  to  make,  and  it  would  be 
an  earnest  of  a  better  treaty.* 

I  submit  with  this  Preliminary  Report  a  series  of  tables,  some 
valuable  documents,  and  the  draft  of  an  Act  for  the  temporary 
extension  of  the  treaty. 

I  have  the  honor  to  bo,  very  respectfully, 

E.  H.  DERBY, 

Commissioner  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  1, 1866. 


*  The  St.  Lo'vrence,  for  more  than  nine  miles  below  Montreal,  to  a  width  of 
three  hundred  feet,  has  been  deepened  seven  feet,  at  a  cost  estimated  at  less 
than  $1,000,000  for  moving  five  million  yards  of  earth.  Less  than  one-eighth 
of  the  Lake  freight  goes  down  to  Montreal.  For  ten  years,  between  1845-1855, 
the  charge  for  freight  from  Montreal  to  Liverpool,  averaged  twice  the  charge 
from  New  York  to  the  same  port. 


TEMPORARY  RENEWAL  OF  THE  TREATY. 


69 


APPENDIX. 


AN  ACT 

To  Provide  for  the  Temporary  Renewal  of  the  Treaty  of 
Reciprocity  with  Great  Britain  and  the  British  Prov- 
inces OP  North  America. 

Be  it  enacted  hy  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled:  Section  1.  That  the 
President  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  authorized,  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  enter  into  a  Treaty  with  the  United 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and  with  each  and  all  of  the 
British  Provinces  of  North  America,  cither  severally  or  in  their  aggre- 
gate capacity,  for  the  extension  of  the  Treaty  between  said  parties  and 
the  United  States,  to  regulate  the  trade  between  said  Provinces  and  the 
United  States,  which  was  ratified  June  5th,  1854,  for  the  further  term  oi' 
one  year,  from  the  17th  day  of  March,  A.  D.  1867,  when  the  same  shall 
terminate. 

Section  2.  Such  extension  shall  not  be  made  until  the  Province  of 
Canada  has  repealed  all  duties  and  taxes  whatever  on  the  following 
products  of  the  United  States,  that  during  such  extension  shall  be 
imported  into  Canada,  or  shall  be  held  in  bond  when  such  extension 
shall  •  take  effect,  viz. :  Salt,  cars,  locomotives,  vehicles  of  all  kinds, 
machinery,  furniture,  tools,  implements,  soop,  starch,  boots,  shoes, 
leather,  horse-shoes  and  horse-shoe  nails,  harnesses,  tacks,  brads* 
watches,  music  and  musical  instruments,  clocks,  tin  and  wooden  ware, 
mousseline  de  laines,  coarse  shawls,  satinets,  and  sheetings  and  shirtings 
'  Drth  less  than  one  dollar  per  pound,  and  has  raised  her  internal  tax 
and  duty  on  spirits  to  at  least  seventy-five  cents  per  gallon,  wine 
measure,  and  discontinued  her  free  ports  on  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior. 

Section  3.  Said  Treaty  for  extension  shall  also  provide  that  the 
United  States  may  impose  any  internal  taxes  on  the  productions  of  the 
Provinces  which  they  levy  upon  their  own  pi'oducts  of  the  same  kind. 

Section  4.   The  President  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  authorized 

to  appoint  two  persons,  of  suitable  character  and  ability,  commissioners 

or  envoys,  to  negotiate  a  Treaty  with  said  United  Kingdom  and  with 

said  Provinces,  either  jointly  or  severally,  to  regulate  the  commerce  and 
16 


:■!    : 


70 


TONNAGE. 


navigation  between  the  respective  territories  and  people  of  said  Province 
and  the  United  States,  on  terms  reciprocally  beneficial. 

Section  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  commissioners  to  provide, 
if  possible,  for  the  pennanent  security  of  the  fisheries  of  the  United 
States,  to  secure  the  free  interchange  tn  the  chief  products  of  art  and 
manufacture,  as  well  as  the  products  of  the  forests  and  agi-iculture,  and 
other  products,  between  said  Provinces  and  the  United  States,  to  secure, 
if  possible,  the  discontinuance  of  any  free  ports  that  may  endanger  reve- 
nue, and  the  assimilation  of  duties  or  articles  taxed  by  the  two  countries, 
and  the  removal  of  all  charges  for  lights  and  compulsory  pilotage,  and 
all  discriminating  tolls  and  duties,  and  for  improved  navigation  between 
Lake  Michigan  and  the  Alississippi  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and 
between  Lake  Ontario,  Montreal  and  Lake  Champlain. 

Section  6.  A  suitable  compensation  for  said  commissioners,  and  for 
their  clerk  hire,  office  rent,  and  other  expenses,  not  to  exceed  in  the 
aggregate  ,  shall  be  fixed  and  determu.ed 

by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Section  7.  All  articles  produced  in  any  of  the  Provinces,  which, 
under  the  provision  of  tlic  Treaty  for  extension,  if  made,  shall  bo  freely 
admitted  into  Canada,  from  the  United  States,  shall,  during  the  year  of 
extension,  be  freely  admitted  into  the  United  States,  from  Canada,  if 
produced  in  that  country. 


TABLES. 


Tonnage  entered  inward  from  United  States  in  all  the  Provinces  of 

British  North  America. 


TEAES. 


Tons. 


U.  states. 


British. 


Total. 


1816,    . 

1820,  '21,  '22,  average, 

1830,    .        . 

1840,    . 

1850,    . 

1864,    . 


75,807 

66,029 

54,633 

357,073 

994,808 

1,665,494 


18,378 

10,464 

20,755 

401,670 

972,327 

1,446,347 


94,185 

76,593 

75,388 

758,749 

1,967,135 

3,112,541 


ll 


IMPORTS,  EXPORTS,  AND  TONNAGE.  71 

Imports  into  the  Provinces  of  British  North  America  in  different  years. 


DATE. 

From  Great  Britain. 

From  UnltcJ  States. 

Total. 

1840,     .... 

1849,    .... 

315,385,100  00 
11,340,334  00 

80,100,501  00 
8,842,520  00 

1)21,485,007  00 
19,688,854  00 

Exports  and  Imports  of  the  same  in  Commerce  loith  the  United  States. 


DATE. 


Exports  to  United 
States. 


Imports  from  same. 


1860, 
1801, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 


?4,989,703  00 
4,417,476  00 
4,046,843  00 
5,207,420  00 
7,947,897  00 


$8,623,214  00 
8,383,755  00 
8,236,011  00 

11.382.311  00 

12.328.312  00 


Aggregate  Tonnage  of  the  Provinces  of  Canada,  Netv  Brunswich,  Nova 
Scotia,  Newfoundland,  and  Prince  Edwards  Island,  at  various  periods 
since  1800. 


1806,  tons, 
1830,    '' 
183G,    « 


71,943 
176,040 
274,738 


1846,  tons, 
1850,    " 


399,204 
446,035 


Tonnage  of  new  Ships  built  in  the  above  Provinces  in  several  years  since 

1830. 


1832,  tons, 
1841,     " 
1849,    " 


33,778 
104,087 
108,038 


1850,  tons, 
1862,     " 


112,787 
109,212 


Tonnage  owned  in  Great  Britain,  built  in  the  Provinces  in  1847. 


Built  in  Canada, 
Built  in  Nova  Scotia, 
Built  in  New  Brunswick,  . 
Built  in  Prince  Edwards  Island, 
Built  in  Newfoundland, 


154,930 

103,319 

228,368 

56,079 

5,631 


T^ 

( 

72 


TONNAGE  AND  COMMERCE. 


CANADA. 


Entries  from  Canada  in 

Clearances 

TO  Canada 

TUB  United  States. 

Fiiou  United  Statei. 

DATE. 

American 

Foreign 

American 

Foreign 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

1851,          .   ■     • 

1,364,390 

1,047,628 

900,988 

770,450 

1860,          .... 

2,617,276 

058,036 

2,678,505 

896,124 

1861,          .... 

1,990,892 

084,879 

2,025,670 

731,123 

1862,         .... 

2,487,373 

683,411 

2,398,924 

742,732 

1863,         .... 

2,307,233 

743,136 

2,181,065 

987,797 

1864,         .        ..       .        . 

1,411,913 

959,049 

1,429,347 

1,143,609 

Maritime  Provinces  —  Commerce  loith  United  States. 


Entries. 

Clearances. 

DATE. 

American 

Foreign 

American 

Foreign 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

Tonnage. 

1800,         .... 

184,002 

475,051 

291,812 

599,430 

1861,         .... 

196,709 

475,051 

297,172 

509,928 

1862,         .... 

240,821 

397,702 

292,449 

352,391 

1863,         .... 

213,251 

420,961 

260,280 

428,662 

1864,         .... 

254,281 

487,908 

339,901 

581,304 

Imports  into  Canada  from  abroad. 


DATE. 

By  St  Lawrence. 

By  United  States. 

Total. 

1850,       .... 

$8,540,000  00 

$7,404,800  00 

$15,945,600  00 

1850,       . 


•  • 


Exports  from  Canada. 


$7,474,496  00 


$5,813,500  00 


$13,287,896  00 


IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


78 


Value   of  Breadstiiffs   and  other  Articles  exported  to   Canada  from 
United  States,  in  different  years. 


DATE. 

BreadstufTs. 
153,880,098  00 

other  Articles. 

817,003,143  00 

Aggregate.    . 

1856,       .        .        .        . 

!i}20,883,241  00 

1857, 

3,418,066  00 

13,156,849  00 

16,574,895  00 

1858, 

4,198,282  00 

13,830,972  00 

17,029,254  00 

1859, 

3,510,038  00 

15,430,154  00 

18,940,792  00 

1860, 

2,913,139  00 

11,169,975  00 

14,083,114  00 

1861, 

5,172,588  00 

9,189,270  00 

14,361,858  00 

1862,       . 

5,416,853  00 

7,425,651  00 

12,842,504  00 

1863,       . 

9,588,390  00 

10,310,328  00 

19,898,718  00 

In  tlio.  above  columns  arc  incluclcd,- 


1860,  specie, 
18G1,     " 


.  §14,444  00    18G2,  specie, 
.  8G3,308  00    18G5,     " 


$2,530,207  00 
.   4,051,079  00 


Of  above  breadstiiffs  the  following  amount  was  exported  by 
St.  Lawrence : — 


1860, 
1861, 


$1,840,402  00 
3,103,153  00 


1802, 


.  $5,320,054  00 


Coarse    Grains  exported  from    Canada  to   the    United   States.     From 

Official  Returns. 


DATE. 

Oats,  bush. 

Value. 

Barley,  bush. 

Value. 

1860,     . 

6,788,351 

$4,182,856  00 

— 

_             _ 

1861,   . 

3,654,380 

1,509,277  00 

- 

-            - 

1862,   . 

1,671,223 

483,862  00 

2,090,279 

$1,089,589  00 

1863,   . 

2,563,323 

1,050,803  00 

1,810,589 

1,509,978  00 

1864,   . 

9,549,994 

2,960,737  00 

2,814,289 

2,904,124  00 

Value  of  Manufactured  Articles  of  the  United  States  exported  to  Canada, 

and  paying  duties. 


1850, 
1859, 
1860, 


.  $264,451  00 
.  4,185,516  00 
.  3,548,114  00 


1861, 
1862, 
1863, 


.  $3,501,042  00 
.  2,596,930  00 
.  1,510,802  00 


74 


CANADA. 


CANADA.— Vessels  hiiU. 


1832,  tons 

.     4,414 

1859,  tons 

. -_i. 

.  17,036 

1838,    « 

.     G,91G 

18G0,    « 

.  23,993 

1841,    « 

.  20,707 

18G1,    « 

.  33,187 

1847,    " 

.  38,489 

CANADA, — Entries  and  Clearances  of  Ships  via  St.  Lawrence  Gulf 
and  River.  Tonnage  inward  and  outward  by  sea  at  Quebec,  for 
several  years. 


DATE. 

Inward. 

Outward. 

Total. 

1844,  tons, 

451,142 

453,894 

905,036 

1845,    " 

570,541 

584,540 

1,161,081 

184G,    " 

508,225 

574,372 

1,142,597 

1847,    «       . 

479,124 

489,817 

968,941 

1848,    " 

452,430 

457,430 

909,866 

1849,    " 

405,088 

481,227 

946,315 

1850,    « 

464,804 

494,821 

960,625 

1851,    " 

533,821 

580,093 

1,119,914 

Tonnage,  via  St.  Lawrence,  to  and  from  the  Sea. 


DATE. 

Inward. 

Outward 

1857, 

748,425 

731,367 

1858, 

613,813 

632,646 

1859, 

•                ••••• 

641,662 

640,571 

1860, 

831,432 

821,791 

1861, 

1,087,128 

1,058,667 

CANADA. — Imports  and  Exports  in  Commerce  with  the  World. 


DATE. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


1850, 
1851, 
1859, 
1860, 
1862, 
1865, 


§15,945,600  00 
24,006,028  00 
33,555,161  00 
34,441,621  00 
48,600,633  00 
44,620,469  00 


(113,287,996  00 
11,341,728  00 
24,776,981  00 
34,631,890  00 
31,679,045  00 
42,481,151  00 


IMPORTS,   EXPORTS,   AND  TONNAGE.  76 

Imports  and  Exports  in  Commerce  with  the  United  States. 


DATE. 

ImportD. 

Exports. 

1860, 

814,083,114  00 

^18,861,073  00 

18G1, 

14,361,858  00 

18,645,457  00 

1862, 

12,842,504  00 

15,253,152  00 

1863, 

19,888,718  00 

18,813,840  00 

18G4, 

16,658^429  00 

30,974,118  00 

Statement  of  the  Tonnage  on  the  Canals  of  Canada  for  four  successive 

years,  1860  to  1864. 


1860, 
1861, 
1862, 
1863, 

1860, 
1861, 
1862, 
1863, 

1860, 
1861, 
1862, 
1863, 


Welland  Canal. 
tons  of  fi'eight  up  and  clown. 


u 
it 


ii 
u 
tl 


St.  Lawrence  Canal. 


tons  of  freiglit, 


u 
ii 


(( 


tons  of  freight, 


CJiamhly  Canal. 


'a'- 

ii 


•  . 


(( 
(( 


944,034 
1,020,483 
1,243,774 
1,141,120 

733,596 
886,900 
964,394 
895,133 

217,117 
110,239 
148,291 
253,319 


Tonnage  hy  Canadian  Canals. — Movement  of  Welland  Canal. 


1859,  tons  transported,         .....'      \        .    709,611 

1860,  tons  transported, 944,884 

Comparative  tonnage  of  American  and  Canadian  vessels,  passing 
through  the  Welland  Canal  in  1863  :— 

3,474  American  vessels,  tons, 808,289 

3,425  Canadian  vessels,  tons, 521,808 

Movement  on  St.  Lawrence  Canals. 

1859,  tons  transported, 631,769 

1860,  tons  transported, 733,596 

TTTV 


76 


TONNAGE. 


I 


:*; 


Tonnage  by  Canadian  Canals — Concluded. 


Receipts  in  Montreal,  by  the  La  Chine  Canal,  in  18C2,  were, — 

Wheat,  bushels, 7,779,727 

Flour,  equal  to  bushels, 3,8G1,935 

Indian  Corn,  bushels,   .......  2,091,261 

Shipped, 11,202,728 

Tonnage  by  Grand  Trunk  Railroad.  Average  movement  in  transit 
trade,  via  Grand  Trunk,  from  England  to  Canada,  from  1854  to  1864, 
$4,500,000  per  annum.  Estimated  earnings  of  Grand  Trunk,  1865, 
$6,200,000.     Cost  of  line,  $82,000,000. 


Coal 

impo 

rted  from 

Maritime 

Provi 

'nces  into  the  United  States. 

DATE. 

Tons. 

Value. 

1856,        

120,440 

f5303,671  00 

1857, 

133,218 

396,222  00 

1858, 

136,733 

387,710  00 

1859, 

122,708 

372,154  00 

1860, 

149,279 

497,359  00 

1861, 

204,420 

702,165  00 

1862, 

192,544 

614,057  00 

1863,. 

282,767 

757,048  00 

1864, 

• 

317,500 

883,779  00 

Freight  from  Pictou  to  Boston  has  averaged  not  far  from  $2,  in  gold, 
per  ton,  during  1865 ;  less  than  the  freight  from  Baltimore  to  Boston. 


NOVA    SCOTIA. 


DATE. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1829, 

84,730,064  00 

$2,639,093  00 

1832, 

7,380,509  00 

4,717,387  00 

1838, 

6,139,531  00 

4,902,989  00 

1843, 

4,221,163  00 

3,408,782  00 

1848, 

4,024,382  00 

2,514,100  00 

1861, 

7,613,227  00 

5,774,534  00 

1862, 

8,450,042  00 

5,646,461  00 

EXPORTS   AND   IMPORTa. 


77 


PRINCE  EDWARDS  ISLAND. 


DATE. 


Imports. 


1815, 
1850, 
1801, 


$121,937  00 

030,475  00 

1,040,075  00 


Exports. 


$70,204  00 
300,405  00 
815,570  00 


NEW  BRUNSWICK— Shipping  built  in  various  years. 


1833,  tons, 
183G, 

1838, 
1839, 
1840, 
1843, 


17,837 

184G,  tons, 

29,643 

1847,  « 

29,1G7 

1848,  " 

45,8G1 

1849,  " 

G4,104 

1859,  « 

14,550 

18G1,  " 

40,270 
53,372 
22,793 
3G,534 
38,330 
40,523 


Exports  and  Imports  of  the  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  at  different 
periods,  in  its  commerce  ivith  all  places. 


1828, 
1834, 
1830, 
1830, 
1842, 
1840, 
1848, 
1849, 
1851, 
1802, 


DATE. 


Imports. 


§3,089,188  00 
3,749,001  00 
5,997,777  00 
7,203,378  00 
2,593,473  00 
4,972,870  00 
3,021,158  00 
3,330,847  00 
4,852,440  00 
0,199,701  00 


Exports. 


$2,397,704  00 
2,778,738  00 
3,122,952  00 
3,932,530  00 
2,339,899  00 
4,250,402  00 
3,008,155  00 
2,887,017  00 
3,780,105  00 
3,850,538  00 


Duties,  in  1850,  on  anchors,  canvas,  cordage,  cables,  copper  bolts, 
seines,  nets,  sails,  rigging  and  tar,  one  per  cent.  Tools,  bread,  biscuits, 
&c.,  ten  per  cent.  Boots,  slioes,  vehicles,  clocks,  chairs,  brooms, 
musical  instruments,  wooden  ware,  matches,  &.C.,  20  per  cent. 

Other  articles,  in  part  free,  in  part  under  a  small  duty.     ' 

17  ■'*' 


78 


EXPORTS  AND   iMPOllTf,   FISHERIES. 
Exports  from  Newfoundland. 


17G3, 

quiiituls 

of  lisli, 

.  380,274 

1830, 

quintals  of  iidh, 

.  948,043 

1785, 

.  51)1,270 

1835, 

.  712,5SH 

1705, 

.  000,000 

1837, 

.  524,090 

1805, 

.  025,1)11) 

1840, 

.  1)15,795 

1815, 

.1,180,001 

1841, 

.  1,009,725 

1820, 

.  899,729 

1848, 

.  92O,3G0 

1825, 

.  973,404 

United  States   Vessels  enf/nged  in  the  Fisheries,  exclusive  of  (he 

Whale  Fishery. 


1815, 

tons 

1820, 

1825, 

1830, 

1835, 

1840, 

20,510 
00,812 
70,020 
97,500 
137,800 
104,300 


1845, 

tons 

1850, 

« 

1855, 

u 

1800, 

u 

1802, 

u 

18G3, 

u 

91,238 
143,758 
124,552 
102,703 
203,459 
108,000 


r^ 


7^ 


The  vessels  arc  sailed  in  shares,  ami  all  are  interested  in  the  voyage. 

The  owners  provide  vessel,  tackle,  stores  and  outtit,  and  receive  half 
the  fish  taken ;  each  man  claims  half  the  (ish  he  takes. 

The  annual  suu)  piiid  out  hy  tla^  owners,  includini;^  payments  of  shares 
to  the  men,  repairs  and  renewals,  and  all  disbursements,  are  eouiputed 
to  exceed  S80  per  ton, — and  as  tiie  business  makes  some  returns  on  capi- 

,  we  may  estimate  the  gross  produce  for  1805,  as  above  S14,000,000. 

In  1805,  vessels  in  the  cod-fishery  are  estimated  to  average;  li'uin  800 
to  1,000  quintals  of  dry  lisli.  In  tlie_jnackerel  business,  irom  500  to 
700^  barrels.  Dry  fish  are  now  worth  $8  to  $9  per  quintal,  and 
mackerel  $12  to  $15  per  barrel. 


Number  of  Vessels  engaged  in  Cod  and  Mackerel  Fishery,  as  estimated 
at  the  Register's  Office,  Treasury  Department,  November,  24,  18G5, 
by  J.  A.  GuAilAM,  Assistant-Register. 


1850, 

2,680 

1858,   . 

.   2,877 

1851, 

2,591 

1859,   . 

.   3,044 

1852, 

3,202 

1860,   . 

.   3,168 

1853, 

2,996 

18G1,   . 

.   3,666 

1854, 

2,027 

18G2,   . 

.   3,815 

1855, 

2,418 

1863,   . 

.   3,196 

1850, 

2,4U 

1864,   . 

.   3,000 

1857, 

• 

2,460 

I'ISIIEIIIRS. 


79 


Fish  and  Products  of  the  Fishm'rs,  imported  from  the  Maritime  Pro- 
vinccs  into  t/ic  United  States. 


I8.j(;, 

.  Sl.'iO.VJCn 

IHGl, 

isr)?, 

.   1,HG7,2.V.) 

1HG2, 

1858, 

.   1,714,704 

18G;3, 

i8r)i), 

.   2,1.00,420 

18G4, 

18G0, 

.   2,110,412 

$1,710,813 

1,020,208 

908,024 

l,.'J7G.70i 


Estimate  of  the  Fisheries  of  the   United  States  for  1859,  bi/  Hon.  L 
Sahin'k,  Secretary  of  Jioston  Board  of  Trade. 

The  tonnage  alone  is  ofTicIal.     Tlie  scii  and  whale  are  estimated  on 
olTieial  data.     The  yhell,  lake,  river,  «S:e.,  rest  on  some  well  ascertained 
facts. 
Sea,  as  cod,  hake,  liaddock,  mackerel,  halibut,  jwllock,  and  sea  herring : — 


Tonnage,* 

Value  of  lish  and  oil,  .... 
Capital  invested,         .... 

Tonnage,  in  whale  fisihery, . 

Cai)ital  invested,         .... 

Value  of  oil,  bone,  and  sperm  candles, 

Shell,  as  oyster,  lobster,  turtle,  clam,  &c.,  &c.. 

Lake  and  River,  Brooh  and  Stream — say  salmon,  shad, 
white  fish,  river  herring,  alewives,  trout,  pickerel, 
&C',  &c.  ........ 

Fish  taken  purposely  fur  manure,  value. 


175,300 

$0,730,000  00 

_7,280,000  00 

185^8 

$23,850,000  00 

19,280,000  00 

5,325,000  00 


2,375,000  00 
200,000  00 


Cod,  &c.,  . 

Whale,      . 

Shell, 

Lake,  river,  &c.. 

For  manure, 

Total, 


Summary  of  Annual  Products. 


•  • 


•  • 


•'  • 


$0,730,000  00 

19,280,000  00 

5,325,000  00 

2,375,000  00 

200,000  00 

$33,970,000  00 


f^       *  The  official  tonnage  is  less.    Tlie  diflcrence  is  added  for  boaU  employed  ia  the  shoro       / 


fisheries,  which  are  neither  enrolled  nor  licensed. 


.v^:'.-.i 


/ 


80 


CfflEP  CANALS  OP  CANADA. 


ERIE  CANAL. 

Tonnage  arriving  at  tide  water  by  Erie  Canal,  from  the  "Western 
States:  In  1840,  158,148  tons;  in  1845,  304,551  tons;  in  1850,  773,858 
tons;  in  1855,  1,092,87G  tons;  in  18G0,  1,89G,975  tons;  in  18G2, 
2,594,837  tons. 

The  revenues  of  Eric  Canal  were :  For  18G1,  $3,402,628.30 ;  for  18G2, 
$4,854,989;  for  18G3,  $5,042,005.  Revenne  of  Champlain  Canal, 
$103,000;  tonnage,  058,000. 

Between  1851  and  1854,  the  tolls  were  removed  from  the  Central 
Railway;  and  the  New  York  and  Erie,  Ogdcnsburg,  Baltimore  and 
Ohio,  Grand  Trunk,  and  Great  Western  Railways  were  completed. 
The  tonnage  of  the  Central,  and  New  York  and  Ei-ie  lines  was,  in 
18G2,  over  3,000,000  tons,  and  has  since  greatly  increased. 

Length,  Dimensions  and  Lockage  of  Chief  Canals  of  Canada. 

The  "VVelland  Canal,  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario, — Length,  28 
miles  ;  locks,  28.  Fall  from  Lake  Erie,  334  feet.  Locks,  180  feet  by 
27  feet;  depth  10  feet.     Admits  vessels  of  400  tons,  drawing  9  feet. 


St.  Lawrence  Canals. — Length,  44  miles.  Locks,  27.  Ascent  from 
Montreal  to  foot  of  Lake  Ontario,  222  feet.  Depth  in  locks,  9  feet. 
Admit  vessels  of  300  tons.  Vessels  drawing  20  feet  water,  now  ascend 
to  Montreal ;  but,  as  the  depth  of  canals  is  determined  by  that  of  Lake 
St.  Clair,  which  does  not  admit  vessels  drawing  over  9  feet,  it  is  pro- 
posed to  deepen  these  canals  to  10  feet,  and  alter  dimensions  of  locks  to 
250  feet  length  by  50  feet  width,  which  will  admit  vessels  drawing  9 
feet,  and  cf  capacity  of  750  tons. 

The  Caughnawaga  Canal,  which  it  has  been  proposed,  in  Canada,  to 
construct  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  St.  John,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  by  one  route  requires  five  locks,  by  another,  requires  but  two  locks, 
and  would  be  30  miles  long.  It  was  proposed  to  have  locks  230  feet 
long  by  30  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  water  on  the  sills,  admitting  vessels  of 
850  tons. 

From  Wliitehall,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  to  West  Troy,  the 
distance  is  07  miles ;  the  lockage,  204  feet.  The  locks  admit  small 
vessels  only. 

As  the  summit  level  is  but  54  feet  above  Lake  Champlain,  the  lake 
may  possibly  be  used  as  a  summit  level,  and  there  are  great  facilities 
for  a  ship  canal.  It  has  been  estimated  that  $12,000,000  will  carry 
ship  canals  and  navigation  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  deep  waters  of 
the  Hudson. 


ILLICIT  TRADE. 


81 


A  ship  canal  from  tlic  St,  Lawrence  to  Lake  Champlain  has  been 
recommended  to  the  Canadian  Govemment  by  Messrs  Younj;  and  Rob- 
inson, Chief  Commissioners  of  the  Public  "Works  ;  also  by  Mr.  W.  II. 
Mcrritt,  in  his  report  upon  the  public  works  of  Canada,  and  by  a 
nearly  unanimous  vote  of  the  House  of  Assembly  of  Canada.  It  has 
been  recommended,  also,  by  tlie  Boards  of  Trade  of  Boston,  Kingston, 
Montreal,  and  other  cities. 

The  route  has  been  surveyed  by  J.  B.  Mills,  Esq.,  and  by  Messi-s. 
Jervis,  Swift  and  Child,  Civil  Engineers. 

Such  are  the  levels  that  a  dam  in  the  Hudson,  at  the  Highlands,  of 
150  feet  in  height,  would  send  back  the  stream  to  the  St.  I/awrcnce. 

The  estimates  of  Mr.  Jervis  for  a  ship  canal  between  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  Lake  Champlain,  ranged  from  $3,500,000  to  $-i,500,000. 
Mr.  Swift's  estimate  was  but  $2,083,000. 


BOSTOK 


The  commerce  of  Boston,  affected  by  the  Treaty  of  Reciprocity, 
exceeds  $27,000,000  annually,  vii  : — Imports  from  and  exports  to 
maritime  Provinces,  $0,000,000.  Outfits  and  returns  in  deep  sea  fish- 
eries, $11,000,000.  Imports  of  wool,  grain,  and  animals,  across  frontier 
of  Canada,  and  entered  there,  with  returns,  at  least,  $10,000,000. 


Record  of  Smuggling  Cases  since  April  1,  18G5,  at  Detroit,  Michigan, 
Furnished  hj  J.  B.  BnOAfN,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Assistant  District-Attorney. 
December  3,  18Ga. 


Number  of  arrests  made,    . 

of  indictments  found,    . 

of  convictions, 

of  indictmcp*s  undisposed  of, 

of  acquittals, 
Amount  of  fines  imposed  and  paid, 

of  costs  imposed  and  paid,     . 

of  fines  imposed,  yet  unpaid, . 

of  fines  imposed  and  remitted  by  President, 

Number  of  libels  filed, 

Amount  of  personal  property  seized  and  forfeited,  about 


120 

94 

38 

55 

None. 

.  $1,925  00 

.   553  80 

.  3,335  00 

.   500  00 

38 

ut   $12,000  00 

?•.  ,1 


82 


ANNEXATION. 


ANNEXATION. 
[Extract  from  Speech  of  J.  Johnston,  Esq.,  of  Miiwaukce,  at  Detroit  Convention,  18G5.] 

Tliero  are  tliose  who  think  that,  while  tlic  closest  conimercial  inter- 
course with  Canada  is  desirable,  yet  hope,  by  stopping  tliat  intercourse 
for  a  few  years,  to  compel  the  Canadians  to  sue  for  annexation.  Vain 
delusion!  Every  link  between  the  United  States  and  the  Provinces 
that  is  severed,  tends  to  strengthen  the  connection  between  the  latter 
and  the  mother  country.  Annexation  will  never  be  brought  about  by 
force  in  matters  of  trade.  Why,  the  independent  existence  of  this  great 
country  ai'ose  from  the  attempts  of  Britain  to  coerce  the  Colonies  in  this 
very  respect.  No,  sir,  if  Ave  wish  to  annex  the  Provinces,  Ave  have  to 
assimilate  them,  by  luu'cstricted  intercourse,  to  our  habits  and  our  man- 
ners of  action  and  feeling — Ave  have  to  Americanize  them.  That  Avill 
assuredly  be  done  far  sooner  by  reciprocal  trade  and  by  Conventions 
like  this  than  by  non-intercoTU"se.  P^very  railroad  that  is  built,  every 
telegraph  that  is  erected,  rve>"  ship  that  passes  between  the  two 
countries,  tends  to  bind  them  closer  in  the  bands  of  brotherhood. 

The  opponents  of  recipi'ocity  tantalize  us  by  parading  the  millions  of 
revenue  Avhich  Ave  AA'ould  have  obtained  from  the  articles  noAV  being 
imported  from  the  Provinces,  had  they  not  been  made  free  by  the 
Treaty.  They  forget  to  tell  us  that  this  great  trade  Avould  not  have 
existed  had  it  not  been  for  the  Treaty ;  and  even  had  it  existed,  and  a 
large  revenue  accrued  from  it,  Ave  Avould  have  been  the  persons  Avho 
would  have  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  paying  the  duties,  and  not  the 
Canadians,  for  it  is  the  consumers  of  commodities  Avho  pay  the  imposts 
upon  them.  But,  think  you,  Avould  the  people  of  these  Northern  States 
be  more  able  to  pay  their  taxes  after  this  immense  and  profitable  trade 
is  destroyed  than  they  arc  now? 


[Extract  from  the  Speech  of  Uon.  Joseph  Howe  of  NoA'a  Scotia,  before  Detroit 

Convention.] 

No  considerations  of  finance,  no  question  of  balance  for  or  against 
them,  upon  interchanges  of  commodities,  can  have  any  influence  upon 
the  loyalty  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  British  Provinces,  or  tend  in  the 
slightest  degree  to  alienate  the  affections  of  the  people  from  their 
country,  their  institutions,  their  government,  and  their  Queen.  There 
is  not  a  loyal  man  in  the  British  American  Provinces,  no  man  Avorthy 
of  the  name,  AAiio,  Avhatever  may  happen  to  the  Treaty,  Avill  become  any 
the  less  loyal,  any  the  less  true  to  his  country  on  that  account.  There 
iu  not  a  man  Avho  dare,  on  the  abrogation  of  the  Treaty,  if  such  should 
be  its  fate,  take  the  hustings  and  appeal  to  any  constituency  on  annexa- 
tion principles  throughout  the  entire  domain.     The  man  who  avows 


OCEAN   STEAMERS. 


83 


such  a  sentiment  will  be  scouted  from  society  by  his  best  friends. 
What  other  treatment  would  a  man  deserve  who  should  turn  traitor 
to  his  Hovereign  and  his  government,  and  violate,  for  pecuniary  advan- 
tage, all  obligations  to  the  country  which  gave  him  birth?  You  know 
what  you  call  Copperheads,  and  a  nice  life  they  have  of  it.  (Laughter.) 
Just  such  a  life  will  the  man  have  who  talks  treason  on  the  other  side 
of  the  lines.  (Applause.)  The  very  boy  to  whom  I  have  al  Hided  as 
having  fought  manfully  for  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  would  rather  blow 
his  own  father's  brains  out  than  haul  down  the  honored  Ihig  inider 
which  he  has  l^eeu  born — the  flag  of  his  nation  and  of  his  fatherland. 


[Extract  from  Speech  of  G.  II.  Peuuy,  C.  E.,  of  Ottowa,  Canada  West.] 
The  blessings  which  unrestricted  commercial  intercourse  would 
bestow  upon  both  nations  are  incalculable.  As  friends  and  neighbors, 
it  would  improve  the  good  understanding  which  should  exist  between 
people  having  so  many  interests  in  common;  and  it  would  prove  a 
blessing  to  the  vast  mass  of  the  overpeopled  countries  of  Europe. 

Hostile  tariffs  will  not  produce  any  of  those  cffwcts  which  the  advo- 
cates of  protection  desire.  They  will  not  develop  any  of  the  resources 
of  the  Western  States,  nor  will  they  add  to  the  wealth  or  happiness  of 
tiic  vast  mass  of  the  people,  or  the  prosperity  of  the  general  commerce 
of  the  country.  They  will  not  bring  about  the  consummation  so 
cai'uestly  desired  by  your  extreme  politicians,  of  annexation. 

Content  with  our  lower  political  life  and  greater  personal  freedom, 
wo  leave  to  the  aspirants  after  new  nationalities  the  higher  political  life 
they  covet,  nor  do  we  regret  the  accompanying  concomitants,  in  our 
content  with  our  own  condition. 


OCEAN    STEAMERS. 
[Extract  from  the  Speech  of  Duncan  Stewakt,  Esq.,  at  Detroit.]    • 
I  consider  that,  with  twelve  feet  six  inches  to  fourteen  feet  w^atcr, 
down  the  St.  Lawrence,  it  will  always  be  more  profitable  to  transfer  at 
INIontreal  or  Quebec,  than  attempt  to  cross  the  ocean  with  lake-going 
steamers.     The  reason  of  this  is,  that  in  reaching  Quebec,  they  need 
not  put  on  board  fuel  for  more  than  a  run  of  two  hundred  miles  at  a 
time,  thus  saving  a  vast  amount  of  freight  room ;  wherca.s,  in  crossing 
the  ocean,  they  must  put  fuel  on  board  for  the  run  of  twenty-five 
hundred  miles,  and  a  surplus   to   cover   contingencies.     It  would  bo 
unwise  to  have  that  surplus  less  than  enough  to  run  three  thousand 
miles.       Every  gentleman  who  has  any  experience  in   this   business 
will    see    at   once    that    it   would    take   fifteen   times  more   tonnago  ■ 
room  for  fuel  to  cross   the  ocean  than  it  would  take  to  run  down 


PITT 


84 


FISHERIES  IN  GULP  OP  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


the  river.  In  going  down  tlie  river,  there  would  be  no  need  to  have 
over  twenty-five  tons  of  coal  on  board  at  any  one  time,  including  the 
surplus,  because  twenty  tons  would  be  sufficient  to  run  a  scrcAV  steamer 
of  one  thousand  tons  cargo  capacity,  with  a  low-pressure  engine,  two 
hundred  miles,  leaving  nine  hundred  and  seventy-five  tons  for  cargo 
and  twenty-five  tons  for  coal — only  two  and  one-half  per  cent,  of  the 
carrying  capacity  being  reserved  for  fuel;  whereas,  for  the  ocean  voy- 
age, it  would  be  unsafe  to  leave  port  with  less  than  two  hundred  and 
fifty  tons  of  coal,  or  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  carrying  capacity — 
leaving  only  seven  hundred  and  fifty  tons  for  freight  room.  I  think 
this  clearly  demonstrates  the  economy  of  a  transfer  of  cargo  at  either 
Montreal  or  Quebec. 


FISHERIES   IN   GULP   OF   ST.   LAWRENCE. 

[Extract  from  Letter  of  Messrs.  Dean  and  Law,  dated  Cliarlottetown,  P.  E.  I., 
July  3, 1865,  read  at  Detroit  Convention.] 

For  some  years  previous  to  the  time  the  Reciprocity  Treaty  went 
into  effect,  the  Americans  fishing  were  embarrassed  ''^  consequence  of 
the  three  mile  limit,  and  the  construction  put  npon  it  by  Colonial 
oflicers,  that  it  meant  three  miles  outside  of  a  straight  lino  from  head- 
land to  headland,  which,  in  many  localities,  where  the  buoys  were 
deep,  Avould  make  them  many  miles  off,  and  the  continual  harassing 
and  capturing  of  our  vessels — so  much  so  as  to  nearly  ruin  tlie  business 
as  a  whole — the  tonnage  engaged  fast  depreciating,  and  at  tlie  time 
the  Treaty  went  into  effect  the  fishing  fleet  in  the  Bay  and  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  was  much  smaller  than  it  had  been  some  years 
before.  We  think  that,  for  one  or  two  years  previous  to  the  Treaty, 
there  could  not  have  been  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  sail  of 
American  vessels  in  these  waters,  averaging  seventy-five  tons  each; 
value,  three  thousand  dollars  each,  and  manned  by  eleven  men  each, 
with  an  average  catch  of  mackerel  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-five 
barrels  each ;  estimated  value,  twelve  dollars  per  barrel,  gross,  and  ten 
dollars  net — Gloucester  having  a  majority  of  the  fleet,  being  most 
daring  in  the  pursuance  of  her  business.  In  the  last  two  years,  we 
think,  there  have  been  employed  six  hundred  vessels ;  average  tonnage, 
ninety  each ;  value,  five  thousand  dollars  each,  and  manned  by  fifteen 
men  each,  with  an  average  catch  of  five  hundred  and  twenty-five  barrels 
of  mackerel ;  estimated  value,  at  the  time  of  landing,  fourteen  dollars 
and  a  half  per  barrel,  gross,  and  twelve  dollars  net. 


■I^^I^ 


REPORT  OP  LAST  YEAR  REVIEWED. 


85 


BRITISH   CRITICISM 


SEMI-OFFICIAL. 


[Extract  from  "  London  Morning  Popt,"  March  12, 18GG.] 

In  the  presence  of  subjects  possessing  more  immediate  inter- 
est it  has  probably  cscai)ed  the  attention  of  the  general  public, 
that  on  Saturday  next,  by  the  terms  of  the  notice  given  by  the 
American  Government,  the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  regulating  the 
fisheries  and  trade  as  between  that  country  and  the  Provinces 
of  British  North  America,  will  expire.  The  subject  has  been 
so  little  discussed  in  England,  and  the  importance  of  the  treaty, 
as  affecting  our  relations  with  the  United  States,  is  so  little 
appreciated,  that  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  give  some  account 
of  the  various  phases  through  which  the  question  has  passed,  as 
well  as  of  its  present  position.  It  is  to  be  observed  tliat  the 
important  part  of  the  question — and,  indeed,  the  only  part  upon 
which  difficulties  can  arise — is  that  which  relates  to  the  right 
claimed  by  Americans  of  fishing  in  the  seas  adjacent  to  tho 
Provinces ;  and  the  nature  and  extent  of  those  rights,  which 
have  hitherto  been  regulated  by  the  moribund  treaty  are  such^ 
and  are  so  differently  regarded  both  by  Americans  and  the  Pro- 
vincials, as  to  have  led  to  a  long  course  of  disputes  and  conflict- 
ing claims,  which,  it  is  to  be  feared,  will  be  now  re-opened,  and 
which,  unless  they  arc  treated  on  both  sides  with  a  disposition 
to  make  mutual  concessions,  in  accordance  with  the  liberal  spirit 
of  the  times,  will  do  more  to  endanger  the  friendly  relations 
between  tho  two  countries,  than  any  question  that  has  of  late 
years  arisen,  not  excepting  even  the  cases  of  the  Trent  and  the 
Alabama. 

When  negotiations  were  opened  at  the  close  of  the  American 
War  of  Independence,  one  of  the  points  most  strongly  insisted 
upon  by  John  Adams  was  the  recognition  of  the  right  of  Ameri- 
cans to  fish  in  all  the  seas  adjacent  to  their  country.  So  much 
importance  did  he  attach  to  this  right,  that  he  declared  lio 
18 


8G 


BRITISH   CONSTRUCTION  OP  TREATIES. 


WGukl  rather  "  continue  the  war  forever  "  than  abandon  it,  and 
the  treaty  of  178-)  accordingly  embraced  a  clause  recognizing 
the  right  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  to  fish  "  wher- 
ever they  had  fished  before."'  The  question  was  re-opened  at 
the  conclusion  of  the  second  American  war,  and  the  right 
claimed  received  for  the  first  time  a  limitation  by  the  treaty 
signed  on  the  20t]i  October,  1818.  Messrs.  Rush  and  Gallatin, 
the  commissioners  on  behalf  of  the  United  States,  while  retain- 
ing the  right  of  entering  bays  and  creeks  for  the  purpose  of 
repairs  and  of  curing  their  fish  and  drying  their  nets,  and  also 
the  general  right  to  fish,  abandoned  its  exercise  within  the  limit 
of  three  miles  from  the  coasts,  bays  and  creeks  of  the  Provinces. 
This  state  of  things  continued  for  some  twenty  years,  but,  in 
1841,  complaints  began  to  be  made  of  encroachments  and  tres- 
passes by  American  fishing  boats,  and,  among  other  things,  it 
was  asserted  that  they  had  transgressed  the  treaty  by  fishing 
within  the  three-mile  limit  in  the  Bays  of  Fundy  and  Chaleurs, 
and  in  the  Straits  of  Canso.  It  was  contended  l>y  the  Provin- 
cials, that  in  the  case  of  the  Bays  of  Chaleurs  and  Fundy,  (tho 
latter  of  which  measures  sixty  miles  across,)  the  threc-milo 
limit  must  be  measured,  not  from  tho  coast  itself,  but  from  a 
line  drawn  across  the  bay  from  headland  to  headland,  inside 
which  it  was  asserted  no  American  fisherman  should  be  allowed 
to  come.  From  this  construction,  which  was  eventually  endorsed 
by  the  law  officers  of  the  English  Crown,  (though  in  terms  which 
seem  to  make  it  certain  that  they  had  not  even  read  the  treaty,) 
arose  constant  disputes,  which  at  last  gi'cw  intolerable,  and,  on 
the  fifth  of  June,  1854,  was  signed  at  Washington  the  conven- 
tion now  about  to  expire,  known  as  the  Reciprocity  Treaty.  By 
this,  in  addition  to  the  powers  claimed  and  admitted  by  tho 
treaty  of  1818,  liberty  was  given  to  the  Americans  to  take  fish 
throughout  the  seas  contiguous  to  the  Provinces,  without  any 
restrictions  as  to  the  distance  from  the  shore.  In  return  for 
this,  British  subjects  were  allowed  the  same  advantages  on  all 
American  shores  north  of  the  thirty-sixth  parallel  of  latitude  ; 
and,  l>y  Article  3,  a  reciprocal  free  list  was  established,  which 
opened  tlic  markets  of  each  country  to  tho  most  important 
products  of  the  other,  but  of  which,  from  the  nature  of  the  case, 
the  great  advantage  remained  with  the  Provincials.  The  advan- 
tages which  have  sprung  from  this  treaty  arc  enormous :  trade 


TREATY  TO   BE  CONSTRUED  LIBERALLY. 


87 


between  the  two  countries  has  increased  enormously,  and  tho 
fisheries  have  received  a  development  almost  incrcdil)le.  But 
for  the  American  civil  ^ar,  a  convention  so  materially  advanta- 
geous would  have  certaiidy  been  left  undisturbed  for  many 
years  to  come ;  l)ut  the  United  States  government,  to  provide 
for  an  enormous  debt  and  an  increased  expenditure,  has  thought 
proper  to  raise  a  large  amount  of  revenue  by  heavy  custom 
duties,  and  cannot  consequently  maintain  the  free  reciprocal 
trade  provided  for  by  the  od  article  of  this  treaty.  In  a  few 
days,  by  its  termination,  wo  shall  be  thrown  back  upon  tho 
provisions  of  the  treaty  of  1818,  with  all  the  bickerings  and 
heart-burnings  which  prevailed  from  1845  to  1852,  and  tho 
government  will  have  to  consider  what  construction  of  that 
treaty  it  will  maintain,  and  what  action  it  will  take.  Were  tho 
question  capable  of  being  settled  by  the  governments  of  Great 
Britain  and  of  the  United  States  alone,  it  would  probably  not  bo 
found  to  present  much  difficulty ;  but  it  is  complicated  by  tho 
presence  of  the  Provincials,  who  are,  not  unnaturally,  anxious  to 
keep  the  fisheries  to  themselves,  or  at  any  rate  not  to  admit  tho 
United  States  to  a  share  in  them  without  receiving  compensating 
advantages  in  the  shape  of  a  free  market  for  their  products. 
Their  cllbrts  will  thus  be  directed  to  as  strict  an  interpretation 
and  as  vigorous  an  enforcement  of  the  treaty  of  1818  as  they 
can  obtain.  By  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed  in  the  reign  of 
George  Third,  and  also  by  Provincial  Acts,  power  is  given  to 
confiscate  absolutely  all  vessels,  with  everything  on  board  of 
them,  found  fishing  within  the  three-mile  limit;  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  there  will  bo  every  disposition  on  the  part  of  tho 
Provincials  to  enforce  the  law  to  as  full  an  extent  as  will  be 
supported  by  England. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  exaggerate  the 
importance  attached  to  the  right  of  free  fishing  by  the  Ameri- 
cans. A  very  exhaustive  report  has,  Avithin  the  last  month, 
been  ]n'escntod  to  the  United  States  Treasury  Department,  by 
Dr.*  E.  11.  Derl)y  of  Boston,  whose  opinion  is,  that  "  we, 
(Americans,)  must  either  resign  our  fishery,  treat  or  annex  tho 
Provinces."  In  another  part  of  his  report,  he  says  that  ''  the 
American  people  will  never  resign  their  fisheries,"  and  whether 


r 


*  The  British  consul,  who  sent  over  my  report,  confers  this  title. 


w 


88 


CONFISCATION   ABANDONED. 


this  be  true  in  its  full  sense  or  not,  it  is  quite  clear  that  an 
insistancc  upon  the  observance  of  tlie  treaty  of  1818,  »vith  the 
construction  put  upon  it  in  1845,  would  gravely  endanger  the 
friendly  relations  between  this  country  and  the  United  States. 
The  p]nglish  government  thus  finds  itself  a  party  to  a  triangular 
duel,  in  which  it  has  nothing  to  gain  itself,  with  the  disadvantage 
of  being  a  target  for  both  the  other  combatants — a  situation 
neither  pleasant  nor  profitable.  It  is  exceedingly  doubtful 
whether  it  is  desirable  for  a;iy  nation  to  maintain  in  these  days 
the  policy  of  excluding  anybody  from  the  privilege  of  fishhig  in 
the  sea.  The  Commission  which  recently  sat  to  examine  the 
question  as  aflccting  seas  nearer  homo,  has  reported  against  the 
maintenance  of  any  restrictions  whatever.  Negotiations  are 
even  now  being  carried  on  with  the  French  government  with  a 
view  to  carry  the  recommendations  of  their  report  into  practical 
effect,  and  it  is  scarcely  probable  that  this  country  would  make 
any  great  sacrifices  to  support  several  thousand  miles  away  a 
principle  which  it  is  doing  its  best  to  abolish  on  its  own  shores. 
It  is  intelligible  enough,  that  the  Provincials,  with  the  prospect 
before  them  of  losing  the  advantages  they  derive  from  the 
Reciprocity  Treaty,  should  Avish  for  support  in  enforcing  the 
penal  clauses  existing  under  the  former  state  of  things  ;  but, 
although  they  will  bo  supported  by  this  country  in  whatever  is 
just  and  proper,  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  they  will  be  sup- 
ported in  the  assertion  of  principles  which  have  been  already 
abandoned  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 


RIGUT  TO  FISU  IN  THE  BAY  OP  PUNDT. 


89 


REPORT  OF  A  DECISION  OF  THE  COMMISSION  ON 

CLAIMS 

Under  the  Convention  of  Fcbrnarij  8, 1853,  between  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain.  Transmitted  to  the  Senate,  August 
8, 185G. 

Schooner  Washington, 

Construction  of  the  treaty  of  1818  relative  to  fisheries  on  tho 
coasts  of  North  America. 

The  clause  in  said  treaty,  in  which  the  United  States  renounced 
the  liberty  "  to  take,  dry  and  cure  fish  on  certain  coasts,  l)ays, 
liarbors  and  creeks  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  of  North 
America,"  held  not  to  include  tiie  Bay  of  Fnndy. 

The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  held  to  be  an  open  arm  of  the  sea,  so  as 
not  to  be  subject  to  the  exclusive  right  of  Great  Britain  as  to 
fisheries. 

The  schooner  Washington,  while  employed  in  fishing  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  ten  miles  distant  from  the  shore,  was  seized  by 
her  Britannic  Majesty's  cruiser,  and  taken  to  Yarmouth,  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  condemned,  on  the  ground  of  being  engaged, 
in  fishing  in  British  waters,  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  the 
treaty  relative  to  the  fisheries,  entered  into  between  the  United 
States  and  the  British  government  on  October  20,  1818. 

Claim  of  damage  was  made  before  the  Commission,  on  the 
ground  that  the  seizure  was  made  in  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  that  treaty  and  of  the  law  of  nations. 

Thomas,  agent  and  counsel  for  the  United  States. 

Hannen,  agent  and  counsel  for  Great  Britain. 

Upiiam,  United  States  Commissioner. 

In  1813,  the  fishing  schooner  Washington  was  seized  by  her 
Britannic  Majesty's  cruiser  when  fishing,  broad,  as  it  is  termed, 
in  what  is  called  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  ten  miles  from  the  shore. 

This  seizure  was  justified  on  two  grounds : 


W^-' 


00 


BAY  OP  FUNDY. 


1.  That  the  Bay  of  Fuiidy  was  an  iudcntatlou  of  the  sea, 
cxtoudiiit^  up  into  the  land,  both  shores  of  which  belonged  to 
Great  Britain,  and  that  for  this  reason  she  had,  by  virtue  of  the 
law  of  nations,  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  this  sheet  of  water, 
and  the  sole  right  of  taking  fish  within  it. 

2.  It  was  contended  that,  by  a  fair  construction  of  the  treaty 
of  October  20,  1818,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  United  States  had  renounced  the  liberty,  heretofore 
enjoyed  or  claimed,  to  take  fish  on  certain  bays,  creeks  or  har- 
bors, including,  as  was  contended,  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  other 
similar  waters  within  certain  limits  described  by  the  treaty. 

The  article  containing  this  renunciation  has  various  other 
provisions,  suj)i)0sed  to  throw  some  light  on  the  clause  of  renun- 
ciation referred  to.  I  therefore  quote  it  entire,  which  is  as  fol- 
lows :  "  Whereas  ditTerenccs  have  arisen  respecting  the  liberty 
claimed  by  the  United  States  to  take,  dry  and  cure  fish  on  cer- 
tain coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's 
dominions  in  America,  it  is  agreed  that  the  inhaljitants  of  the 
United  States  shall  have,  in  common  with  the  subjects  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty,  the  liberty  to  take  fisl;  on  certain  portions  of 
the  southern,  western  and  northern  coast  of  Newfouudlaml,  and 
also  on  the  coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  from  Mount  Jolly 
on  the  southern  coast  of  Labrador,  to  and  through  the  Straits  of 
Belle  Isle,  and  thence  northwardly  indefinitely  along  the  coast ; 
and  that  the  American  fishermen  shall  have  liberty  to  dry  and 
cure  fish  in  any  of  the  unsettled  haijs,  harbors,  and  creeks  of 
said  described  coasts,  until  the  same  become  settled.  And  the 
United  States  renounce  the  liberty  heretofore  enjoyed  or  claimed 
by  the  inhabitants  thereof,  to  take,  dry,  or  cure  fish  on  or  within 
three  marine  miles  of  any  of  the  coasts,  hays,  creeks  or  harbors 
of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  in  America,  not  includ- 
ing within  the  above  mentioned  limits :  provided,  however, 
that  the  American  fishermen  shall  be  admitted  to  enter  such 
bays  or  harbors  for  the  purpose  of  shelter,  and  of  repairing" 
damages  therein,  of  purchasing"  wood,  and  of  obtaining  water, 
and  for  no  other  purposes  whatever.  But  they  shall  bo  under 
such  restrictions  as  may  bo  necessary  to  prevent  their  taking, 
drying  or  curing  fish  therein,  or  in  any  other  manner  whatever 
abusing  the  privileges  hereby  reserved  to  them." 


ARiMS  OP  THE  SEA  OPEN   TO   ALL. 


91 


The  first  groaiid  that  has  hocr  taken  in  tho  argument  of  this 
case  is  that,  independent  of  this  treaty,  Great  llritaln  Iiad  tho 
exclusive  jurisdiction  over  tlio  IJay  of  Fundy  as  part  of  her  own 
dominions,  Ity  llio  hiw  of  nations.  As  this  matter,  however,  is 
settled  by  the  treaty,  tho  position  seems  to  have  no  hearing  on 
tho  case,  except  as  it  may  tend  to  show  that  the  United  IStates 
would  ho  more  likely  to  renounce  tho  right  of  fishing  within 
limits  thus  secured  to  Great  IJritain  by  ^hc  law  of  nations,  than 
if  she  had  no  such  claim  to  jurisdiction. 

But  on  this  point  we  are  wholly  at  issue.  The  law  of  nations 
does  uot,  as  I  believe,  give  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  any  such 
large  arms  of  tho  ocean. 

Rights  over  the  ocean  were  originally  common  to  all  nations, 
and  they  can  be  relinquished  only  by  common  consent.  For 
certain  jmrposes  of  protection  and  proper  supervision  and  col- 
lection of  revenue,  the  dominion  of  the  land  has  been  extended 
over  small  enclosed  arms  of  tho  ocean,  and  portions  of  the  open 
sea,  immediately  contiguous  to  the  shores. 

Hi  eyond  this,  unless  it  has  been  expressly  relinquished  by 
treaty  or  other  manifest  assent,  the  original  right  of  nations 
still  exists  of  free  navigation  of  the  ocean,  and  a  free  right  of 
each  nation  to  avail  itself  of  its  common  stores  of  wealth  or 
subsistence.  (Grotius,  book  2,  chap.  2,  sect,  o  ;  A^'attcl,  book  1, 
chap.  21,  sects.  282  and  283.) 

Reference  has  been  made  to  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
bays,  over  which  the  United  States  have  claimed  jurisdiction, 
as  cases  militating  with  this  view ;  but  those  bays  arc  the 
natural  outlets  and  enlargement  of  large  rivers,  and  arc  shut  in 
by  projecting  headlands,  leaving  the  entrance  to  the  bays  of 
such  narrow  capacity  as  to  admit  of  their  being  commanded  by 
forts,  and  tliey  are  wholly  different  in  character  from  such  a 
mass  of  tho  ocean  water  as  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

There  is  no  principle  of  the  law  of  nations  that  countenances 
the  exclusive  right  of  any  nation  in  such  arms  of  the  sea. 
Claims,  in  some  instances,  have  been  made  of  such  rights,  but 
they  have  been  seldom  enforced  or  acceded  to. 

This  is  well  known  to  be  the  prevailing  doctrire  on  the  sub- 
ject in  America,  and  it  would  have  been  surprising  if  the  United 
States  negotiators  had  relinquished,  voluntarily,  the  largo  por- 
tions of  the  ocean  now  claimed  by  Great  Britain  as  her  exclu- 


*'/;"( 


92 


nxl'OSITION   OF  TREATY. 


sivc  right,  under  tlio  provisions  of  this  treaty,  on  tho  ground 
that  it  was  sanctioned  hy  tho  hiw  of  nations. 

It  v.'ould  bo  still  more  surprising  if  it  luid  boon  thus  relin- 
quished, after  its  long  enjoyment  by  the  inhabitants  of  America 
in  common,  from  tho  time  of  their  first  settlement  down  to  tho 
Revolution,  and  from  that  time  by  the  United  States  and  British 
Provinces,  from  tho  treaty  of  1783  to  that  of  1818. 

I  see  no  argument,  in  the  view  which  has  been  suggested,  to 
sustain  the  right  of  exclusive  jurisdiction  claimed  by  England. 

2.  I  como  now  to  the  consideration  of  the  second  point  taken 
in  the  argument  before  us,  which  is,  that  by  the  treaty  of  1818 
the  United  States  renounced  the  right  of  taking  fish  within  the 
limits  now  in  controversy.  This  depends  on  the  construction  to 
be  given  to  the  article  of  the  treaty  which  I  have  already  cited. 

In  the  construction  of  a  treaty,  admitting  of  controversy  on 
account  of  its  supposed  ambiguity  or  uncertainty,  there  arc 
various  aids  we  may  avail  ourselves  of  in  determining  its  inter- 
pretation, 

"  It  is  an  established  rule,"  says  Chancellor  Kent,  "  in  tho 
exposition  of  statutes  ;"  and  the  same  rule,  I  may  add,  applies 
to  treaties,  "  that  the  intention  of  tho  law-giver  is  to  be 
deduced  from  a  view  of  the  whole  and  of  every  part  of  a 
statute,  taken  and  compared  together,  and  the  real  intention, 
when  accurately  ascertained  will  always  prevail  over  the  literal 
sense  of  the  terms." 

Ho  further  says,  "  When  tho  words  arc  not  explicit,  the  inten- 
tion is  to  be  collected  from  the  occasion  and  tho  necessity  of 
tho  law,  from  the  mischief  felt  and  the  remedy  in  view ;  and 
th'  ition  is  to  bo  taken  or  presumed,  according  to  what  is 

..lit  to  reason  and  discretion." — (1  Kent's  Com.  4G2.) 
ow  there  arc  various  circumstances  to  be  considered  in  con- 
icction  with  the  treaty,  that  will  aid  us  in  coming  to  a  correct 
conclusion  as  to  its  intent  and  meaning. 

Thcs  J  circumstances  arc  tho  entire  history  of  tho  fisheries ; 
tho  views  expressed  by  the  negotiators  of  the  treaty  of  1818,  as 
to  tho  object  to  be  effected  by  it ;  the  subsequent  practical  con- 
struction of  the  treaty  for  many  years  ;  tho  construction  given 
to  a  similar  article  in  the  treaty  of  1783 ;  the  evident  meaning 
to  be  gained  from  the  whole  article  taken  together,  and  from 


niGHTg  IN  THE  FISnEBT. 


93 


the  term  "  coasts,'"  as  used  in  the  treaty  of  1818,  and  other 
treaties  in  rclbrencc  to  this  subject. 

All  tlioso  combine,  as  I  believe,  to  sustain  the  construction  of 
tho  provisions  of  the  treaty  as  contended  for  by  the  United 
States. 

It  will  not  be  contested  that  the  inhal)itants  of  the  territory 
now  included  within  the  United  States,  as  a  matter  of  history, 
have  had  generally  the  common  and  undisturbed  right  of  fish- 
ery, as  now  claimed  by  them,  from  tho  first  settlement  of  the 
continent  down  to  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  and  that  it  was 
subsequently  enjoyed  in  tho  same  manner,  in  common,  by  tho 
United  States  and  the  British  Provinces,  from  tho  treaty  of 
1783  down  to  the  treaty  of  1818. 

This  right  was  based  originally  on  what  Dr.  Palcy  well 
regards,  in  his  discussion  of  this  subject,  "  as  a  general  right  of 
mankind;"  and  tho  long  and  undisturbed  enjoyment  of  it 
furnishes  just  ground  for  the  belief  that  the  United  States 
negotiators  would  be  slow  in  relinquishing  it. 

They  certainly  would  not  be  likely  to  relinquish  more  than 
was  asked  for,  or  what  the  United  States  negotiators  a  few  years 
before  contended  was  held  by  the  same  tenure  as  the  national 
independence  of  the  United  States,  and  by  a  perpetual  right. 

In  the  negotiation  of  the  Treaty  of  Peace  in  1814,  no  provi- 
sion was  inserted  as  to  the  fisheries.  Messrs.  Adams  and  Galla- 
tin notified  the  British  commissioners  that  "  tho  United  States 
claimed  to  hold  the  right  of  tiic  fisheries  by  the  same  tenure  as 
she  held  her  independence  ;  that  it  was  a  perpetual  right  appur- 
tenant to  her  as  a  nation,  and  that  no  now  stipulation  was 
necessary  to  secure  it." 

The  negotiators  on  the  part  of  the  British  government  did  not 
answer  this  declaration,  or  contest  the  validity  v,t  the  ground 
taken. 

Afterwards,  in  1815,  the  consultations  had  between  Lord 
Bathurst  and  Mr.  Adams,  the  then  Secretary  of  State,  relative 
to  the  fisheries,  show  on  what  grounds  negotiations  were  pro- 
posed, which  were  perfected  by  the  treaty  of  1818 ;  and  that 
tho  renunciation  desired,  from  tho  treaty  of  1783,  consisted  of 
the  shore  or  boat  fisheries,  \f\nch  are  prosecuted  within  a  marino 
league  of  tho  shore,  and  no  others. 

19 


94 


COLONIAL  JEALOUSY. 


At  the  first  interview  of  the  commissioners,  Lord  Batlmrst 
used  this  distinct  and  emphatic  language :  "  As,  on  the  one 
hand,  Great  Britain  cannot  permit  the  vessels  of"  the  United 
States  to  fish  within  the  creeks  and  close  vpon  the  shores  of  the 
British  territories,  so,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  hy  no  means  her 
intention  to  interrupt  them  in  fishing  anywhere  in  the  open  sea, 
or  without  tl\e  territorial  jurisdiction,  a  marine  league  from  the 
shore. '^ 

Again,  he  said  on  a  subsequent  occasion:  "It  is  not  of  fair 
competition  that  his  Majesty's  government  has  reason  to  com- 
plain, but  of  J  pre-occupation  of  British  harbors  and  c reeks. ^^ 
— (Sabine's  Report  on  Fisheries,  p.  282.) 

It  is  clear  that  it  was  only  within  these  narrow  limits  the 
British  government  designed  to  restrict  the  fisheries  by  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States. 

The  views  of  Messrs.  Gallatin  and  Rush,  the  American  nego- 
tiators of  the  treaty  of  1818,  appear  from  their  communication 
made  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Adams,  immediately  after 
the  signature  of  the  treaty. 

In  this  communication  they  say :  "  The  renunciation  in  the 
treaty  expressly  states  that  it  is  to  extend  only  to  the  distance 
of  three  miles  from  the  coast;  and  this  point  was  the  more 
important,  as,  with  the  exception  of  the  fisheries  in  open  boats 
in  certain  harbors,  it  appeared  that  the  fishing-ground  on  the 
whole  coast  of  Nova  Scotia  was  more  than  three  miles  from  the 
shore." 

It  tlius  appears  that  the  negotiators  of  both  governments  con- 
curred, at  the  time  of  making  the  treaty,  in  giving  to  it  the 
intent  and  meaning  now  contended  for  by  the  United  States. 

It  further  appears  that  such  was  the  intent  and  eflect  of  the 
treaty  of  1818,  from  the  fact  that  the  construction  practically 
given  to  it  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and  indeed  down  to  the 
year  1842,  conformed  to  the  views  of  the  negotiators  as  thus 
expressed. — (See  Sabine's  Report,  p.  294.) 

There  are  certain  circumstances  also  appearing  in  the  case, 
which  show  the  evident  reluctance  of  the  British  government  to 
assert  the  exclusive  pretensions  ultimately  put  forth  by  them, 
and  that  they  had  been  goaded  to  it,  .against  their  better  sense, 
as  to  the  construction  of  the  treaty,  by  jealousies  and  laws  of 
the  Colonists  of  a  very  unusual  character,  and  which  Great 


BAYS  AND  CREEKS. 


95 


Britain  was  slow  to  sanction.  And  when  she  ultimately  con- 
cluded to  assert  this  claim,  she  tendered  with  it  propositions  for 
new  negotiations,  by  wliich  all  matters  connected  with  the 
Colonics  should  be  amicably  adjusted. 

I  shall  now  consider  the  construction  given  to  similar  words 
of  the  treaty  of  1783. 

It  will  not  be  denied  that  the  words  used  in  the  treaty  of 
1783  and  tlic  treaty  of  1818,  where  tliey  are  identical,  and  where 
express  reference  is  made  to  the  provisions  of  the  former  treaty, 
mean  the  same  thing.  When  the  United  States  are  said,  in  the 
treaty  of  1818,  to  renounce  the  liberty  heretofore  enjoyed  and 
claimed^  it  means  the  liberty  heretofore  enjoyed  under  the 
treaty  of  1783,  and  the  liberty  then  enjoyed  was  to  take  fish 
"  on  certain  bays  and  creeks,"  without  any  limitations  as  to 
distance  from  them. 

Now,  what  were  those  hayn  and  creeks  on  which — that  is, 
along^  the  line  of  v)hich — drawn  from  headland  to  headland,  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States  were  allowed  to  take  fish  under 
the  treaty  of  1783  ?  It  cannot  be  pretended  that  bays  and 
creeks  there  intended  were  any  other  than  small  indentations 
from  the  great  arms  of  the  sea.  They  certainly  did  not  include 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  other  large  waters.  Because  if  fishing 
was  allowed  merely  on  that  bay,  as  is  now  contended,  that  is, 
on  and  along  the  lino  of  the  bay  from  headland  to  headland, 
then  all  fishing  within  the  Bay  of  Fundy  would  be  excluded. 
But  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  the  suggestion  never  was  made, 
or  a  surmise  raised,  that  the  expressions  used  in  the  treaty  of 
1783  permitted  the  fisliermen  of  tlic  United  States  to  go  merely 
to  the  line  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  restricted  them  from  fishing 
within  it. 

A  practice,  therefore,  for  thirty-five  years  under  this  treaty  of 
1783  had  determined  lohat  classes  of  bays  and  creeks  were 
meant '  y  the  expressions  tliere  used. 

Tlic  treaty  of  1818  renounced  the  liberty  heretofore  enjoyed 
of  fishing  on  these  identical  bays  and  creeks — that  is,  imme- 
diately on  the  line  of  them ;  and  also  further  renounced  the  lib- 
erty of  fishing  within  a  space  of  three  miles  of  them.  But  the 
bays  and  creeks  here  referred  to  were  tho  same  as  those  referred 
to  in  the  treaty  of  1783,  and  neither  of  them  ever  included  the 
Bay  of  Fundy. 


96 


BAYS  FOR  SHELTER. 


The  express  connection  between  these  two  treaties  is  apparent 
from  the  face  of  tliem.  Reference  is  made  to  the  treaty  of 
1783  in  a  manner  that  cannot  bo  mistaken ;  the  subject-matter  is 
the  same,  and  the  terms,  as  to  tlic  point  in  question,  identical. 

I  contend,  therefore,  that  the  governments,  in  adopting  the 
language  of  the  treaty  of  1783  in  the  treaty  of  1818,  received 
the  "words  with  the  construction  and  api)lication  given  to  them 
up  to  that  time,  and  that  neither  party  can  now  deny  such 
construction  and  application,  but  is  irrevocably  l^ound  by  it. 

There  arc  other  portions  of  the  article  in  question  that  aid  in 
giving  a  construction  to  the  clause  iinder  consideration,  and 
that  irresistibly  sustain  the  view  I  have  ado})ted. 

Thus  it  is  provided,  in  another  portion  of  the  same  article  in 
reference  to  these  same  creeks  and  bays,  that  the  fishermen  of 
the  United  States  shall  be  admitted  to  enter  '■'■such  baijs'^  for 
the  purpose  of  shelter  and  to  obtain  wood  and  water ;  thus 
clearly  implying  that  such  bays  are  small  indentations,  extend- 
ing into  the  land,  to  which  fishing  craft  would  naturally  resort 
for  shelter,  and  to  obtain  wood  and  water,  and  not  large,  open 
seas  like  the  Bay  of  Fuudy. 

There  arc  numerous  bays  of  this  character  along  the  coast, 
within  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  such  as  the  Bay  of  Passamaquoddy, 
Annapolis,  St.  Mary's,  Chignecto,  Mines  Bay,  and  other  well 
known  bays  extending  up  into  the  land. 

There  is  a  further  argument  to  sustain  the  American  construc- 
tion given  to  the  treaty,  derived  from  the  meaning  affixed  to  the 
term  "  coasts,"  as  applied  by  the  usage  of  the  country,  and 
which  was  adopted  and  embodied  in  the  various  treaties  between 
France  and  England  from  a  very  early  period,  and  has  been 
conthiued  down  to  the  present  time. 

I  have  not  seen  this  argument  adverted  to ;  but  it  seems  to 
me  important,  and  indeed  of  itself  quite  conclusive  as  to  the 
matter  in  question,  and  I  shall  now  consider  it. 

The  term  "  coasts,"  in  all  these  prior  treaties,  is  applied  to 
all  the  borders  and  shores  of  the  eastern  waters,  not  only  along 
the  mainland,  but  in  and  about  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and 
around  all  the  larger  and  smaller  islands  where  fisheries  were 
carried  on. 

These  coasts  are  thus  defined  and  specified  in  the  Treaty  of 
Utrecht  between  Great  Britain  and  France  in  1713,  of  Paris  in 


TREATY   OF  PARIS. 


97 


to 


of 
in 


17G3,  and  other  treaties  to  the  present  time.  In  tlic  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  between  France  and  England,  the,  liberty  of  taking 
and  drying  fish  is  allowed  "  on  the  coasts  of  Ncwfonndland  ;  " 
provision  is  also  made  as  to  the  fisheries  on  the  coasts,  in  the 
month,  and  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Reference  is  also  made  to  these  "  coasts  "  in  the  same  manner 
in  the  treaty  of  Paris,  which  took  place  after  the  conquest  of 
Canada.  The  French  are  permitted  by  this  treaty  to  fish  in  the 
Gttif  of  St.  Lawrence  at  a  given  distance  fi-om  all  "  the  coasts  " 
belonging  to  Great  Britain  as  well  as  those  "  of  the  continent," 
as  those  of  the  islands  situated  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
The  fishery  also  "  on  the  coasts "  of  the  comparatively  small 
island  "  of  Cape  Breton  out  of  said  Gulf"  is  regulated  and  pro- 
vided for,  and  further  it  is  provided  "  that  the  fishery  on  thp 
coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  or  Acadia,  and  everywhere  else,  out  of  the 
said  Gulf,  shall  remain  on  the  footing  of  former  treaties." 

Now  I  regard  it  as  utterly  impossible  for  any  one  looking  at 
these  treaties,  with  the  map  of  the  islands  and  waters  in  the 
Gulf  or  Bay  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  in  and  around  Nova  Scotia, 
referred  to  in  these  treaties,  to  doubt  for  a  moment  that  the 
term  "  coasts"  was  designed  to  apply,  and  did,  in  terms,  apply 
to  the  whole  contour  of  the  mainland  and  the  islands  referred 
to,  including  the  entire  circuit  of  Nova  Scotia  on  the  Bay  of 
Fundi/. 

These  expressions  are  continued  in  the  same  manner  in  the 
treaty  of  1783.  The  United  States  ase  there  allowed  to  take 
fish  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  "  on  the  coast  of  Newfound- 
land," and  also  "  on  the  coasts,  bays  and  creeks  of  all  other  of 
his  Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  in  America." 
•  Again,  in  the  preamble  to  the  treaty  of  1818,  which  we  arc 
now  considering,  it  is  said  to  have  been  caused  by  differences  as 
to  the  liberty  claimed  to  take  fish  on  certain  coasts,  bays,  har- 
bors and  creeks  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  in 
America,  and  by  the  treaty  provision  is  made  as  to  the  fisheries 
on  the  coasts  of  Newfoundland,  and  on  "  the  coasts,  bays,  har- 
bors and  creeks  from  Mount  Joly  on  the  southern  coast  o^ 
Labrador,  to  and  through  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  and  thence 
northwardly  indefinitely  along  the  coast ; "  and  then  follows  the 
renunciation  of  the  right  before  enjoyed  by  the  United  States 
"  to  take,  dry  or  euro  fish  on  or  within  three  marine  miles  of 


f 

Mi 


98 


COASTS. 


any  of  '  the  coasts,^  bays,  creeks  or  harbors  of  liis  majesty's 
dominions  in  America." 

It  seems  to  mo  undeniable  that  the  term  coasts  in  all  theso 
treaties  was  well  defined  and  known.  The  outlet  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  is  equally  well  known  by  the  term  Bay  or  Gulf.  The 
shores  on  that  bay  or  gulf,  and  on  the  islands  within  it,  are 
uniformly  spoken  of  as  "  coasts  ; "  and  the  same  mode  of  desig- 
nating the  shores  along  this  entire  country  is  used  in  all  theso 
treaties  in  reference  to  the  various  waters  where  fisheries  wcro 
carried  on. 

"The  coasts"  named  in  these  treaties  were  not  only  tho 
coasts  of  the  Bay  or  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  of  the  island  of 
Cape  Breton,  but  extended  from  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
along  the  bay  entirely  around  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Gulf  or  Bay 
of  St.  Lawrence. 

There  never  had  been  any  misunderstanding  as  to  the  appli- 
cation of  this  term,  or  denial  of  the  right  to  fish  on  these  coasts, 
as  I  have  named  them,  under  all  these  treaties  down  +o  1818. 
The  term  "  coasts,"  as  applied  to  Nova  Scotia  during  tliis  long 
period,  was  as  well  known  and  understood  as  the  term  "coasts" 
applied  to  England  or  L-eland,  and  it  included  the  coasts  on  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  as  fully  and  certainly  as  the  term  coasts  of  Eng- 
land applies  to  the  coasts  of  the  English  Channel.  It  was  a 
fixed  locality,  known  and  established,  and  the  right  of  taking 
fish  had  always  been  "  enjoyed  there." 

When,  therefore,  the  treaty  of  1818  "  renounced  the  liberty, 
'heretofore  enjoyed,'  of  taking  fish  within  three  marine  miles  of 
any  of  the  coasts,  bays,  creeks,  etc.,  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's 
dominions,"  the  renunciation  was,  for  this  distance  from  a  fixed 
locality,  as  fully  settled  and  established  as  language,  accompa- 
nied by  a  long  and  uninterrupted  usage,  could  make  it. 

"  The  coasts"  named  are  those  of  1783,  and  of  prior  treaties, 
and  the  renunciation  of  three  miles  was  to  be  reckoned  from 
these  coasts.  The  Bay  of  Fundy  was  therefore  not  excluded 
from  the  fishing  grounds  of  tho  United  States. 

I  am  not  aware  of  any  reply  to  the  points  here  taken,  that  I 
think  can  at  all  invalidate  them. 

From  the  papers  filed  in  the  case,  it  appears  that  in  1841,  tho 
Province  of  Nova  Scotia  caused  a  case  stated  to  be  drawn  up 


LAW  OFFICERS  OF  THE  CROWN. 


99 


ty's 


tics. 


,tho 
1  up 


and  forwarded  to  England,  with  certain  questions  to  bo  proposed 
to  the  law  officers  of  the  crown. 

One  inquiry  was,  whether  the  fishermen  of  the  United  States 
have  any  authority  to  enter  any  of  the  bays  of  that  Province  to 
take  fish.  These  officers,  Messrs.  Dodson  and  Wilde,  reply  that 
no  right  exists  to  enter  the  bays  of  Nova  Scotia  to  take  fish,  "as 
they  are  of  opinion  the  term  headland  is  ..^  ''  '.  ~  +ho  treaty  to 
express  the  part  of  the  land  excluding  the  interior  oi  the  bays 
and  inlets  of  the  coasts." 

Now  it  so  happens  that  no  such  tc/  " .  used  in  the  treaty, 
and  their  decision,  based  on  it,  falls  to  liic  ground. 

They  were  also  specifically  asked  to  define  what  is  to  bo  con- 
sidered a  headland.  This  they  did  not  attempt  to  do.  The 
headlands  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  have  never  been  defined  or 
located,  and  from  the  contoiv  of  the  bay  no  such  headlands 
properly  exist. 

These  officers  h<:.a  that  the  American  fisherman,  for  the  rea- 
son named,  could  not  enter  the  bays  and  harbors  of  Nova  Scotia. 
But  the  Bay  of  Fundy  is  not  a  bay  or  harbor  of  the  Province  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  was  never  included  in  its  limits.  The  Bay  of 
Fundy  is  bounded  on  one  fide  by  Nova  Scotia,  and  on  the  other 
by  New  Brunswick,  and  it  is  not  clear  that  cither  the  question 
proposed,  or  the  answer  given,  was  designed  to  include  this 
large  arm  of  the  sea. 

It  is  also  said  that  Mr.  "Webster  has  conceded  the  point  in 
issue  in  a  notice  given  to  American  fishermen.  The  claims 
now  asserted  were  not  put  forth  till  many  years  after  the  treaty 
of  1818  ;  and  it  was  not  till  1852  the  British  government  gavo 
notice  that  seizures  would  be  made  of  fishermen  taking  fish  in 
violation  of  the  construction  of  the  treaty  of  1818,  as  then 
claimed  by  them,  when  Mr.  Webster,  to  avoid  the  collisions 
that  might  arise,  issued  a  notice  setting  forth  the  claims  put 
forth  by  England. 

In  one  part  of  his  notice  he  says :  "  It  was  an  oversight  to 
make  so  large  a  concession* to  England ;"  but  closes  by  saying: 
''  Not  agreeing  that  the  construction  put  upon  the  treaty  by  the 
English  government  is  conformable  to  the  intentions  of  the  con- 
tracting parties,  this  information  is  given  that  those  concerned 
in  the  fisheries  may  understand  how  the  concern  stands  at 
present,  and  bo  upon  their  guard." 


TTTT 


100 


OPINION  OP  BRITISH  COMMISSIONER. 


Mr.  Webster  subsequently  denied  relinquishing,  in  any  man- 
ner, by  this  notice,  the  rights  of  the  United  States,  as  claimed 
under  this  treaty. 

Detached  expressions  quoted  from  it,  to  sustain  a  different 
opinion,  can  hardly  be  regarded,  under  such  circumstances,  as 
an  authority. 

I  have  seen  no  other  argument  or  suggestions  tending,  as  I 
think,  to  sustain  the  grounds  taken  by  the  British  government. 

On  the  other  hand,  1  have  adverted,  briefly,  as  1  proposed,  to 
the  history  of  the  fisheries  ;  the  views  expressed  by  the  negotia- 
tors of  the  treaty  of  1818,  as  to  the  object  to  be  eriected  by  it ; 
the  subsequent  practical  construction  of  it  for  many,  years;  the 
construction  given  to  a  similar  article  in  the  treaty  of  1783  ; 
the  evident  meai\ing  to  be  gained  from  the  entire  article  of  the 
treaty  taken  together,  and  from  the  term  "  coasts  "  as  used  in 
the  treaty  of  1818,  and  other  treaties  in  reference  to  this  sub- 
ject ;  and  the  whole  combine,  as  I  believe,  to  sustain  the 
construction  contended  for  by  the  United  States. 

I  am  therefore  of  opinion,  the  owners  of  the  Washington 
should  receive  compensation  for  the  luilawful  seizure  of  that 
vessel  by  the  British  goveriuncnt,  when  fishing  more  than  three 
miles  from  the  shore  or  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Hornby,  British  Commissioner.  * 
All  opinion  was  delivered  by  Hornby,  conflicting  with  the 
views  and  conclusion  of  the  United  States  commissioner,  and 
sustaining  the  position  taken  by  his  government,  on  the  ground 
that  Great  Britain,  by  virtue  of  her  ownership  of  both  shores  of 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  had  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  the  w\aters  of 
the  bay,  by  virtue  of  the  law  of  nations,  applical)le  to  such 
sheets  of  water,  and  cited  various  claims  that  had  been  put 
forth  to  a  similar  jurisdiction. 

He  also  held  that  the  provision  in  the  treaty  by  which  the 
United  States  "  renounced  the  liberty  previously  enjoyed,  to 
take,  dry  or  cure  fish  on,  or  within  ilireo  marine  miles  of  any 
of  the  coasts,  bays,  creeks  or  harbors  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's 


*  The  opinion  of  the  British  commissioner  in  this,  and  some  other  cases,  was 
to  have  been  drawn  up  at  length,  and  furnished,  to  bo  placed  on  file.  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  these  opinions  have  not  been  received,  and  that,  after  this 
length  of  time,  they  probably  will  not  be. 


DECISION  OP  UMPIRE. 


101 


dominions  in  Nortli  America,"  excluded  by  its  terms,  and  by  a 
just  construction  of  the  treaty,  fislicrics  of  the  United  States 
citizens  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

•  Bates,  Umpire. 

The  schooner  Washington  was  seized  by  the  revenue  schooner 
Julia,  Captain  Darby,  while  fishing  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  ten 
miles  from  tl^o  shore,  on  tho  10th  of  May,  1840,  on  the  cliargc 
of  violating  the  treaty  of  1818.  She  was  carried  to  Yarmouth, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  there  decreed  to  be  forfeited  to  the  crown  by 
the  judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  court,  and,  with  licr  stores, 
ordered  to  bo  sold.  Tho  owners  of  tlic  Washington  claim  for 
the  value  of  the  vessel  and  appurtenances,  outfits  and  damages, 
$2,483,  and  for  eleven  years'  interest,  81,038,  amounting 
together  to  !i^4,121.  By  the  recent  Reciprocity  Treaty,  happily 
concluded  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  there 
seems  no  chance  for  any  further  disputes  in  regard  to  tho 
fisheries. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that,  in  that  treaty,  provision  was  not 
made  for  settling  a  few  small  claims  of  no  importance  in  a  pecu- 
niary sense,  which  were  then  existing ;  but  as  they  have  not 
been  settled,  tliey  arc  now  brought  before  tliis  commission. 

The  Washington  fishing  schooner  was  seized,  as  before  stated, 
in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  ten  miles  from  the  shore,  off  Annapolis, 
Nova  Scotia. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  treaty  of  1783,  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States,  that  the  citizens  of  the  latter,  in  common  with 
the  subjects  of  the  former,  enjoyed  the  right  to  take  and  cure  fish 
on  the  shores  of  all  parts  of  her  Majesty's  dominions  in  America, 
used  by  British  fisliermen  ;  but  not  to  dry  fish  on  tljc  island  of 
Newfoundland,  which  later  privilege  was  confined  to  tlic  shores 
of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  following  words :  "  And  American  fish- 
ermen shall  have  liberty  to  dry  and  cure  fish  on  any  of  tho 
\insettled  bays,  harbors  and  creeks  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  but  as  soon 
as  said  shores  shall  become  settled,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  dry 
or  cure  fish  at  such  settlement,  without  a  previous  agreement 
for  that  purpose  with  the  inhabitants,  proprietors  or  possessors 
of  the  ground." 

The  treaty  of  1818,  contains  the  following  stipulations  in 
relation  to  the  fishery :    "  Whereas,  differences  havo  arisen 


102 


OPINION  OF  MR.   BATES. 


respecting  the  liberty  claimed  by  the  United  States  to  take,  dry 
and  cure  fish  on  certain  coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks,  of  his 
Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  in  America,  it  is  agreed  tliat  the 
inhabitants  of  the  United  States  shall  have,  in  common  with  the 
subjects  of  his  Britannic  Majesty,  the  right  to  fish  b\\  certain 
portions  of  the  southern,  western,  and  northern  coast  of  New- 
foundland ;  and,  also,  on  the  coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks 
from  Mount  Joly,  on  the  southern  coast  of  Labrador,  to  and 
through  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle  ;  and  thence  northwardly  inde- 
finitely along  the  coast,  and  that  American  fishermen  shall  have 
liljcrty  to  dry  and  cure  fish  in  any  of  the  unsettled  bays,  harbors, 
and  creeks  of  said  described  coasts,  until  the  same  become  set- 
tled, and  the  United  States  renounce  the  liberty  heretofore 
enjoyed  or  claimed  by  the  inhabitants  thereof,  to  take,  dry,  or 
cure  fish,  on  or  luithin  three  marine  miles  of  any  of  the  coasts, 
bays,  creeks  or  harbors  of  his  Britannic  Majesty's  dominions  in 
America,  not  included  in  the  above  mentioned  limits  :  provided, 
however,  that  the  American  fishermen  shall  be  admitted  to  enter 
such  bays  or  harbors,  for  the  purpose  of  shelter,  and  of  repair- 
ing damages  therein,  of  purchasing  wood,  and  of  obtaining 
water,  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatever.  But  they  shall  bo 
under  such  restrictions  as  may  bo  necessary  to  prevent  their  tak- 
ing, drying  or  curing  fish  therein,  or  in  any  other  manner 
whatever  abusing  the  privileges  hereby  reserved  for  them." 

The  question  turns,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  treaty  stipulations 
on  the  meaning  given  to  the  word  "  bays,"  in  the  treaty  of  1783. 
By  that  treaty  the  Americans  had  no  right  to  dry  and  cure  fish 
on  the  shores  and  bays  of  Newfoiuidland  ;  but  they  had  that 
right  on  the  coasts,  bays,  harbors  and  creeks,  of  Nova  Scotia  ; 
and  as  they  must  land  to  cure  fish  on  the  shores,  bays,  and 
creeks,  they  Averc  evidently  admitted  to  the  shores  of  the  bays, 
&c.  By  the  treaty  of  1818,  the  same  right  is  granted  to  cure 
fish  on  the  coasts,  bays.  Sec,  of  Newfoundland  ;  but  the  Ameri- 
cans relinquished  that  right,  and  the  right  to  fish  ivithin  three 
miles  of  the  coasts,  bays,  Sfc,  of  Nova  Scotia.  Taking  it  for 
granted  that  the  framers  of  the  treaty  intended  that  the  word 
"  bay  or  bays  "  should  have  the  same  meaning  in  all  cases,  and 
no  mention  being  made  of  headlands,  there  appears  no  doubt 
that  the  Washington,  in  fishing  ten  miles  from  the  shore,  violated 
no  stipulations  of  the  treaty. 


RIGHTS  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  SUSTAINED. 


108 


It  was  urged  on  behalf  of  tlio  British  government,  that  by 
coasts,  bays,  &c.,  is  understood  an  imaginary  line,  drawn  along 
the  coajit  from  headland  to  headland,  and  that  the  jurisdiction 
of  her  Majesty  extends  three  marine  miles  outside  of  this  line  ; 
thus  closing  all  the  bays  on  the  coast  or  shore,  and  that  great 
body  of  water  called  the  Bay  of  Fundy  against  Americans  and 
others,  making  the  latter  a  British  bay.  This  doctrine  of  tlio 
headlands  is  new,  and  has  received  a  proper  limit  in  the  conven- 
tion between  France  and  Great  Britain  of  2d  of  August,  1839, 
ill  which  "  it  ie-  agreed  that  the  distance  of  three  miles  fixed  as 
the  general  limit  for  the  exclusive  right  of  fishery  upon  the 
coasts  of  the  two  countries  shall,  with  respect  to  bays,  the 
mouths  of  which  do  not  exceed  ten  miles  in  width,  be  measured 
from  a  straight  line  drawn  from  headland  to  headland." 

The  Bay  of  Fundy  is  from  Go  to  75  miles  wide,  and  130  to 
140  miles  long  ;  it  has  several  bays  on  its  coast ;  thus  the  word 
bay,  as  applied  to  this  great  body  of  water,  has  the  same  mean- 
ing as  that  applied  to  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  over 
which  no  nation  can  have  the  right  to  assume  sovereignty.  One 
of  the  headlands  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  is  in  the  United  States, 
and  ships  boiind  to  Passamaquoddy  must  sail  through  a  large 
space  of  it.  The  island  of  Grand  Mcnan  (British,)  and  Little 
Menan  (American,)  arc  situated  nearly  on  a  line  from  headland 
to  headland.  These  islands,  as  represented  in  all  geographies, 
are  situated  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  conclusion  is,  therefore 
in  my  mind  irresistible,  that  the  Bay  of  Fundy  is  not  a  British 
bay,  nor  a  bay  within  the  meaning  of  the  word,  as  used  iji  the 
treaties  of  1783  and  1818. 

The  owners  of  the  Washington,  or  their  legal  rcprcbentatives, 
are  therefore  entitled  to  compensation,  and  are  hereby  awarded 
not  the  amount  of  their  claim,  which  is  excessive,  but  the  sum 
of  three  thousand  dollars  due  on  the  15tli  of  January,  1855. 


104 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE. 


EXTRACTS  FROM  "THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE." 


BY  E.  II.  DERBY. — 18GG. 

Far  to  the  north  of  our  iiortlicru  bouiulary,  under  the  high 
latitude  of  54,  wliich  a  few  years  since  we  claimed  for  our  fron- 
tier line  and  reluctantly  resigned,  lie  the  British  Isles. 
Hemmed  in  by  the  Atlantic  on  the  one  side  and  the  German 
Ocean  on  the  other,  with  an  area  of  less  than  110,000  square 
miles,  less  than  that  of  New  Zealand,  and  little  more  than  that 
of  Japan,  they  fall  below  several  of  the  States  in  our  western 
constellation. 

Small,  however,  as  may  be  their  area,  there  arc  few  parts  of 
the  earth's  surface  which  would  leave  such  a  void  as  they 
would  were  they  suddenly  to  be  submerged  by  some  convulsion 
of  nature. 

The  British  Isles  have  a  climate  so  humid  that  in  ordinary 
seasons  neither  maize  nor  the  grape  can  ripen  there,  the  soil  so 
cold  and  forbidding  tiiat  even  wheat  is  a  precarious  crop  unless 
aided  by  drainage  and  artificial  stimulants ;  but  the  climate  is 
hivigorating,  the  soil  is  underlaid  with  minerals  more  valuable 
than  those  of  California.  The  genius  of  the  people  is  directed 
toward  mechanism,  and  art  has  triumphed  over  nature.  Watt  and 
Bolton  have  set  that  mechanism  in  motion  by  the  invention  of 
the  steam-engine,  and  Arkwright  and  Davy  have,  like  Aladdin  in 
the  Eastern  tale,  evoked  the  genius  of  the  lamp  and  the  genius 
of  the  ring  with  their  Briarean  arms,  the  one  to  explore  the 
caverns  where  the  black  diamonds  sparkle,  the  other  to  ring  in 
the  artisans  and  set  the  looms  in  motion  to  produce  tissues  and 
draperies  for  the  palaces  of  the  world. 

The  improvement  of  the  soil  has  kept  pace  Avith  the  advance 
of  mechanism.  Skilful  drainage,  importations  of  guano  and 
phosphate  of  lime  and  linseed  have  given  it  fertility  and  greatly 
increased  its  productive  power. 

Highways,  canals  and  railroads,  stone  docks  and  piers  have 
given  facilities  to  commerce.     Iron  ships  and  steamers  have 


St. 


PRODUCTION  AND  WEALTH. 


105 


L'lng  in 


have 
s  have 


taken  the  place  of  ancient  lighters  and  colliers,  and  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  cnipiro  now  exceeds  six  millions  of  tons. 

The  nianulaoturo  of  textile  fabrics  of  silk,  cotton,  linen,  wool, 
flax  and  jute,  approaches  a  weight  of  two  thousand  millions  of 
pounds. 

Ninety-five  million  tons  of  coal  are  annually  raised,  and  ten 
million  tons  of  ore  are  annually  melted  into  five  million  tons 
of  iron. 

In  1770,  when  Great  Britain  was  shorn  of  her  colonics, 
exhausted  by  her  long  struggle  and  loaded  with  a  vast  debt,  it 
was  supposed  by  her  foes  that  she  would  sink  into  a  third-rate 
power,  but  such  was  her  vitality  that  she  soon  recovered  her 
energy  and  began  again  to  extend  her  dominions.  Asia  took 
with  her  the  place  of  America ;  her  shores  were  kept  inviolate, 
her  naval  power  hicrcased.  For  twenty  years  she  was  engaged 
in  the  great  European  struggle.  With  her  fleets,  subsidies  and 
expeditions,  she  baffled  the  power  of  NapoleoU;  and  finally 
caged  the  conqueror  of  Europe  iu  a  sea-girt  prison. 

Emerging  from  this  struggle  with  a  debt  of  four  thousand  five 
hundred  millions,  eighty  per  cent,  more  than  our  own,  and  with 
a  population  less  than  half  that  within  our  borders,  she  has 
gradually  increased  her  wealth  and  population  until  she  now 
meets  the  entire  interest  of  her  debt  by  a  tax  upon  suj)erflui- 
ties,  by  duties  on  malt,  spirits  and  tobacco,  leaving  the  revenue 
from  all  other  sources  free  to  defray  the  current  expenses  of  tho 
state.  Such  has  been  the  growth  of  commerce,  that  the  wealth 
of  the  Empire  was  rated,  a  few  years  since,  at  830,000,000.000, 
and  the  annual  growth  of  wealth  at  $650,000,000,  sufiicient  to 
extinguish  the  national  debt  once  in  six  years. 

In  place  of  the  thirteen  Colonies,  with,  their  population  of 
three  millions,  lost  in  1770,  Great  Britain  has  jilanted  colonics 
on  all  the  highways  of  nations.  Gibraltar  and  Malta  frown 
upon  the  Mediterranean.  Aden  commands  the  outlet  of  the 
Red  Sea.  On  the  coast  of  Africa,  we  find  her  island  of  Mauri- 
tius, producing  unmally  its  100,000  tons  of  sugar  from  a  sur- 
face of  700  square  miles  ;  beyond  it  Natal,  with  its  sugar,  wool 
and  cotton,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Sierra  Leone,  Lagos  and 
St.  Helena.  Proceeding  cast,  we  encounter  the  Isle  of  Ceylon, 
with  its  cinnamon  and  50,000  tons  of  coffee,  and  the  great 
Provinces  of  Bombay,  Madras,  Bengal  and  Burmah.    Beyond 


lOG 


FIFTY  COLONIES. 


them  arc  Singapore,  Labuau  and  Ilong  Kong,  on  tlio  coast  of 
China.  IJumling  our  course  still  further  cast,  we  reach  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand  and  Van  Dicman's  Land,  with  a  British 
population  half  as  large  as  that  of  the  thirteen  Colonies  at  the 
time  of  their  revolt,  endowed  with  mines  of  gold,  and  sheep- 
walks  yielding  a  hundred  million  pounds  of  wool.  If  wo 
double  Capo  ilorn,  wo  find  a  post  at  the  Falkland  Islands,  in 
convenient  proximity  to  the  great  river  La  Plata.  Following 
the  coast  of  lirazil,  we  come  to  Guiana  and  Demarara,  then  to 
Honduras,  a  cluster  of  isles  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  tho 
fortresses  of  Bermuda  and  Bahama- 
Proceeding  north,  we  reach  the  great  naval  station  of  Hali- 
fax, and  come  in  contact  with  tho  Provinces  of  British  North 
America,  with  a  population  and  commerce  exceeding  that  of 
the  old  thirteen  colonics,  and  beyond  them  lie  British  Cohimbia 
and  Vancouver's  Island,  colonics  upon  our  Pacific  coast. 
Whciever  green  pastures,  fertile  soils,  valuable  timber  or  coal- 
fields, or  commanding  sites  for  fortresses  invite  occupation, 
there  the  red  cross  of  St.  George  and  the  morning  gun  of 
England  salute  the  rising  sun. 

And  now,  before  tlie  close  of  the  first  century  that  has  fol- 
iDwed  our  Revolution,  Great  Britain,  with  a  stronger  hand  and 
increased  naval  and  military  power,  by  the  official  returns  of 
18G2,  has,  in  place  of  her  thirteen  revolted  Provinces,  no  less 
than  fifty  flourishing  Colonics,  with  an 


Area  of  square  miles,   . 
Population, ..... 
Colonial  Revenue, 
Colonial  Expenses, 
Colonial  Debt,      .... 
Colonial  Imports, 
Colonial  Exports, 

Colonial  arrivals  and  clearances,  tons 
Joint  Revenue  of  United   King- 
dom and  Colonies,    . 


4,34G,99G 
.  152,774,672 

8200,000,000  00 
291,000,000  00 
71:3,000,000  00 
541,000^000  00 
474,000,000  00 

,    21,550,755 

$640,000,000  00 


Great  Britain  while  creating  this  empire  has  done  little  to 
conciliate  the  United  States.  It  is  true  we  inherit  from  her  our 
language  with  the  rudiments  of  our  laws,  and  for  these  we  aro 


INDIA. 


107 


grateful ;  but  she  has  left  on  our  shores  few  luomorlals  of  her 
kiii(hi(*ss,  and  one  legacy  which  like  the  robe  of  Hercules  nearly 
proved  our  ruui. 

It  is  true  that  she  fought  with  us  against  France  ;  but  then 
we  fought  for  our  homes  and  altars  ;  she  contended  for  empire  ; 
sho  ever  held  our  interests  subordinate  to  her  own,  she  repressed 
our  cnter[)risc  both  in  commerce  and  nKinufactures.  When 
we  had  broken  her  fetters  on  the  continent,  sho  compelled  us  to 
fight  again  to  avoid  vassalage  on  the  sea  ;  and  when  our  national 
life  was  enihingcrcd  by  an  institution  she  had  founded,  she  alono 
broke  our  blockade,  carried  munitions  to  our  foes,  sweeping  our 
ships  from  the  deep,  and  prolonging  the  war.  Our  nation,  while 
it  sympathizes  with  her  masses, holds  her  government  accountable 
for  this  injustice  and  will  insist  upon  redress. 

It  is  the  part  of  wisdom  to  examine  her  jjosition,  to  measure 
her  strength,  and  doubtless  we  shall  find  that  the  gigantic 
empire  she  has  founded  has  some  vulnerable  points  and  rests  ou 
some  frail  foundations. 


ittle  to 
ler  our 
we  aro 


India. 

We  have  looked  at  her  colonies  grouped  together  ;  let  us  take 
a  brief  view  of  some  of  her  largest  outlying  Provinces.  The 
chief  is  India,  which  embraces  the  great  basins  of  the  Indus 
and  the  Ganges.  Here  Great  Britain,  commencing  with  a  com- 
pany of  merchants,  and  a  few  trading  posts  on  the  coast,  by 
superior  tact  and  wealth,  and  in  great  part  by  native  troops,  has 
gradually  subdued  kingdoms  and  principalities,  and  extended 
her  dominions  to  the  border  of  AlTghanistan,  Thibet  and 
Chinese  Tartary.  . 

Here  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  Englishmen  control 
a  million  of  sqiiare  miles,  and  one  hundred  and  forty-seven 
millions  of  unhappy  subjects. 

The  climate  of  India  is  £? dry  one,  and  its  fertility  is  duo  in 
great  part  to  irrigation.  Many  of  its  ancient  rulers  have 
improved  its  plains  by  canals,  tanks  and  reservoirs  ;  but  Great 
Britain,  having  won  from  the  natives  a  title  by  conquest  to 
the  soil,  was  for  many  years  intent  on  revenue  rather  than 
improvcraGnt,  and  suffered  many  of  these  works  to  go  to  decay. 
At  length  howc  ver,  sho  discovered  a  military  necessity  for  rail- 
ways, and  found  remunerative  returns  in  works  of  irrigation, 


108 


EXPORTS   OP  INDIA. 


W^W 


and  of  late  years  has  given  them  her  support.  A  groat  system 
of  railways,  comprising  5,000  miles,  has  now  been  in  progress  for 
nearly  twenty  years.  A  line  of  1,100  miles  has  been  opened 
from  Calcutta  to  Delhi,  another  is  advancing  from  Bombay  to 
intersect  the  Calcutta  line. 

Other  lines  will  connect  the  waters  of  the  Ganges  with  those 
of  the  Indus. 

The  government  has  guaranteed  five  per  cent,  and  half 
the  surplus  profits  to  these  lines,  and  the  Calcutta  railway 
in  its  first  year  has  a  revenue  from  traflic  which  exceeds  the 
guaranteed  income.  A  novel  policy  has  been  adopted  on  these 
lincb..  While  first  and  second  class  carriages,  with  English 
charges,  are  used  in  a  few  express  train?^,  the  masses  of  the 
people  are  transported  in  open  cars  at  the  low  rate  of  half  a 
cent  per  mile.  And  this  living  freight,  which  loads  and  unloads 
itself,  IS  the  chief  source  of  revenue,  yielding  on  the  Calcutta 
and  Delhi  line  more  than  a  million  per  month. 

When  the  English  first  landed  on  tlie  coast  of  India  they 
found  it  the  chief  seat  of  the  cotton  maimfacture.  Beautiful 
lawns,  calico  and  muslins  of  exquisite  delicacy,  gave  employ- 
ment to  populous  cities.  But  the  manufactures  of  India  have 
succumbed  to  the  power  and  policy  of  Great  Britain. 

The  shawls  of  Paisley,  the  prints  and  lawns  of  Manchester 
have  superseded  the  shawls  and  muslins  of  Deliii,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  India  has  been  gradually  reduced  to  that  of  the  gunny 
cloth  which  envelopes  our  grain  and  cotton.  The  Indian  widow, 
as  if  in  mourning  for  the  past,  sits  upon  the  ashes  and  weaves 
her  sackcloth. 

Great  Britain  uses  India  as  her  plantation  to  raise  opium, 
indigo,  llax,  cotton,  jute,  hemp  and  wool,  and  various  dyes  for 
her  commerce  or  homo  manufacture,  and  with  them  has  created 
a  commerce  of  great  magnitude  and  rapid  growth. 

The  exports  cf  British  India  wei^  in 


1835, 
1855, 
1862, 


$40,500,000  00 
101,000,000  00 
185,000,000  00 


And  during  these  17  years  the  importations  of  India  have 
risen  from  $31,000,000  to  $186,000,000. 


COMMERCE  OF  INDIA. 


109 


The  tonnaffo  which  cleared  for  foreign  countries  from  India 


in  1802,  was  as  follows :  — 

British,    . 
United  States, 
French,  . 
Native,    . 


1,156,709  tons. 
220,310    " 
152,343    '• 
124,350    " 


Tlio  debt  of  India  in  18G2  was  $537,000,000,  and  its  revenue 
some  $5,000,000  short  of  its  expenses  was  in  that  year 
8219,000,000. 

It  has  since  exceeded  its  expenses. 

This  revenue  is  drawn  chiefly  from  the  rent  of  land,  export 
and  import  duties,  and  the  monopoly  of  opium  and  salt. 

The  duty  on  spirit  is  81i  per  gallon;  on  wine,  81 ;  on  tobacco, 
12  cents  per  pound. 

India  annually  absorbs  about  870,000,000  of  treasure,  prin- 
cipally silver,  and  its  circulation  is  estimated  to  exceed 
81,000,000,000. 

The  commerce  of  Lidia,  like  that  of  the  other  Colonies  of 
Great  Britain,  is  almost  equally  divided  between  the  mother 
country  and  other  nations  and  colonics. 

Great  Britain  relies  upon  opium  alone  for  more  than  one- 
sixth  of  her  Indian  revenue ;  she  requires  the  people  of  certain 
districts  to  pursue  its  cultivation,  and  takes  it  at  fixc('  prices, 
yielding  them  small  remuneration,  and  has  compelled  China  to 
receive  it  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet.  The  revenue  from  this 
drug,  now  835,000,000,  is  annually  increasing  at  the  rate  of  one 
or  two  millions.  The  opium  ])ays  for  the  tea  of  England,  and 
this  is  her  favorite  beverage. 

When  we  consider  that  this  revenue  is  wrested  from  the 
industry  of  one  race,  and  vyrung  from  the  ruin  and  impoverish- 
ment of  another,  its  pcrmanenoe  may  well  be  questioned.  Tlic 
British  Empire  in  Asia  stands  upon  no  firm  foundation.  It 
may  be  better  than  the  anarchy  that  preceded  it ;  but  it  is  not 
founded  on  the  love  of  the  people,  and  is  guided  by  the  interests 
of  a  distant  state. 

Australia. 

The  first  settlements  of  the  English  on  the  Australian  conti- 
nent were  mado  since  the  ado])tion  of  our  Constitution  ia  1738. 

21 


■'fpl'    ' 


110 


CANADA  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


.^••:ii 


In  1839  the  colonial  population  had  risen  to  160,000,  and  now 
the  population  of  this  continent  and  the  adjacent  isles  has  risen 
to  1,400,000.  Their  revenue  has  grown,  also,  to  $140,000,000. 
In  18G2  the  importations  of  the  Australian  colonics  were  as 
follows : — 


From  Great  Britain, 
From  other  countries, 

Aggregate,  . 


.    870,000,000  00 
.      78,500,000  00 

.  $157,500,000  00 


Their  exports,  which  were  at  first  of  little  value,  have,  by  the 
great  increase  of  sheep  and  the  discovery  of  gold,  been  carried 
up  to  8133,000,000  annually. 

Tho  commerce  and  wealth  of  Australia  have  taken  their 
entire  development  since  our  Revolution. 

Canada,  Nova  Scotia  and  other  Provinces  op  North 

America. 

These  Provinces,  in  closo  proximity  to  tho  United  States,  had 
little  commerce  and  a  small  population  at  tho  closo  of  our  war 
for  independence ;  but  now  their  territory  and  population  both 
exceed  those  of  the  thirteen  colonies  in  1776. 

Tho  population  of  these  Provinces  is  equal  to  one-tenth  of 
our  own,  and  will  reach  four  millions  in  1868.  Their  annual 
arrivals  and  clearances  in  commerco  with  us  exceed  6,500,000 
tons,  and  their  annual  importations  from  all  countries  exceed 
868,000,000.  Their  revenue  is  at  least  814,000,000.  The  great 
staples  of  tho  export  trade  are  grain,  lumber,  fish,  coal  and 
provisions. 

Wo  have  traced  tho  outlines  of  tho  great  web  which  tho  Brit- 
ish spider  has  spread  over  tho  globo.  Let  us  now  return  to  tho 
British  Isles ;  let  us  walk  into  tho  parlor  of  this  industrious 
artisan,  and  test  the  central  supports  of  his  structure. 

Land  and  Agriculture. 

One  of  tho  great  distinctions  between  Great  Britain  and  tlio 
United  States  is  the  treatment  of  tho  land  in  the  two  countries. 
It  is  tho  policy  of  the  former  to  break  up  tho  small  freeholds,  and 
to  accumulate  lands  in  tho  hands  of  tho  gentry.  Tho  law  of 
primogeniture,  tho  law  of  entails  and  settlements,  favor  thifl 


TENURE  OP  LAND.   AFFORESTING. 


Ill 


accumulation,  and  in  Great  Britain  not  one  person  in  three 
hundred  has  a  permanent  interest  in  the  soil. 

The  reverse  of  this  is  true  in  the  United  States  ;  our  laws 
favor  diffusion,  and  would  give  to  every  one  a  sure  and  perma- 
nent home.  Primogeniture  and  entails  have  been  abolished. 
The  settler  on  the  frontier  has  been  favored  by  pre-emption  and 
grants  of  homesteads  and  extremely  low  prices  for  the  public 
domain  ;  public  grants  have  been  made  for  railways,  and  the 
facilities  of  transfer  by  sale  or  mortgage  are  so  great,  that  the 
masses  arc  tempted  to  become  holders  of  the  fee. 

It  is  the  policy  of  our  laws  to  elevate  the  masses,  to  exempt 
their  homes  and  furniture  from  attachment  and  distraint  for 
rent,  to  make  them  feel  that  they  are  a  part  of  the  state  and 
have  an  interest  as  well  as  a  voice  in  its  management ;  and  this 
may  explain  the  unanimity  with  which  the  people  of  the  North 
sustained  the  state  in  our  late  conflict. 

The  policy  of  England  which  gives  the  land  to  the  few,  and 
to  the  few  with  the  land  the  controlling  power  in  elections, 
gives  less  vitality  to  the  state. 

In  America  men  aspire  to  wealth  for  its  comforts  and  distinc- 
tion, and  would  share  it  with  their  offspring.  In  England  a 
man  aspires  to  land  and  a  family  to  perpetuate  his  name,  and 
sacrifices  his  younger  children  to  pride.  Our  policy  elevates 
the  many,  that  of  England  elevates  the  few  and  strips  the  many. 
Our  farms  remain  of  convenient  size,  and  are  usually  occupied  by 
the  owner  ;  but  in  England  many  farms  are  held  as  investments 
by  one  individual.  Twelve  fben  own  half  of  Scotland.  Two 
hundred  hold  half  of  England — a  most  remarkable  contrast, 
since  England  is  deficient  in  land,  whilo  our  supply  is  ample, 
and  hero  a  farm  is  rarely  let  to  any  one.* 

In  Ireland  there  has  been  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  a 
serious  decline  in  agricultural  productions. 

McCulloch,  a  standard  authority  among  Englishmen,  informs 
us  that  the  agricultural  productions  in  grain,  potatoes,  cattle, 
in  Ireland,  were, — 


In  1830, 


8222,000,000  00 


*  Wliilo  we  "  deforest"  America,  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  Great  Britain, 
like  William  the  Norman,  "afforest"  large  tracts  of  the  Island  for  hunting 
and  shooting. 


112 


CONDITIOM  OF  IRELAND. 


E    t  r    ,, 


ir— i«,,^^^._ 


Since  then  they  have  declhied, — 

In  18r)9,  to    . 
In  18G3, to    . 


8198,000,000  00 
107,000,000  00 


Tlie  population  of  Ireland  has  declined  in  nearly  the  same 
ratio,*  while  that  of  England  and  Scotland  shows  an  increase  more 
than  commensurate  with  the  loss  across  the  channel.  IIow  arc 
we  to  account  for  such  a  decline  while  Eaglaud  and  Scotland 
have  been  i)rogressive  ? 

The  pages  of  McCulloch  to  which  we  have  referred,  present  a 
melancholy  picture  of  the  condition  of  Ireland  in  1839.  The 
population  of  the  island,  he  says,  is  now  eight  millions.  Of 
these,  six  millions  live  chiefly  upon  the  potatoe,  one  and  an 
half  millions  on  oatmeal,  and  half  a  million  on  other  food. 
Fifteen  persons  out  of  sixteen  eking  out  a  miserable  existence 
on  food  inferior  to  that  of  the  Snalte  Indians,  infinitely  worse 
than  that  of  the  slave. 

This  wretched  population  living  in  turf  cottages,  without 
chimneys  or  windows,  half  naked,  grew  in  their  misery  to  nine 
millions.  Then  came  the  famine  and  the  fever  to  sweep  away 
a  race  whose  condition  was  a  disgrace,  not  merely  to  the 
empire,  but  to  humanity  itself,  and  then  the  exodus  to  America. 

Contrast  tlie  condition  of  the  Irishman  of  1847  in  his  broken 
hovel  and  tattered  garments,  liable  at  any  moment  to  bo  set 
adrift  Avithout  a  home  or  a  bed,  meagre  from  the  wretched 
apology  for  food  upon  which  he  lived,  and  now  emaciated 
by  famine  and  disease,  and  contrast  the  condition  of  his  family 
with  the  average  condition  of  each  family  in  the  United  States 
where,  by  the  census  of  1800,  the  returns  of  our  agriculture 
were  so  ample  that  they  presented  an  average  for  each  family  in 
this  new  country,  of  1  horse,  4  cattle,  4  sheep,  G  swine,  28 
bushels  of  wheat,  2(>  bushels  of  potatoes,  28  1)ushels  of  oats, 
140  l)ushels  of  corn  and  nearly  a  bale  of  cotton,  and  ample 
straw  and  fodder,  beside  sugar,  tobacco  and  other  productions. 

The  conversion  of  Ireland  from  oat  fields  and  potato  patches 
into  fields  of  flax,  and  pastures  with  the  growth  of  people 

•  The  population  of  Ireland  is  now  reduced  to  five  millions.  More  than 
one-third  of  the  people  nre  Protestants.  Between  1500  nnd  1700  nine-tenths 
of  the  land  was  confiscated  and  the  proprietors  deprived  of  their  homes, 
property  and  civil  rights. 


LIMITED  MARKET. 


118 


in  the  sister  isle,  requires  a  large  importation  of  food  into  Great 
Britain.     This,  in  1805,  amounted 

In  grain,  corn  and  flour,  to      .        .  8130,000,000  00 

In  rice,  to 0,000,000  00 

In  j)ork,  beef  and  dairy  products,  to      44,000,000  00 

8183,000,000  00 

Tliis  opens  a  market  to  the  competition  of  this  country  for 
its  supply  with  France,  Germany,  Egypt,  Russia,  Spain,  Italy 
and  Turkey,  but  did  Ave  have  exclu.'^ivo  access  to  it,  such  a 
markot  would  absorb  but  a  small  percentage  of  the  83,000,000,000 
of  breadstufis  and  provisions  produced  by  the  agriculture  of  the 
United  States. 

In  1839,  McCulloch  estimated  the  return  of  agriculture  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  at  81,000,000,000.  The  decline  in 
Ireland  has  probably  prevented  any  large  increase  since  that 
period.  Our  returns  from  agriculture  rose  to  8-,GOO,000,000 
by  the  census  of  18G0,  and  are  now  at  least  threefold  those  of 
Great  Britain.  The  surplus  in  this  country  is  our  safeguard  in 
case  of  war,  but  the  dependence  of  the  British  Isles  on  foreign 
nations  and  distant  colonies  for  the  food  of  five  to  ten  millions 
of  their  people  puts  them  under  heavy  bonds  to  keep  the  peace. 

British  Manufactures. 

McCulloch  rates  the  annual  value  in  1839  of  the  chief  manu- 
factures of  Great  Britain,  viz.,  cotton,  wool,  ilax,  silk,  hats, 
paper,  glass,  iron  and  earthen  ware  at  8583,000,000,  and  the 
value  of  the  minerals  produced  at  8100,000,000,  an  aggregate  of 
8383,000,000.  "\Vo  must  have  i)assed  these  points  long  since,  for 
the  census  of  1800  presents  the  amount  of  our  manufactures  at 
nearly  threefold  that  aggregate,  and  they  arc  still  progressive. 

The  English  question  our  right  to  include  lumber  and  flour 
among  manufactures  ;  but  it  is  diihcult  to  see  why  the  grooved 
and  often  planed  board,  the  finished  shingle,  lath  and  clap- 
board, or  why  the  bolted  and  barrelled  flour,  as  well  as  refined 
oil,  ai'e  not  as  much  manufactures  as  pig  iron  or  castings.  If 
our  manufactures  arc  sometimes  stated  twice ;  if  the  leather, 
for  instance,  ii  included  a  second  time,  in  boots,  shoes  or  har- 
nesses, does  not  English  hardware  include  pig  iron,  bar  iron  and 


114 


BRITISH   MANUFACTURES. 


steel  ill  English  manufactures,  and  do  not  their  fabrics  of  cotton' 
wool  and  silk,  include  in  their  amount  the  foreign  material  ? 

In  certain  branches  Great  Britain  still  surpasses  America. 
Wo  manufacture  but  1,500,000  tons  of  iron.  Great  Britain 
makes  5,000,000  tons ;  but  we  consume,  chiefly  in  other  manu- 
factures, three-fifths  as  miich  iron  as  Great  Britain.  And  while 
her  pig  and  bar  iron  are  worth  less  than  8100,000,000,  our 
manulacturos  of  iron  exceed  8200,000,000. 

In  18G0,  Ave  spun  and  wove  four  hundred  and  thirteen  million 
pounds  of  cotton.  Great  Britain  one  thousand  one  hundred  and 
twenty  millions,  and  not  the  larger  quantity  stated  by  Sir  Mor- 
ton Peto,  who  sets  down  all  imported  as  manufactured.  lu  silk, 
flax,  jutcj  wool  and  hemp,  and  earthen  ware.  Great  Britain  still 
excels ;  but  in  nearly  all  other  branches  we  are  in  the  ascend- 
ant, and  whatever  advance  Great  Britain  has  made  since  1839, 
our  aggregate  from  the  returns  of  18G0  in  minerals  and  manu- 
factures, unless,  as  she  suggests,  wc  strike  olT  great  branches, 
must  exceed  her  aggregate  of  manufactures  and  minerals. 

For  instance,  in  leather,  boots,  shoes,  harnesses,  carriages, 
engines,  cars,  sewhig-machines,  musical  instruments,  arms,  can- 
non, agricultural  implements,  India-rubber  goods,  ready-made 
clothing,  paper,  paper  collars,  manufactures  of  wood,  files, 
screws,  and  many  minor  branche  s  wc  are  aherfd  of  Great 
Britain,  although  in  tissues  we  may  not  manufacture  the  amount 
she  produces.  In  future  the  rivalry  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  United  States  will  be  in  the  last  named  articles.  Both 
nations  arc  preparing  for  the  contest. 

While  Great  Britain  is  doubling  her  production  of  pig  iron 
once  in  thirteen  years,  wo  arc  opening  vast  deposits  of  iron  ore 
superior  to  any  that  she  can  command  in  Missouri,  Tennessee, 
and  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  Wo  are  erecting  new 
furnaces,  and  already  produce  a  million  and  a  half  of  tons,  or 
more  than  England  made  in  1845,  and  have  carried  our  manu- 
facture of  iron  in  its  various  forms  above  8200,000,  drawing  less 
than  one-tenth  of  the  i)ig  metal  from  Great  Britain. 

If  the  cotton  tax  shall  be  sustained  by  Congress  and  a  remis- 
sion of  duty  bo  allowed  upon  our  cloth  exported,  wc  may  expect 
a  rapid  increase  of  the  manufacture  both  at  the  North  and  the 
South  ;  wo  now  consume  two-fifths  of  the  qurftitity  of  cotton 
annually  used  by  Great  Britain. 


AMERICAN  MANUFACTURES. 


115 


"With  respect  to  wool,  our  manufacture  has  doubled  in  less 
than  ten  years,  our  woollen  machinery  is  equal  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  200,000,000  millions  of  pounds  of  wool,  and  wo  import 
and  produce  nearly  that  amount  in  186G.  Delaines,  worsteds, 
and  mixed  fabrics  of  wool,  silk  and  cotton,  bunting,  felted  cloth 
and  other  new  fabrics  arc  now  well  established  and  progressive.* 

Each  nation  is  largely  embarked  in  manufactures ;  each 
guided  'y  a  different  theory.  Tho  theory  of  Great  Britain  is 
free  trade.  Reduced  to  practice  it  is  tho  exchange  by  com- 
merce of  the  raw  material  to  which  she  has  given  new  value 
for  the  rude  products  of  other  regions.  Strong  in  her  insular 
position  ;  enthroned  on  her  beds  of  iron  and  black  diamonds ; 
relying  on  her  command  of  the  sea,  on  her  intellectual  power 
and  artistic  skill  to  guide  her  low-priced  labor  and  varied 
mechanism ;  trusting  in  her  accumulated  capital  to  crush  com- 
petition,— her  aim  is  to  keep  down  labor  by  cheap  food  and  beer 
at  home,  and  to  crush  rivalry  and  adverse  tariffs  by  the  weight 
of  capital  abroad ;  to  sell  below  cost  to-day,  with  a  view  to 
large  profits  to-morrow. 

In'  her  eye  tho  laborer  is  but  a  machine,  endued  with  life 
merely  to  do  tho  bidding  of  capital,  which  absorbs  the  profits 
while  the  mechanism  is  merely  kept,  like  tho  engine,  in  repair. 
The  debased  and  illiteiate  masses  have  no  interest  in  the  state 
while  they  stand  on  tho  verge  of  pauperism. 

Our  policy  is  the  reverse.  It  is  to  create  and  educate  men,  or 
import  them  ready-made,  in  the  full  vigor  of  maidiood,  instead 
of  importing  their  manufacturas ;  to  use  them  to  subdue  the 
asperities  and  improve  the  gifts  of  nature,  and  to  allow  them  a 
full  participation  in  tho  result,  and  to  hold  a  part  of  the  coun- 
try they  benefit.  To  create  a  vast  home  market  in  which  the 
industrious  artisan  may  exchange,  at  fair  prices,  his  surplus 
products  for  those  of  the  industrious  farmer.  To  give  him  a 
moderate  protection  against  the  capital  that  directs  the  brute 
force  of  Europe.  The  slave,  in  his  early  manhood,  was  worth  to 
the  master,  in  this  country,  at  least  one  thousand  dollars.  The 
free  laborer  or  artisan  brings  with  him,  on  the  average,  his  $08 ; 
but  ho  is  worth,  to  tho  state  that  receives  him,  twice  tho  price  of 

*  Tlio  number  of  shc^n  in  Great  Britain  is  less  than  24,000,000,  and  tho  wool 
annually  manufactured  there  Is  little  more  than  that  manufactured  here.  Wo 
have  more  sheep  than  Great  Britain. 


IIG 


AMERICAN  FEEEHOLDS. 


tho  slave.  Capital,  with  us,  doubles  in  a  decade.  In  tvrenty- 
fivc  years  the  industrious  settler  or  artisan  has  raised  a  family, 
and  converted  his  original  capital  of  82,008  into  three  or  four- 
fold that  amount  in  the  shape  of  an  improved  farm  or  other 
property  ;  he  has  become  a  freeholder,  a  portion  of  the  State. 

In  the  happy  words  of  another:  "Ilcrc  is  tho  great  land  of 
free  labor,  where  industry  is  blessed  with  unexampled  rewards, 
and  the  bread  of  the  workingman  is  sweetened  by  the  conscious- 
ness that  the  cause  of  the  country  is  his  own  cause,  his  own 
safety,  his  own  dignity.  Here  every  one  enjoys  the  free  use  of 
his  faculties,  and  the  choice  of  activity  as  a  natural  right.  Here, 
under  tho  combined  influence  of  a  fruitful  soil,  genial  climes 
and  happy  institutions,  population  has  increased  fifteen-fold 
within  a  century.  Here,  through  the  easy  development  of 
boundless  resources,  wealth  has  increased  with  twofold  greater 
rapidity  than  numbers,  so  that  wo  have  become  secure  against 
the  financial  vicissitudes  of  other  countries ;  and,  alike  in  busi- 
ness and  in  opinion,  are  self-centered  and  truly  independent. 
Here,  more  and  more  care  is  given  to  provide  education  for 
every  one  born  on  our  soil.  Here  religion,  released  from  polit- 
ical connection  with  the  civil  government,  refuses  to  subserve 
the  craft  of  statesmen,  and  becomes,  in  its  independence,  the 
spiritual  life  of  the  people.  Here  toleration  is  extended  to 
every  opinion,  in  the  quiet  certainty  that  truth  needs  only  a  fair 
field  to  secure  the  victory.  Here  the  human  mind  goes  forth 
unshackled  in  the  pursuit  of  science,  to  collect  stores  of  knowl- 
edge, and  acquire  an  ever-increasing  mastery  over  the  forces  of 
nature.  Here  the  national  domain  is  offered  and  held  in  mil- 
lions of  separate,  freeholds,  so  that  our  fellow-citizens,  beyond 
the  occupants  of  any  other  part  of  the  earth,  constitute,  in  real- 
ity, a  people.  Here  exists  the  democratic  form  of  government ; 
and  that  form  of  government,  by  tho  confession  of  European 
statesmen,  gives  a  power  of  which  no  other  form  is  capable, 
because  it  incorporates  every  man  with  the  State,  and  arouses 
everything  that  belongs  to  the  soul." 

An  English  statesman  suggests  that  each  loom  set  in  motion 
at  Manchester,  sets  twenty  ploughs  in  motion. 

The  policy  of  America  is  to  place  the  loom  where  it  can  move 
the  American,  not  the  French  or  Russian  ploughs,  and  to  place 


AMERICAN  FREE  TRADE. 


117 


the  artisan  where  ho  can,  in  time  of  war,  unite  with  the  yeoman 
in  sustaining  and  defending  the  country. 

Great  Britain  requires  less  than  an  eighth  of  the  products  of 
our  agi'iculture,  and  the  competition  of  other  nations  will  sup- 
l)ly  the  larger  part  of  this  fraction.  Were  we  to  abandon  man- 
ufactures, and  convert  our  artisans  into  farmers,  how  could 
Great  Britain  absorb  or  consume  the  products  of  agriculture 
now  used  by  our  artisans,  and  those  in  addition  that  they  would 
produce  as  farmers  ?  Divert  them  from  the  loom,  the  sjiindle 
and  the  forge,  and  their  indusstry  would  depress  the  value  of  our 
wheat  and  provisions,  and  enrich  the  foreigner. 

"While  it  is  the  wise  policy  of  our  country  to  invito  the  indus- 
trious artisan  and  yeoman  from  abroad,  and  to  encourage  man- 
ufactures, it  may  safely  be  conceded  that  it  would  be  most 
luiwise  to  erect  an  adamantine  or  Chinese  wall  around  our 
country  to  exclude  the  products  of  other  nations. 

Great  Britain  requires  a  portion  of  our  cotton,  tobacco,  petro- 
leum, flour  and  provisions.  Nature  has  placed  the  fossil  salt, 
coal,  iron-stone  and  materials  for  carthcn-warc,  and  i)orcelain 
near  her  seaports.  All  these  should  pass  our  custom-house  at 
moderate  duties,  for  they  give  return  freights  to  our  ships,  and 
add  thereby  to  the  returns  for  the  products  we  export.  The 
iron  and  steel,  too,  will  meet  the  iron  and  steel  of  America  in 
our  Northern  seaports,  and  there  keep  up  a  healthful  comijcti- 
tion  with  our  own.  We  shall,  too,  ever  require  many  new  and 
costly  fabrics  from  Great  Britain,  which  wo  may  well  import, 
and,  by  duties  on  these  and  her  other  fabrics  produced  by  cheap 
labor,  may  add  to  the  revenue  of  the  nation  and  give  a  stimulus 
to  our  own  manufactures ;  but  were  we  to  abandon  our  water- 
power  and  our  mechanism,  and  rely  upon  England  alone  for 
our  sui)ply  of  cloth  and  hardware,  we  should  bid  adieu  to  our 
gold  and  silver,  if  not  to  our  national  obligations. 


move 
place 


Commerce. 

Our  free  trade  is  upon  a  gigantic  scale  in  the  free  commerce 
wc  conduct  over  the  principal  part  of  this  continent  by  rail, 
canal,  lake,  river  and  coastwise  navigation.  That  of  England 
is  very  extensive,  but  limited  by  foreign  tariffs. 

Her  imports  and  exports  have  tripled  in  the  last  twenty-three 
years  as  shown  by  the  following  table  : — 

oo 


fl 


'•M" 


118  nniTisii  EXPORTS  and  imports. 

Exports  and  Imports  oj  the  British  Isles. 

1842, 8055,000,000  00 

1853, 1,285,000,000  00 

18G3, 1,975,000,000  00 

1865, 2,150,000,000  00 

And  singular  as  it  may  scorn  the  imports  during  this  period 
have  exceeded  the  exports  by  87,500,000,000,  nearly  twice  the 
amount  of  the  national  debt. 

AVith  respect  to  the  amount  of  exports  the  chief  cities  of 
Great  Britain  represent  the  following  amounts  for  the  year  18G2  : 
Liverpool,  8250,000,000 ;  London,  8150,000,000  ;  Hull,  800,- 
000,000 ;  Glasgow,  830,000,000. 

The  exports  for  1803  arc  classed  by  R.  IL  Patterson,  in  his 
recent  work  as  follows : — 


IS 


Manufactures  from  foreign  materials  chiefly 
textile  fabrics,       .         .         .         .         . 

Jiletals,  machinery  and  hardware,  and  manu- 
factures of  British  materials. 

Articles  not  included, 


Importations. 

For  food,  corn,  flour,  provisions  and  dairy 

products. 
Sugar,  tea  and  coffee,  . 
Wine,  spirits  and  fruit, 
Tobacco,     .... 
Wood,         .... 
Oil  and  tallow,     . 
Materials  for  manufactures, 
Guano  and  oil  seed  cake, 
Manufactures, 
Spices,  and  articles  not  enumerated, 


8500,000,000  00 

180,000,000  00 
52,000,000  00 

8732,000,000  00 


8183,000,000  00 

135,000,000  00 

40,000,000  00 

15,000,000  00 

64,000,000  GO 

20,000,000  00 

514,000,000  00 

16,000,000  00 

30,000,000  00 

235,000,000  00 

81,248,000,000  00 


The  value  of  the  manufactured  goods  imported  falls  below 
two  and  one-half  per  cent,  of  the  entire  importation.    Among 


^1 


DESCRiniON  OP  IMPORTS. 


119 


the  chief  exports  of  the  Britisli  Isles  in  1805,  we  fiml  many 
coarse  articles  wliich  give  employ  men  t  to  ships  while  valuublc 
goods  arc  sent  by  steamers,  viz. : — 


Coal,  (Tons,)  9,189,000  ;  Value,  822,000,000  00 
Iron  &  steel,  "  1,015,000  ;  "  107,000,000  00 
Soda,  "  120,000 ;      "  0,000,000  00 


Among  the  imports  vrc  find — 


Copper  ore, 

(Tons,) 

222,000 

Guano, 

(( 

237,000 

Flax, 

(( 

100,000 

Hides, 

(• 

40,000 

Espartcro  fo 

r  paper,  '•     . 

62,000 

Hemp, 

(( 

50,000 

Brcadstuffs, 

(Bushels,)   . 

100,000,000 

The  principal  exports  were  made  to  the  following  comitries 
in  their  respective  order : — 


The  United  States, 

Germany, 

Turkey, 

India, 

France, 

.       Egypt, 

Australia, 

Holland, 

Brazil. 

Great  Britain  accumulates  in  her  warehouses  large  quantities 
of  foreign  goods,  and  has  on  hand  or  upon  the  sea  more  than  a 
year's  supply  of  tea,  coffee,  spices,  tobacco,  spirits,  wine  and 
brandy,  and  largo  supplies  of  timber,  sugar,  cotton,  wool,  and 
other  staples,  so  that  she  is  well  prepared  for  a  temporary  inter- 
ruption of  her  commerce.  It  was  not  until  1862,  that  she  felt 
severely  the  effects  of  the  interruption  of  the  supply  of  cotton. 

Her  annual  consumption  of  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  wine,  brandy 
and  wool,  is  estimated  as  follows  : — 


Tea,  (pounds,)  . 

Coffee,     " 

Sugar,     " 

"Wine,  (pipes,)    . 

Brandy,  " 

Foreign  wool,  (pounds,) 


100,000,000 

28,000,000 

1,125,000,000 

114,000 

23,100 

107,000,000 


I  fl' 


r^ 


120 


CRITISU  DANKINO  SYSTEM. 


B.VNKS. 

Tlio  coramcrco  of  Great  Britain  is  facilitated  by  numerous 
banks.    The  aggregate  circulation  is  restricted  to  8188,000,000 
while  the  metallic  circulation  of  gold  and  silver 
in  the  two  isles  is  set  at, 420,000,000 


Aggregate, 


.  8008,000,000 


•ii 


In  addition  to  this  a  considerable  amount  of  exchequer  bills 
and  bills  of  exchange  at  thirty  to  sixty  days  is  circulated  by 
merchants. 

The  whole  number  of  joint  stock  and  private  banks  in  the 
sister  isles  exceeds  five  thousand,  and  the  aggregate  amount  of 
deposits  is  81,500,000,000. 

There  arc  in  England  sixteen  hundred  joint  stock  l)anks. 
Of  these  sixty-one  are  auwiiorized  to  issue  bills  to  the  limited 
amount  of  810,000,000. 

One  hundred  and  forty-two  private  banks  arc  empowered  to 
issue  bills  not  exceedinfr  in  all  810,000,000. 

The  Bank  of  Engla..a  may  issue  to  the  amount  of  870,000,000, 
and  beyond  that  amount,  in  case  a  pound  in  gold  is  reserved 
for  every  pound  in  currency. 

The  chief  institution  of  Great  Britain  is  the  l^ank  of  England, 
which  is  closely  identified  with  the  government  and  manages 
the  national  debt.  Its  capital  is  870,000,000,  its  reserve  of 
profits  is  815,000,000  more,  but  all  the  capital  and  reserve 
excepting  830,000,000,  arc  borrowed  by  government  and  arc 
useless  for  discounts. 

Although  permitted  to  issue  notes  to  the  extent  of  870,000,000, 
it  is  required  to  keep  in  reserve  specie  to  the  extent  of  its 
issues  beyond  its  loan  to  the  government,  but  it  is  not  restricted 
as  to  its  rate  of  discount. 

The  average  deposits  with  this  institution,  including  govern- 
ment bonds,  are  8100,000,000,  and  its  profits  range  from  ten 
to  twelve  per  cent.  The  bank  pays  annually  to  government 
8000,000  or  less  than  one  per  cent,  for  its  privileges. 

In  former  times  the  banking  business  of  London  was  con- 
ducted in  great  part  by  private  bankers,  but  of  late  years  many 
of  their  firms  have  been  superseded  by  joint  stock  banks,  which 
do  most  of  the  business  of  London. 


WEAKNESS  OP  BRITISH  DANES. 


121 


jtctl 


There  arc  now  in  London  twelve  joint  stock  banks,  witii  au 
actual  capital  of  $30,000,000  in  addition  to  reserved  profits, 
an(J  their  deposits  amount  on  the  average  to  8400,000,000  and 
their  discounts  are  often  more  than  ten  times  their  capital.  To 
secure  deposits  they  allow  interest  to  the  depositors.  Their 
profits  have  been  as  high  as  30  i)er  cent.  In  addition  U>  these 
l)anks  are  several  discount  houses  that  keep  accounts  with  the 
Bank  of  Englf   d  and  discount  short  bills  of  exchange. 

In  Ireland  there  arc  six  joint  stock  banks  authorized  to  issue 
six  millions  of  currency. 

In  Scotland,  banks  have  been  established  for  one  hundred 
ond  fifty  years  ;  they  are  now  thirteen  in  number,  six  of  which 
may  issue  a  circulation  of  822,000,000. 

The  stockholders  in  these  Scotch  banks  arc  all  liable  for  tlie 
engagements.  They  are  so  cautiously  conducted  that  none  of 
them  has  ever  failed  to  pay  its  bill-holders  and  depositors.  It 
is  their  i)racticc  to  keep  a  reserve  equal  to  one-third  of  their 
notes  and  deposits  and  to  allow  an  interest  of  three  per  cent,  to 
their  depositors  upon  their  daily  balances. 

These  l)anks  have  no  less  than  six'  hundred  and  fifteen 
branches  dillused  through  all  parts  of  Scotland  wliidi  attract 
from  the  formers  and  small  traders  their  accumulations  and 
transfer  them  to  the  commercial  centres  where  they  an;  profit- 
ably employed.  These  facilities  have  done  much  to  stimulate 
the  growth  of  Scotland,  which,  under  a  sky  of  steel,  a  harsh 
climate,  with  great  asperity  of  surfiice,  has  in  the  last  century 
made  more  ropid  progress  than  any  other  portion  of  Europe. 
Much  is  due  to  the  nlanagcment  of  its  banks  and  bankers, 
to  cash  credits  and  allowance  of  interest  on  deposits  which 
empty  the  till  and  the  stocking  into  the  vault  of  the  central 
banking  house,  which  collect  and  gather  up  nd  utilize  all  the 
dew-drops,  rills  and  rivers  of  wealth,  and  j.^ar  them  in  fertiliz- 
ing streams  over  tho  country.  They  may  well  be  copied  in 
America. 

But  while  we  find  much  to  admire  in  the  banks  of  Scotland, 
tho  banking  system  of  Great  Britain  has  no  form  or  symmetry, 
presents  many  imperfections,  and  is  inferior  to  tho  new  system 
of  the  United  States. 

The  circulation  is  anomalous  and  irregular,  based  partly  on 
public  securities,  partly  on  the  strength  of  joint  stock  companies 


%ur 


122 


OUR  STSTOr  SUPERIOR. 


'   -t 


subject  to  few  restrictions,  and  partly  on  the  credit  of  individual 
bankf^r.s  •  and  no  institution,  except  the  Bank  of  England,  makes 
any  i  .tr/n  to  the  State  for  the  privilege  of  creating  a  currency. 

While  our  national  currency  pervades  the  country  from  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  to  the  Rio  Grande,  from  the  highlands  of  Nevcr- 
sink  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  bills  of  the  private  banker  rarely 
circulate  beyond  his  own  city  or  county. 

The  active  capital  of  the  Bank  of  England  and  of  the  twelve 
joint  stock  banks  of  London,  in  the  aggregate  but  802,000,000, 
is  an  insufficient  and  luisafe  basis  for  $500,000,000  of  deposits 
and  a  still  larger  average  of  discounts.  An  average  loss  of  ton 
per  cent,  upon  the  paper  discounted  would  submerge  all  the 
joint  stock  banks  of  London,  and  such  losses  may  be  anticipated 
in  commercial  rcvulsioi.s  when  wo  see  cotton  decline  thirty-five 
per  cent,  in  less  than  six  weeks,  with  an  attendant  loss  to  the 
British  merchant  of  more  than  $100,000,000.  The  perils  to 
which  the  nation  is  exposed  by  such  a  system  of  banking  arc 
"llustratcd  by  the  suspension  of  the  Barnard  Banking  Co., 
Overend,  Gurney  and  Co.,  and  other  joint  stock  banks,  with 
liabilities  of  8130,000,000,  based  on  a  capital  less  than  one- 
tenth  of  the  amount,  and  by  a  panic  to  which  the  Bank  of 
England  itself  was  obliged  io  bow. 

Again,  the  permission  to  raise  the  rate  of  discount  to  ten  per 
cent,  or  more  accorded  to  the  Bank  of  England,  makes  it  the 
policy  of  the  bank  to  keep  up  interest,  while  profits  of  30  per 
cont.,  in  a  country  where  consols  pay  but  three,  stimulate 
gamblmg. 

If  a  profit  of  thirty  per  cent,  can  be  made  from  the  deposits 
or  circulation  of  the  banks,  should  it  inure  to  the  benefit  of  the 
nation,  or  to  that  of  adventurers  or  gamblers  ?  Panics  are,  and 
well  may  be,  prevalent  in  London.  The  nation  relies  upon  for- 
eign nations  or  distant  colonies  for  its  food,  and  at  the  same 
time  intiusts  its  national  credit  to  institutions  which  take  risks 
unprecedented  in  America. 

American  Banking  System. 

Let  us  contrast  our  system  with  that  of  Great  Britain.  Our 
banks,  sixteen  hundred  in  number,  arc  all  homogeneous,  and 
based  upon  the  same  statutes. 


SAFE  BANKING. 


123 


Their  capital  is  Hmitod  to  8400,000,000,  and  their  circulation 
to  8300,000,000.  They  arc  required  to  make  monthly  returns 
to  the  National  Government,  and  a  summary  of  these  returns 
showing  the  amount  of  their  circulation  and  deposits,  is  pub- 
lished and  circulated  quarterly.  A  late  quarterly  return  exhib- 
its their  deposits  in  round  numbers  at  8o00,000,000. 

The  law  requires  them  to  protect  their  circulation  by  a 
deposit,  in  the  National  Treasury,  of  United  States  bonds  with 
a  margin  of  ten  per  cent.  It  requires  all  the  banks  in  the  chief 
cities  to  hold  in  specie,  greenbacks  or  oiher  legal  tenders,  twen- 
ty-five per  cent,  of  the  amount  both  of  their  circulation  and 
deposits. 

Their  circulation  is  apportioned  and  their  bills  arc  issued  to 
them  by  public  officers,  and  arc  receivable  for  taxes  and  liy  all 
banking  associations.  No  panic  or  rc\'ulsion  sends  them  home, 
and  they  have  the  same  currency  as  the  legal  tender. 

As  they  arc  amply  secured  by  a  deposit  of  stocks  and  bonds 
in  the  National  Treasury,  the  reserve  to  meet  them  becomes 
applicable  to  the  deposits,  and  these  national  banks,  with  an 
aggregate  of  8300,000,000  circulation  and  8500,000,000  depos- 
its, amounting  to  8800,000,000,  twice  their  capital,  must  keep 
reserves  of  8200,000,000  in  gold  or  legal  tenders,  sufficient  to 
pay  at  once  two-fifths  of  their  deposits. 

In  no  former  panic,  before  circulation  was  secured,  have  our 
banks  been  required  to  pay  out  two-fifths  of  their  aggregate 
deposits.  Now,  to  meet  this  amount,  they  have  not  only  two- 
fifths  in  reserve,  but  all  their  discounted  paper,  and  the  margin 
of  their  stocks  pledged  to  the  government. 

Taxes  and  Cuarges. 

It  is  cstim  I  ted  by  those  who  are  conversant  with  banking,  that 
the  annual  cost  of  conducting  a  bank  in  the  United  States  is  2^ 
per  cent.  uix)n  the  amount  of  its  capital.  This  covers  salaries, 
rents,  postages  and  losses,  and  this  must  bo  deducted  from 
revenue  before  a  division  of  profits. 

Under  our  banking  law,  a  further  deduction  of  ton  per  cent, 
on  profits  is  made,  until  a  surplus  or  contingent  fund  of  twenty 
per  cent,  is  rcali/od. 

But  in  addition  to  these  necessary  deductions,  a  largo  amount 
is  required  by  government  for  the  privileges  conferred. 


124  CONTRIBUTIONS  OF  OUR  BANKS  TO  THE  STATE. 

The  govcrumont  calls  upon  the  banks, — 


I  of  1  per  ct. 


First,  for  a  tax  of  1  jwr  cent,  on  circulation, 
equivalent  to  an  average  on  capital  of    . 

Second,  for  a  tax  of  J  of  1  per  cent,  on  average 
deposits,  equivalent  to 

TJiird,  for  a  tax  of  .]  of  1  percent,  on  capital  not 
invested  in  national  securities, 

Fourth,  for  an  income  tax  of  5  per  cent.  0)i  prof- 
its to  be  paid  to  shareholders,  estimating  these 
at  10  per  cent., 

The  State,  County  and  Town  tax  on  the  stock, 
including  that  on  banking  houses  in  18G5,  in 
Massachusetts,  exceeded        .        .        .        .1^  per  cent. 


u 


1      u 


i 


<( 


<( 


(( 


u 


Aggregate, 


^\  per  cent. 


Let  us  assume  earnings  of  the  United  States  banks  to  have 


been,  during  the  past  years, — 

From  Discounts, 

From  Coupons  and  Bonds,  8333,000,000, 
Profits  on  sale  of  Gold,  and  other  items. 


The  aggregate  is 


849,000,000  00 

20,000,000  00 

1,000,000  00 

$70,000,000  00 


Seventy  millions  arc  equivalent  to  17^  per  cent,  on  capital ; 
and  if  we  deduct  charges  2|,  taxes  3^-,  and  percentage  of  one- 
tenth  the  profits  carried  to  the  surplus  fund,  say  1  per  cent., 
and  a  half  per  cent,  for  contingencies,  the  residuum  of  ten  per 
cent,  remains  for  dividend. 

This  residuum  is  of  course  subject  to  the  deduction  of  any 
interest  allowed  to  depositors.  Wo  arc  led  by  this  analysis  to 
the  conclusion  that  if  money  continues  to  average  seven  per  cent, 
the  banking  system  of  the  United  States  can  return  three  and 
one-half  per  cent,  to  the  governme,  t,  an  aggregate  of  ^14,000,- 
000,  and  iaw  per  cent,  to  the  stock-holder  with  a  reserve  of  one 
per  cent,  which  may  possibly  be  offset  by  some  concessions  to 
the  depositor. 

Wo  have  adverted  to  one  feature  in  the  banking-law  which 
secures  the  depositor  tho  reserve  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  in  legal 


LARGE  RESERVES. — VALUE  AND  UTILITY  OF  OUR  BANKS.   125 


00 


diicU 
legal 


tenders,  but  wc  liavc  not  adverted  to  the  additional  rcvcnuo 
this  gives  to  the  government.  It  places  in  the  vaults  of  the 
banks  8200,000,000,  or  nearly  that  amount  of  tlic  national  debt 
in  the  shape  of  legal  tenders  as  a  corps  de  reserve,  and  the  gov- 
ernment thus  saves  the  interest.  This  is  equal  to  a  further  tax 
of  three  per  cent,  on  bank  capital.  Thus  directly  and  indirectly 
will  the  government  realize  $20,000,000  annually  from  the 
banks,  an  amount  equivalent  to  six  and  one-half  per  cent,  on  the 
aggregate  capital,  and  nearly  nine  jjcr- cent,  on  the  circulation. 

In  our  revolutionary  war  when  public  credit  was  exhausted 
and  colonial  and  continental  bills  had  ceased  to  circulate,  the 
little  bank  of  Robert  Morris  rendered  invaluable  aid  to  the 
country,  and  with  its  capital  of  $400,000  enabled  Washington 
to  take  the  field  and  make  his  last  and  most  brilliant  campaign. 

In  our  last  protracted  struggle  the  country  lias  again  been 
obliged  to  fall  back  upon  its  banks,  and  to  inaugurate  a  National 
Banking  system,  which  has  rendered  service  still  more  valuable. 

The  bank  of  Morris  sinks  into  insignificance  when  wc  com- 
pare its  capital  of  8400,000  with  the  $400,000,000  of  our 
national  banks.  The  nation  has  grasped  this  capital,  converted 
it  into  national  bonds,  based  upon  it  a  currency  of  $300,000,000, 
and  devoted  this  to  banking  purposes.  Not  content  with  the 
first  loans  it  has  required  the  national  banks  to  take  $200,000,- 
000  more  of  legal  tenders  and  hold  them  in  their  colTers.* 
Not  content  with  this  it  has  called  u})on  them  to  contribute  as  a 
return  for  banking  privileges  the  interest  of  $230,000,000  more 
in  taxes,  for  the  support  of  government.t 

Again,  it  has  employed  them  to  collect  without  charge  all  the 
little  rills  and  streams  of  revenue,  and  pour  them  in  large  rivers 
into  the  National  Treasury. 

Again,  it  has  called  upon  sixteen  hundred  national  banks 
to  diffuse  its  bonds  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  country,  and 
to  gather  in  loans  from  every  shop,  farm-house  and  cabin,  the 
savings  of  industry,  to  sustain  the  armies  and  navy  of  the 
Republic,  thus  utilizing  all  the  resources  of  the  country,  and 
devoting  them  to  the  service  of  the  nation.  Let  due  honor  bo 
given  to  him  who  inaugurated  our  national  system  of  finance 

♦  A  part  of  these  legal  tenders,  as  compound  interest  notes,  have  thus  far 
drawn  interest,  but  the  interest  will  cease  January,  18G7. 

I  The  tax  on  stamps  and  licenses  is  fr>  be  added ;   it  will  amount  to  three- 
eighths  of  one  per  cent,  on  circulation. 
23 


'^K 


126 


STRENGTH  OP  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


which  has  not  ouly  sustained  the  State,  but  has  given  to  its  com- 
merce a  uniform  currency  from  Maine  to  Texas.  If  it  is  not 
perfect,  if  it  requires  any  further  expansion,  any  restraint  upon 
its  discounts,  any  relief  from  taxation,  let  the  nation  still  study 
its  improvement. 

Nil  actum  reputans  si  quid  restat  agendum. 


Conclusion. 

The  ministers  of  England  annually  congratulate  her  pooplo 
upon  the  progress  of  the  nation,  and  under  their  guidance, 
England,  although  sorely  troubled  by  the  affairs  of  Denmark 
and  Italy,  has  most  wisely  refrained  from  involving  herself  in 
Continental  questions. 

It  must  be  confessed  that  there  is  much  to  encourage  England 
in  her  onward  march.  Tlie  sanguine  Englishman  sees,  in  his 
dreams,  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  in  caravans  or  long  proces- 
sions, in  fleets  of  shi[»s,  and  bearing  all  the  riches  of  the  earth 
moving  to  the  great  temple  which  England  dedicates  to  com- 
merce ;  but  sometimes,  in  his  dream,  an  unseen  hand  writes 
upon  the  wall,  "  Mene,  mene,"  and  it  is  for  the  interpreter  to 
say  whether  it  be  the  Median  or  Fenian  who  is  to  shatter  his 
portals  or  whether  his  empire  is  secure. 

We  have  glanced  at  the  foundations  of  England's  greatness  ; 
lot  us  present  our  conclusions. 

The  strength  of  Great  Britain  rests 

First.  On  its  insular  position,  defended  by  seas  that  have  kept 
its  shores  for  centuries  inviolate,  and  prevented  the  devastation 
that  war  has  occasioned  on  the  Continent. 

Second.  Upon  its  salubrious  and  invigorating  climate,  which 
has  produced  and  nurtured  an  enterprising  race,  but  partially 
educated,  whose  latent  power  still  awaits  the  development  of  the 
future. 

Third.  On  those  ancient  institutions  of  learning  which  have 
cherished  religion  and  science,  and  cultivated  the  faculties  of 
the  privileged  classes. 

Fourth.   On  the  great  development  of  agriculture. 

Fifth.  On  her  unremitting  efforts  to  maintain  the  dominion 
of  the  sea,  which  enable^  her  to  maintain  a  growing  population 
while  depending  upon  remote  regions  for  a  largo  part  of  their 


WEAK   POINTS   IN  THE   BRITISH  EMPIRE. 


127 


have 
tics  of 


food  and  materials,  and  gives  security  to  her  remote  colonies 
and  wide-spread  connnerce. 

Sirfli.  On  her  vast  stores  of  mineral  treasures,  easily  accessi- 
ble and  already  opened  to  use,  sullicient  for  at  least  a  contury 
to  come.  Those,  with  her  active  capital,  are  the  chief  bases  of 
her  manufactures. 

Seventh.  On  lier  vast  capital,  the  accumulation  of  many  cen- 
turies, which  is  the  life-blood  of  her  manufactures  and  conunercu, 
which  enables  her  to  trade  with  distant  regions  and  to  invest  in 
the  most  lucrative  enterprises,  and  tlius  to  maintain  in  affluence 
a  large  portion  of  her  peoi)le  who  can  supply  the  sinews  of  war 
ill  any  collision  witii  other  nations. 

Eighth.  On  her  manufactures,  in  the  aggregate  of  wliich 
she  surpasses  all  nations  of  Europe.  Continental  nations  may 
rival  her  in  silk,  wool  or  linen,  but  in  metals  and  cotton  she  has 
as  yet  no  rival. 

Ninth.  On  her  vast  navigation  and  external  trade.  In  a 
recent  financial  statement,  Air.  Gladstone  informs  the  world 
that  the  external  trade  of  Great  Britain  exceeds  tliat  of  Franco 
and  the  United  ►'^tates  combined  ;  and  this  is  doubtless  true.  If 
we  add  to  the  exports  and  imports  of  Great  Britain  the 
exports  and  imports  of  the  colonies,  which  do  not  touch  the 
Britisli  Isles,  we  have  an  aggregate  of  more  than  $:5,000,000,000 
annually. 

Tiuis,  external  trade  sustains  a  navigation  less  before  the  late 
war  than  our  own,  but  now  by  the  absorption  of  one  or  two 
million  tons  of  our  shipping  carried  up  to  at  least  six  million  of 
tons. 

Let  us  now  glance  at  the  weak  points  of  this  gigantic  emi)ire. 
It  aj)pears, 

First.  Tliat  its  legislation  is  so  improvident  as  to  degrade  and 
impoverish  the  great  mass  of  its  people  for  the  })enefit  of  a  few 
privileged  classes.  That  not  one  person  in  three  hundred  has 
any  interest  in  the  soil  or  fixed  capital  of  the  country ;  that 
nearly  half  the  population  of  England  can  neither  read  or 
write ;  that  unwise  laws  are  gradually  concentrating  the 
real  estate  and  personal  property,  and  with  them  the  offices  of 
church  and  state,  by  entails  not  easily  broken  in  the  lianus  of  the 
privileged  rlasses  ;  that  the  suffrage,  instead  of  being  extended 
as  with  us,  to  six  millions  of  men,  most  thcra  freeholders,  is 


128 


INFERIORITY   OP  THE  BRITISH  NAVY. 


ooiifiiicd  almost  entirely  to  the  rich  lamlholdcrs  or  their  ten- 
antry, thus  making  the  land  the  groat  controlling  power  of  tho 
state.  And  if,  by  chance,  the  poor  man  acquires  wealth,  tho 
aristocracy  opens  to  absorb  him  and  estranges  him  I'rom  his 
follows. 

Tho  government  rests  in  Great  Britain  upon  the  privileged 
classes  and  not  upon  the  interests  of  the  many.  It  resembles 
an  inverted  pyramid  with  the  base  overhanging ;  it  rests  upon 
traditional  respect,  "  Stat  nominis  iimbra,''^  As  in  India  the  few 
control  the  many  for  the  benefit  of  the  few,  and  neither  in  India 
where  the  hidden  fire  still  glows  in  its  ashes,  nor  in  Ireland 
where  the  masses  arc  still  imbued  with  a  burning  sense  of  injus- 
tice, nor  in  Great  Britain  itself,  where  nim^-tcnths  of  the  popu- 
lation are  landless  or  disfranchised,  can  tho  imperial  government 
call  to  its  aid  in  the  hour  of  trial,  as  we  ha%o  done,  the  masses 
of  its  peoi)lo  ready  to  face  any  danger,  to  sacrifice  any  i)roporty, 
children,  life  itself,  for  the  national  flag.  Can  it  lind  such  a 
material  in  the  alc-hoj»scs  or  gin-shops,  or  in  the  asylums  for 
the  poor  to  which  it  has  doomed  so  large  a  part  of  its  j)Coplc  by 
vicious  legislation  ? 

Second.  The  strength  of  Great  Britain  rests  upon  its  navy  ; 
but  is  that  navy  to-day  in  its  iron-clads,  in  its  models,  or  tho 
calibre  of  its  cannon,  in  the  discipline  and  experieuce  of  its 
officers  and  men,  a  match  for  the  navy  of  the  United  States ; 
could  it  against  that  navy  either  alone  or  combined  with  that  of 
France  or  Russia,  defend  all  the  ports  of  Great  Britain,  most  of 
them  unfortified,  or  all  its  colonies,  or  all  the  commerce  that 
floats  between  them  ? 

Third.  Great  Britain  has  colonies,  and  many  of  them  furnish 
coaling  stations  in  time  of  war ;  but  are  these  coaling  stations 
in  her  colonies  impregnable  ;  may  they  not  be  appropriated  by 
the  power,  which  shall  in  either  ocean  obtain  the  ascendancy  ? 

Does  not  tho  very  extent  of  tho  British  Empire,  the  very  mag- 
nitude of  its  commerce  constitute  its  weakness?  And  if  ono 
Alabama,  one  Shenaudoali,  and  one  Tacony  have  deprived  us  of 
one  or  two  million  tons  of  shipping,  what  would  be  accom- 
])lished  by  tho  hundred  and  fifty  armed  steam-ships  which  the 
United  States  now  have  in  commission  or  nearly  ready  for  sea. 

Fourth .  Her  banking  system  is  weak  and  defective.  Ours 
the  reverse. 


BRIGHT   SPOTS. 


129 


It  is  due  to  Great  Eritain,  when  pointing  out  her  grave  errors 
and  defects,  to  concede  that  she  has  of  hite  years  evinced  t^omc 
interest  in  the  masses,  and  more  sensitiveness  to  the  claims  of 
humanity  than  ever  before. 

She  exiiibits  this  in  her  liberal  contributions  to  missions  and 
bible  societies,  by  larger  appropriations  for  cihication,  and  pro- 
visions  for  the  support  of  religion.  She  has  freed  her  slaves 
and  assumed  a  moiety  of  the  loss  ;  she  has  conceded  to  the  Jew 
and  the  Roman  Catholic  the  rights  of  citizens  long  withlield, 
given  schools  to  Ireland,  and  grants  to  Roman  Catholic  Col- 
leges. It  may  be  that  all  this  does  not  originate  in  pure  benevo- 
lence ;  that  enlightened  self-interest  may  have  something  to  do 
with  it ;  that  the  priest,  as  Sir  S.  Morton  Peto  tells  us,  may 
march  to  the  polls  at  the  head  of  his  flock,  and  vote  \vith  them 
for  the  Government ;  that  he  may  discountenance  the  Fenians  ; 
that  the  dilTusion  of  knowledge  may  teach  the  poor  to  respect 
superiors,  or  to  communicate  with  friends  across  the  sea,  and  aid 
them  in  securing  hajtpier  homes  and  in  realizing  better  fortunes 
abroad.  Ijc  this  as  it  may,  the  movement  is  in  the  right  direc- 
tion, tends  to  ameliorate  the  laws,  and  gradually  improve  tlic 
condition  of  the  jwor  on  both  sides  of  the  channel. 

As  respects  the  extent  of  our  foreign  trade  comj)ared  with 
that  of  England,  Mr.  Gladstone  wun  no  doubt  right  in  Jiis  report 
to  Parliament ;  but  he  on  itted,  as  well  he  might,  to  draw  atten- 
tion to  the  development  of  our  vast  inland  commerce  by  sound, 
river,  lake,  canal  and  railway. 

In  British  commerce  if  a  vessel  crosses  from  England  to  Cicr- 
many  or  Portugal  she  is  met  by  duties ;  the  trip  is  a  foreign 
voyage,  and  both  the  cargoes  transported  enter  into  external 
commerce  ;  but  if  our  ships  make  voyages  to  the  Delaware  or 
Chesapeake,  or  the  Atlantic  cotton  ports,  or  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, a  distance  it  may  be  of  a  thousand  miles  or  more;  or  if 
they  round  the  Cape  and  run  seventeen  thousand  miles  to  Cali- 
fornia, Oregon  or  Washington  Territory,  all  this  with  us  is 
coastwise  or  internal  commerce.  In  this  great  home  trade  we 
exchange  most  of  our  importations  as  well  as  manufactures  for 
the  productions  of  oar  mines  and  agriculture.  Their  aggregate 
amount  by  the  census  of  18G0,  was  nearly  live  thousand  mM- 
liona  ;  and  now  with  Jue  allowaiicc  for  the  war  they  must 
exceed  six  thousand  millions.    Concede  that  the  foreign  trade  of 


100 


AMERICAN   AGRICULTURE. — INDIAN   CORN. — COAL. 


ami '  .!■  • 


Great  Britain  is  nnmially  82,000,000,000  ;  conccdo  that  81,000,- 
000,000  more  of  the  commcrco  of  her  colonios  and  furoigu  pos- 
sessions is  not  included  in  licr  returns  of  the  conuncrci^  of  tho 
British  Isles,  the  aggregate  is  but  half  the  amount  of  the  inter- 
nal commerce  of  the  United  States,  the  great  free  trade  of 
America.  . 

The  United  States  have,  for  their  agriculture,  an  urea  thirty 
times  as  large  as  the  British  Isles,  which  yields  the  rice,  sugar 
and  toljacco  of  the  South,  with  the  wool,  dairy  jiroducts,  ani- 
mals and  cereals  of  the  North,  most  of  which,  from  JIaine  to 
Texas,  is  competent  to  i)roduce  its  harvest  of  Indian  corn. 
When  the  Englishman  is  told  that  there  are  vast  tracts  in  tho 
West,  on  the  borders  of  some  of  tho  rivers,  that  for  half  a  cen- 
tury, without  any  fertilizer,  have  given  the  cultivator  an  annual 
crop  of  fifty  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  yield  tho  nation  annutiUy 
1,000,000,000  bushels  of  breadstulTs,  he  is  slow  to  realize  tho 
fact;  still  more,  the  well  authenticated  fact,  that  a  single  acre  of 
maize  has  yielded  two  hundred  bushels,  and  anotlicr  100,000 
pounds  of  green  food,  and  the  same  acrt;  ;>.j,000  pounds  uf  dry 
fodder,  and  (hat  its  husks  may  l)e  converted  into  cloth,  pnper  and 
mattresses.  When,  in  the  remote  future,  population  shall  prees 
oven  hero  upon  the  means  of  subsistence,  wo  have  a  plant  which 
can  provide,  from  a  single  acre  of  highly-cultivati'd  land,  a  man 
and  his  wife  with  cloth,  paper  and  beds,  with  milk,  cheese  and 
butter,  with  animal  and  vegetable;  food  sullicient  for  thv'ir  main- 
tenance. It  is  a  further  satisfaction  to  learn,  that  nature  has 
been  alike  liberal  in  her  mineral  Imunties.  Not  only  has  sho 
placed  beneath  lis  rivers  of  oil,  but  gold,  silver,  mercury,  lead, 
coj)per  and  iron. 

Mr.  Gladstone,  in  his  recent  statement  to  Parliament,  sug- 
gests the  policy  of  reducing  the  national  debt  before  labor  and 
active  capital  shall  be  withdrawn  from  England  to  other  and 
more  favored  regions,  and  reminds  his  country  that  in  less  than 
a  century  its  coal-lields,  the  chief  source  of  its  prosperity,  will 
be  entirely  exhausted,  if  consumption  continues  to  advance  at 
its  present  rate  of  progress ;  and  at  tho  same  time  api)rizes  it 
that  tho  area  of  our  coal-fields  is  at  least  thirty-seven  times  as 
largt!  as  that  of  the  coal-fields  of  Great  Britain,  while  wo  still 
resort  to  the  forest  for  our  fuel,  and  to  our  cataracts  for  water- 


REDUCTION  OP  OUR  TAXES. 


131 


power,  and  consume  annually  less  than  one-tbird  of  the  coal 
used  in  Great  Britain. 

At  the  present  moment  our  nation  calls  upon  each  of  its 
inhabitants  for  an  average  contribution  of  fourteen  dollars  to 
meet  our  expenses,  the  interest  of  our  debt,  and  to  reduce  its 
principal,  while  Great  Britain  calls  upon  each  of  her  people  for 
eleven  dollars  only.* 

In  two  or  tlirco  years  more  we  shall  have  reduced  our  inter- 
est-bearing debt  to  less  than  §'2,000,000,000,  and  our  annual 
interest  to  8100,000,000,  our  expenses  to  $120,000,000.  With  a 
population  of  40,000,000,  we  shall  then  require  but  live  dollars 
and  a  half  from  each  of  our  people,  or  one-half  the  amount 
contributed  in  Great  Britain. 

Before  that  happy  hour  arrives  wo  have  reason  to  anticipate 
the  retirement  of  France  and  Austria  from  our  Slexican  frontier. 
It  is  safe  to  predict  that  wo  shall  then  be  ready  to  adjust  our 
unsettled  accounts  with  Great  Britain.  This  nation  will  not 
tamely  submit  to  gross  injustice,  or  invito  a  future  repetition  of 
national  injuries,  however  desirous  it  may  be  to  preserve 
the  peace.  Relying  upon  the  justice  of  its  cause,  it  will,  for 
the  last  time,  ask  redress  of  England,  and  that  redress,  it  may 
be  predicted,will  be  given. 

*  By  the  issue  of  our  bonds  at  par,  wo  vaiscd  nearly  as  much  money  as  Great 
Britain  raised  in  her  contest  with  Napoleon,  but  by  18C9  our  debt  will  be  half 
that  of  Great  Britain. 


oad, 


EUg- 

and 
and 
iliun 
will 
CO  ut 
zes  it 
OS  as 
still 
^atcr- 


ffff  "^ 


132       OUR   EXCLUSION   FROM   PROVINCIAL  COASTING   TRADE. 


CONSULATB  or  THE  TJnITED   StATES  OP   AAfERICA, 

At  Halifax,  N.  S.,  i;3lh  Nov.,  1800. 


B.  IT.  Derdy,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Commissioner : 


Dear  Sir: — It  having  been  clalmetl  that  tho  coaHting-trade 
of  the  British  Provinces  is  conceded  to  vessels  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  I  deem  it  important  for  the  information  of  onr 
government  and  people,  to  call  your  attention  to  the  Imperial 
Act  upon  this  subject,  which  absolutely  prohibits  American,  as 
well  as  all  other  foreign  vessels,  from  any  participation  in  the 
coasting-trade  of  an>/  of  the  British  possessions. 

The  language  of  tho  Imperial  Act,  (10  and  17  Victoria, 
Chapter  107,  Section  10.'),)  is  as  follows:  " No  goods  or  pas- 
sengers shall  be  carried  from  one  part  of  any  I]ritish  possession 
in  Asia,  Africa  or  America  to  any  other  j)art  of  tiio  same  pos- 
sessions except  in  British  ships.^*  It  is  true  that  American 
vessels  can  go  from  one  British  colony  to  another  as,  for 
instance,  from  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  to  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  from  St.  John  to  Melbourne,  Australia  ;  but  each  of 
these  colonies,  although  forming  a  part  of  the  British  empire,  is 
under  a  separate  colonial  government,  and  has  its  separate 
tariff,  separate  currency  and  separate  custom-house  regulations. 
And  in  each  and  all  of  them,  by  the  Imperial  Act,  American 
and  other  foreign  vessels  are  prohibited  from  carrying  either 
goods  or  passengers  from  one  port  to  another  port  of  the  same 
colony. 

It  may  be  important  to  add,  that  although  American  vessels 
may  to-day  proceed  from  province  to  province,  yet  should  tho 
confederation  of  the  British  North  American  Provinces  now 
proposed  be  consummated,  even  this  limited  privilege  will  be 
liable  to  be  taken  away,  unless  some  provision  bo  mado  to 
perpetuate  the  rights  which  wo  now  enjoy. 

I  am,  with  great  respect, 

Your  friend  and  obedient  servant, 

(Signed,)  M.  M.  JACKSON, 

U.  S.  Consul. 


Vancouver's  island. 


133 


EXTRACTS  FROM   "VANCOUVER'S  ISLAND   AND 
BRITISH  COLUMBIA." 


BY  MAGPIE.  —  LONDON,  18G4. 

Victoria  is  more  liourisliiiig  and  j)opulous  tiian  any  other 
centre  in  this  or  the  sister  colony,  and  is  palpably  marked  out 
by  the  unrivalled  advantages  of  its  geographical  ftosition  for  the 
grand  British  mercantile  emporium  of  the  Pacific  in  coming 
years.  Nothing  could  exceed  the  loveliness  of  its  environs. 
Whether  approached  by  land  or  by  sea  from  Esquimault,  the 
gentle  slope  on  which  it  stands  exhibits,  with  fme  etfect,  the 
buildings  of  all  forms  and  colors  that  continue  to  rise  in  quick 
succession. 

Large  patches  of  excellent  land  exist  in  the  vicinity,  and  in 
whatever  direction  the  admirer  of  nature  turns,  his  vision  is 
charmed  with  scenery  charmingly  diversified. 

The  climate  of  the  island  is  rendered  proverbially  genial, 
productive  and  salubrious,  from  an  interesting  variety  of  causes. 
The  temperature  of  the  Pacific  coast  generally  is  known  to  bo 
much  milder  than  that  which  obtains  ou  the  corresponding 
shores  of  the  North  American  Continent  in  the  Atlantic.  Tho 
isothermal  line  Itelonging  to  latitude  40°  in  the  latter  ocean 
passes  through  the  parallel  of  C)b°  in  the  former,  thus  rendering 
the  climate  of  Fort  Simpson  ecpuil  to  that  of  New  York.  For 
lucid  illustrations  of  this  principle,  the  reader  is  directed  to 
consult  the  instructive  work  of  Lieut.  Maury,  entitled  "  The 
Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea."  But  the  insular  position  of 
this  colony,  with  other  local  circumstances,  combine  to  secure 
for  it  a  climate  of  singular  equability. 

The  salt  springs  existing  on  Admiralty  Island  and  at  Nanaimo, 
have  already  been  referred  to  in  this  volume.  A  gallon  of  water 
from  the  latter  place,  when  analyzed,  produced  a  pound  of  salt, 
while  sea-water  only  yields  4^  ounces.  Tho  spring  on  tho 
island  is  capable  of  supplying  a  gallon  a  minute,  the  specilic 
gravity  of  the  water  being  10.00. 
24 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|M 
1.8 


1.25 


1-4    IIIIII.6 


V] 


<? 


/i 


^ 


c'l 


<^  J> 


7 


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/A 


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:\ 


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\ 


^\^ 


#> 

^^..''; 


^'^l^  4"\.» 


r^^ 


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fe 


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V^' 


134 


PACIFIC  NAVAL  STATION. 


After  passing  about  twenty  miles  of  coast-lino  from  the  north 
end  of  ibis  island,  wc  arrive  at  Nanaimo,  which  is  distant  sev- 
enty miles  from  Victoria.  The  harbor  of  this  infimt  town  ranks 
next  to  tliat  of  Victoria  in  importance,  and  affords  accommoda- 
tion for  a  large  number  of  vessels.  Brine  springs  exist  hero 
also,  and  the  analysis  of  their  waters  gives  a  result  of  3.44G 
grains  of  salt  to  the  imperial  gallon. 

But  it  is  to  the  extensive  coal  formation  in  the  vicinity  that 
Nanaimo  has  to  look  for  its  ultimate  expansion.  The  coal-mines 
here,  even  at  their  present  early  stage,  give  steady  employment 
to  several  hundred  men.  Formerly  the  property  of  the  old 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  they  were  recently  transferred  to  an 
enterprising  joint-stock  association  in  England,  distinguished  by 
vigor  immeasurably  beyond  their  predecessors.  Other  compa- 
nies have  set  to  work  upon  seams  contiguous  to  those  of  the 
Nanaimo  concern,  and  the  period  cannot  be  far  removed  when 
a  large  export  trade  in  this  article  will  be  carried  on  between 
American  territory  and  the  Colony. 

In  pursuing  our  course  along  the  south-cast  coast  of  the 
island,  we  pass  the  agricultural  settlements  of  Sooke  and  Met- 
chosin  ;  the  former,  within  the  past  few  months  has,  by  the  dis- 
covery of  coal  and  copper,  but  especially  of  gold,  been  changed 
from  a  scene  of  rural  quiet  into  a  hive  of  busy  industry.  Soon 
we  come  in  sight  of  the  magnificent  harbor  of  Esquimault,  dis- 
tant eight  and  a  half  miles  from  Race  Rocks.  It  is  two  miles 
by  three  in  extent,  with  an  average  depth  from  six  to  eight  fath- 
oms of  water,  and  affording  unquestionably  the  most  perfect 
shelter  to  ships  of  large  tonnage  that  can  be  obtained  between 
this  locality  and  San  Francisco — 750  miles  farther  south.  In 
this  capacious  place  of  anchorage,  a  portion  of  II.  M.  Pacific 
squadron  alroady  lides,  and  eventually  Esquimault  is  certain  to 
assume  the  position  of  chief  depot  for  the  Royal  Navy  in  that 
ocean.  Here,  steamers  from  California  land  freight  and  pas- 
sengers, and  in  future  years  the  present  village  will  expand  into 
the  dimensions  of  an  important  town,  whose  wharves  will  be 
gay  with  the  shipping  of  all  nations,  and  lined  with  numerous 
wholesale  warehouses  for  the  accommodation  of  merchandise 
from  the  East  and  the  West,  to  be  distributed  to  every  country 
on  the  North  American  coast  of  the  Pacific. 


^ 


VICTORIA. — HUDSOiN's  BAY  COMPANY. 


135 


Three  miles  eastward  of  Esquimault  arc  the  city  and  harbor 
of  Victoria.  The  entrance  to  tlie  harbor,  wliich  is  narrow  and 
intricate,  may,  without  the  least  danger,  be  approached  by  ves- 
sels drawing  fourteen  or  fifteen  feet  of  water,  under  ordinary 
circumstances.  At  the  top  of  spring  tides,  vessels  drawing  sev- 
enteen feet  can  enter.  A  dredging-machine  has  been  procured, 
by  means  of  which  the  depth  will  be  increased ;  and  arrange- 
ments are  about  to  be  made  for  blasting  some  rocks  at  the 
mouth  of  the  harbor,  which  constitute  the  principal  obstruction 
to  its  safe  navigation.  The  inlet  which  forms  an  extension  of 
"Victoria  harbor,  is  several  miles  long,  and  at  one  point  is  sep- 
arated from  Esquimault  harbor  by  a  neck  of  land  only  GOO  yards 
in  width,  tlu-ough  which  it  is  not  improbable  that,  when  the 
growing  necessities  of  commerce  demand,  a  canal  may  be  cut, 
so  that  the  two  ports  would,  in  that  event,  be  conveniently 
connected. 

Those  anxious  to  see  British  Columbia  and  Vancouver  Island 
colonized  by  emigrants  from  Great  Britain,  hailed  the  recon- 
struction of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  as  likely  to  bring  about 
a  solution  of  the  difficulties  that  had  so  long  retarded  the  set- 
tlement of  the  interior,  and  to  inaugurate  a  policy  favorable  to 
the  realization  of  hopes  deferred,  respecting  the  formation  of  a 
highway  from  ocean  to  ocean. 

But  the  remarks  of  the  governor  of  the  company.  Sir  Edmund 
Head,  at  a  meeting  of  the  shareholders,  held  on  the  28th  of 
November  last,  are  calculated  to  excite  the  inquiry  whether  the 
dependence  Ave  have  been  encouraged  to  place  on  the  liberal 
promises  of  the  company  has  any  solid  foundation. 

In  reply  to  the  question  of  a  shareholder,  as  to  the  intention 
of  the  directors  in  reference  to  the  opening  up  of  the  territory 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  Sir  Edmund,  with  less  official 
reticence  than  might  have  been  expected  on  such  an  occasion 
said  :  "  They  (the  company,)  Avould  do  all  they  could  to  open 
the  territory,  and  to  cause  roads  to  be  made,  on  such  terms  as 
the  company  could  atTord  ;  but  it  was  not  intended  by  them  to 
sacrifice  the  fur  trade." 

He  asked,  "  Were  the  proprietors  prepared  to  sacrifice  that 
trade,  producing  a  certain  income,  and  to  go  headlong  into 
another,  as  a  speculation  ?  " 


s 


136 


BRITISH  PACIFIC  RAILWAY. 


In  the  earlier  part  of  the  proceedings  the  governor  said 
that : — 

"At  the  present  moment  the  fur  trade  was  not  a  failing  trade ; 
on  the  contrary,  the  proceeds  had  been  increasing  for  some  little 
time  back.  The  actual  proceeds  of  the  fur  trade  in  1861, 
amounted  to  £210,509  195.  2d. ;  in  1862,  to  X 216,708  95.  M. ; 
in  1863,  to  £222,729  155.  bd. ;  and  in  1861,  to  £262,869  45.  4^. 
(Cheers.) 

"  At  that  moment  they  had  every  reason  to  think  that  the 
imports  of  the  present  year,  (not  yet  made  up,)  would  consid- 
erably exceed  those  of  the  last.  Tliey  would  probably  be 
£30,000  or  £40,000,  above  the  imports  of  the  last  year  in 
value." 

"  Some  exertion  has  been  made  by  the  British  government 
during  the  last  forty  years,  in  aiding  the  passage  of  needy  sub- 
jects abroad ;  but  it  has  generally  been  confined  to  periods  of 
famine  or  industrial  distress,  and  as  much  care  has  not  in  all 
cases  been  taken  as  concern  for  national  advantages  should  have 
prompted,  to  give  our  colonies  the  benefit  of  this  tide  of  emigra- 
tion. In  the  year  1847,  and  subsequently,  the  bulk  of  emigrants 
from  Ireland  were  sent  to  the  United  States.  It  is  probable  that 
those  objects  of  British  bounty  would  be  the  last  to  find  fault 
with  their  destiny  in  this  respect." 


"  That,  under  these  circumstances,  the  railway  will  be  made 
sooner  or  later  there  can  be  no  doubt.  With  interests  so 
numerous,  so  vast,  and  with  such  means  at  command,  the  diffi- 
culty of  constructing  this  Hudson's  Bay  Railway  ought  to 
assume  the  most  moderate  proportions.  Great  Britain,  Europe, 
Canada,  the  States  of  America,  British  Columbia,  New  Zealand, 
Australia,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  the  International 
Financial  Society,  all  want  the  railway,  and  would  all  gain  by 
the  railway  ;  and  it  would  be  amazing  if,  Avith  such  interests 
and  such  resources,  it  could  not  be  made  and  made  properly. 
In  India,  state  guarantees  have  been  given,  and  are  promised 
upon  railway  capital,  sufficient  to  construct  this  line  ten  times 
over ;  and  it  is  a  question  whether  any  one  Indian  railway  is 
more  useful  than  this,  even  for  State  purposes. 

"  Here,  where  the  climate  is  the  mosthealthful  of  the  Continent, 
within  territories  still  acknowledging  the  flag  of  England,  still 


BRITISH  PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


137 


forming  part  of  the  empire,  the  most  interested  of  any  nation  in 
quick  and  in  secure  communication  with  the  East,  and  in  what- 
ever tends  to  advance  tlie  cause  of  civilization  and  of  commerce  ; 
here  nature  lias  marked  out  the  line  across  the  continent,  and 
has  abundantly  combined  every  facility  for  its  completion. 

Whether  onr  })lacc  of  .starting  be  Europe,  the  west  coast  of 
Africa,  the  West  Indies,  or  the  eastern  coast  of  the  North 
American  Continent ;  if  our  goal  be  the  Pacific  or  the  East,  our 
best  route,  nay,  almost  our  only  one,  is  across  the  great  plain  of 
Central  British  America.  There  is,  in  fact,  the  point  of  junc- 
tion where  all  the  traffic  of  the  continent  from  the  South,  from 
the  East,  and  even  from  the  North,  most  naturally  unites  ;  if  its 
destination  be  the  yet  further  West,  until  that  word  is  lost  in  its 
aim  and  goal,  the  East  or  the  antipodes.  We  are  hemmed  in  to 
this  position.  We  cannot  alter  the  earths  spheroidity  ;  we  can- 
not change  relative  distances  ;  wo  cannot  do  away  with  the 
physical  conformation  of  the  earth.  We  cannot,  though  wc 
may  nearly  double  the  distance,  get  rid  of  the  great  arid  and 
rainless  desert  in  the  territory  of  the  adjoining  I'epublic. 

Adjoining  are  the  new  territories  of  the  United  States,  ready 
to  pour  in  their  contributions  and  their  wealth.  Whether  from 
Minnesota  by  the  Red  River,  or  by  the  Mississippi  from  the 
States  of  the  South,  and  from  any  point,  in  fact,  between  New 
Orleans  and  the  northern  extremity  of  Maine,  from  Canada,  or 
from  the  Gulf  Provinces  ;  even  if  we  look  to  the  far  north,  if 
the  utmost  abbreviation  of  distance  has  been  the  object,  and  the 
far  East  the  goal,  by  taking  advantage  of  the  proper  season  wc 
may  shorten  the  distance  from  Europe  1,500  miles,  by  proceed- 
ing across  Hudson's  Bay.  But  from  wherever  we  may  come, 
we  necessarily  unite  in  that  great  stream  of  traffic  that,  bound 
for  the  Pacific  or  the  East,  meets  on  the  plains  of  the  Red  River? 
or  the  Saskatchawan.  It  is  a  simple  fact,  but  one  that  must 
exert  an  irresistible  force  in  favor  of  this  route." 

Mr.  Mac  Fie  gives  the  following  extract  from  the  speech  of 
the  late  Mr.  Benton,  in  the  Senate  on  the  Ashburton  treaty : — 


"  When  the  line  reaches  the  channel  which  separates  Van- 
couver Island  from  the  continent  (which  it  floes  within  eight 
miles  of  Frazor  River,)  it  proceeds  to  the  middle  of  the  chan- 


ir.  I 


138 


BUFFALO  REAR  THEIR  YOUNG  IN  THE  NORTH. 


ncl,  and  tlicnco  turning  south  through  the  cliannel  Do  Haro, 
(wrongly  written  Arro  on  the  maps,)  to  the  Straits  of  Fuca ; 
and  thence  west  through  the  middle  of  that  strait  to  the  sea. 
This  is  a  fair  partition  of  those  waters,  and  gives  us  everything 
that  wc  want  ;  namely,  all  the  waters  of  Pugct  Sound,  Hood's 
Canal,  Admiralty  Inlet,  Bcllingham  Bay,  Birch  Bay,  and  with 
them  the  cluster  of  islands,*  probably  of  no  value,  between  De 
Haro  Canal  and  the  continent." 


EXTRACT  FROM  THE  VOYAGE  OP  DISCOVERY  OP 
A.  Mackenzie. 

From  Slave  Lake  to  the  Pacific — 1793. 

"  Peace  River,  Lat.  5G,  Long.  120,  May  10. 

"  From  the  place  which  we  quitted  this  morning,  the  west  side 
of  the  river  displayed  a  succession  of  the  most  beautiful  scenery 
I  had  ever  beheld.  The  ground  rises  at  intervals  to  a  consider- 
able height,  and  stretching  inwards  to  a  considerable  distance  ; 
at  every  interval  of  pause  in  the  rise,  there  is  a  very  gently 
ascending  space  or  lawn,  which  is  alternate  with  abrupt 
precipices  to  the  summit  cf  the  whole,  or,  at  least  as  far  as  the 
eye  could  distinguish.  This  magnificent  theatre  of  Jiature  has 
all  the  decorations  which  the  trees  and  animals  of  the  country 
can  afford  it ;  groves  of  poplars  in  every  shape  vary  the  scene, 
and  their  intervals  are  enlivened  with  vast  herds  of  elks  and 
buffaloes,  the  former  choosing  the  steeps  and  uplands  and  the 
latter  preferring  the  plains. 

"  At  this  time  the  buffaloes  were  attended  with  their  young 
ones,  who  were  frisking  about  them  ;  and  it  appeared  that  the 
elks  would  soon  exhibit  the  same  enlivening  circumstance. 

"  The  whole  country  displayed  an  exuberant  verdure  ;  the  trees 
that  bear  a  blossom  were  advancing  fast  to  that  delightful 
appearance,  and  the  velvet  rind  of  their  branches  reflecting 
oblique  rays  of  a  rising  or  setting  sun,  added  a  i-plcndid  gaiety 

"'  It  will  be  seen  by  the  map,  that  this  cluster  includes  San  Juan. 


COUNTRY  CROWDED  WITH  ELK  AND  BUFFALO. 


139 


to  tho  scene,  which  no  expressions  of  mine  are  qualified  to 
describe. 

"  The  east  side  of  the  river  consists  of  a  range  of  higli  land, 
covered  with  the  white  spruce  and  the  soft  birch,  while  the 
banks  abound  with  the  alder  and  the  willow." 


"  Lat.  5G.1G,  Long.  122,  May  17th. 

"  Mr.  Mackay  and  one  of  the  young  men  killed  two  elks,  and 
mortally  wounded  a  buffalo ;  but  wc  only  took  a  part  of  the 
flesh  of  the  former. 

"  The  land  above  the  spot  where  we  encamped  spreads  into  an 
extensive  plain,  and  stretches  on  to  a  very  high  ridge,  which, 
in  some  parts,  presents  a  face  of  rock,  but  is  principally  covered 
with  verdure,  varied  with  the  poplar  and  white  birch  tree.  Tho 
country  is  so  crowded  with  animals  as  to  have  the  appearance, 
in  some  places,  of  a  stall-yard,  from  the  state  of  the  ground,  and 
the  quantity  of  dung  which  is  scattered  over  it.  The  soil  is 
black  and  light. 

"  Wc  this  day  saw  two  grizzly  and  hideous  bears." 


■■«■:;*/; 


y;''!f  r^ 


•rr 


140 


ELECTRIC   EFFECTS   OF  RAILWAYS. 


RAILWAY  EXTENSION  AND  ITS  RESULTS. 


DY  R.  DUDLEY  BAXTER,   M.    A. 


[Read  before  the  Statistical  Societj',  November  20, 18G6,  Col.  Sykes,  M.  P.  in  the  Chair.] 


■  ^ "  '.  *.'.  > ', ' 


VIII. — IIailways  in  Belgium  and  Holland. 

Belgium  is  one  of  the  most  striking  instances  of  the  benefit 
of  railways.  In  1830  she  separated  from  Holland,  a  country 
which  possessed  a  much  larger  commerce  and  superior  means 
of  communication  with  other  nations  by  sea  and  by  canals. 
Five  years  later  the  total  exports  and  imports  of  Belgium  were 
only  £10,800,000,  while  those  of  Holland  were  double  that 
amount.  But  in  1833  the  Belgium  government  resolved  to 
adopt  the  railway  system,  and  employed  George  Stephenson  to 
plan  railways  between  all  the  largo  towns.  The  law  authoriz- 
ing their  construction  at  the  expense  of  tho  state  passed  1834, 
and  no  time  was  lost  in  carrying  it  out.  Trade  at  once  received 
a  new  impetus,  and  its  progress  since  that  time  has  been  more 
rapid  than  in  any  other  country  in  Europe. 

The  following  table  shows  the  activity  with  which  the  lines 
were  constructed.  We  must  remember  that  Belgium  contains 
only  one-tenth  of  the  area  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  that  to 
make  a  fair  comparison  with  our  own  progress  wc  must  multiply 
the  table  by  ten. 

Miles  Constructed. 


YEAB. 


Miles  open. 


Increase  per  annum 
Mllca. 


1839, 
1845, 

1853, 
1860, 
1864, 


•  •       •      • 

•  •      •      • 


48 
45 

78 


STIMULUS  TO  EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS. 


141 


■  1  i> 


lines 

ntaiiis 

lat  to 

iltiply 


)T  annum 


Ilencc,  the  progress  for  a  State  of  the  size  of  the  United 
Kingdom  would  have  been, — 


1839  to  1845, 
1845  to  1853, 
1853  to  1860, 
1860  to  1864, 


250  miles  a  year. 

480  " 

450 

750  " 


A  rate  of  increase  which  is  as  great  or  greater  than  our  own. 
The  results  on  commerce  are  shown  in  the  following  table  :- 

Exports  and  Imports. 


YEAR. 

Exports  and  Im- 

Increase per  cent. 

Increase  percent 

ports. 

per  annum. 

1835,        

£10,760,000 
15,680,000  > 
26,920,000  [ 
47,760,000.1 
72,120,000  { 
97,280,000  > 

45-72 

11.43 

1839,      

71-4 

11-9 

1845,      

77-41 

9-67 

1853,      

51 

7-3 

1860,      

35-88 

9 

1864 

I  need  scarcely  point  out  the  extraordinary  character  of  this 
increase,  which  is  enormous  in  the  first  ten  years,  and  far  beyond 
either  England  or  France,  and  is  not  inferior  to  us  in  the  latter 
period.  In  the  thirty  years  from  1835  to  18G4,  Belgium 
Increased  exports  and  imports  nearly  tenfold,  while  England 
increased  hers  only  fivefold.  If  we  have  increased  our  com- 
merce in  the  same  ratio,  the  English  exports  and  imports  would 
now  be  a  thousand  million  pounds  sterling.  The  proportion 
between  exports  and  imports  and  means  of  communication  is 
shown  in  the  following  table,  which  differs  from  those  of  Eng- 
land and  Prance,  in  the  rapid  increase  per  mile  : — 

25 


::ii:. 


.,  1 


!■     > 


<»• 


M^' 


142 


EFFECT  ON  BELGIUM. 


Proportion  of  Exports  and  Imports  to  Railways  and  Navigation. 


YEA  u. 


Canals  (AlO  miles) 
and  Kalhvaya  open. 


Exports  and  Importx. 


Exports  and 

Imports  per  mllo 

open. 


1839,  . 

1845,  . 

1853,  . 

18G0,  . 

1864,  . 


1,055 
1,205 
1,590 
1,907 
2,220 


£15,080,000 
20,920,000 
47,700,000 
72,120,000 
97,280,000 


£14,862 
22,340 
30,037 
37,818 
42,919 


This  enormous  increase  of  Belgian  commerce  must  be 
ascribed  to  her  wise  system  of  railway  development,  and  it  is 
not  difiicult  to  sec  how  it  arises.  Before  railways  Belgium  was 
shut  out  from  the  continent  of  Europe  by  the  expensive  rates  of 
land  carriage,  and  her  want  of  water  communication.  She 
had  no  colonics  and  but  little  shipping.  Railways  gave  her 
direct  and  rapid  access  to  Germany,  Austria  and  France,  and 
made  Ostend  and  Antwerp  great  continental  ports.  One  of  her 
chief  manufactures  is  that  of  wool,  of  Avhich  she  imports  21,000 
tons,  valued  at  X2,250,000,  from  Saxony,  Prussia,  Silesia, 
Poland,  Bohemia,  Hungary,  Moravia,  and  the  southern  prov- 
inces of  Russia ;  and  returns  a  large  portion  in  a  manufactured 
state.  She  is  rapidly  becoming  the  principal  workshop  of  the 
continent,  and  every  development  of  railways  in  Europe  must 
increase  her  means  of  access  and  add  to  her  trade. 

Now  look  at  nolland  which  in  1835  was  so  much  her 
superior.  Holland  was  possessed  of  immense  advantages  in 
the  perfection  of  her  canals,  which  are  the  finest  and  most 
numerous  in  the  world  ;  in  the  large  tonnage  of  her  shipping; 
in  her  access  by  the  Rhine  to  the  heart  of  Germany  ;  and  in  the 
command  of  the  German  trade,  which  was  brought  to  her  ships 
at  Amsterdam  and  Rotterdam.  The  Dutch  relied  on  these 
advantages  and  neglected  railways.  The  consequence  was,  that 
by  1850,  they  found  themselves  rapidly  losing  the  German  trade 
which  was  being  diverted  to  Ostend  and  Antwerp.  The  Dutch 
Rhenish  railway  was  constructed  to  remedy  this  loss,  and  was 


EFFECT  OP  RAILWAYS   ON  UNITED   STATES. 


143 


partly  opened  in  1853,  bnt  not  fully  till  185G.  It  succocdetl  in 
rcgaiuing  part  of  the  former  connection. 

But  now  look  at  the  result.  In  1S;J9,  the  Dutch  exports  and 
imports  were  .£28,500,000,  nearly  doul)lo  those  of  Belgium,  In 
1862,  they  were  ^59,000,000,  when  those  of  Belgium  were 
£78,000,000.  Thus  while  Holland  had  doubled  her  commerce, 
Belgium  had  increased  fivefold,  and  had  completely  passed  her 
in  the  race.  Before  leaving  Belgium,  I  ought  to  mention  the 
cheapness  of  fares  on  her  railways,  which  have  always  l)ecn 
much  below  those  on  English  lines.  A  further  reduction  has 
lately  been  made,  and  I  see  by  a  French  paper,  that  tiie  result 
has  been  to  increase  the  passenger  receipts  on  the  State  lines  for 
the  month  of  April,  from  7G,93G  frs.  in  1865,  to  198,345  frs.  in 
1866,  of  which  168,725  frs.  was  from  third  and  fourth  class 
passengers,  a  fact  which  is  in  favor  of  the  plan  of  Mr.  Gait. 

But  it  must  be  remembered  that  Belgium  is  the  most  densely 
populated  country  in  tlic  world,  having  432  inhabitants  to  the 
square  mile,  while  the  United  Kingdom  has  only  253,  and 
England  and  Wales  347. 

IX. — Rail.vays  in  tue  United  States. 

In  any  paper  on  foreign  railways  it  is  impossible  to  omit  the 
United  States,  a  country  where  they  have  attained  such  gigantic 
proportions. 

The  increase  of  United  States  linos  is  as  follows : — 


Miles  Conslructed. 


h  her 
res  in 

most 
>ping ; 
in  the 

ships 

these 
LS,  that 

trade 
Dutch 
lid  was 


Y  E  A  K. 


1830, 
1840, 
1845, 
1850, 
1855, 
1860, 
1864, 


Increase  per  an- 
num—Miles. 


215 

465 

590 

1,984 

2,274 

1,272 


''■<' 


144       INCRKASB  OP  EXPOIITS  AND   IMPOIITS   PROPOUTIONATK. 


Tho  mileage  here  shown  is  something  enormous  ;  four  limes 
that  of  Franco,  two  and  ii  half  times  that  of  England,  and  nearly 
as  large  as  the  total  mileage  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  Europe, 
which  is  about  42,000  miles.  In  so  young  a  country  inland 
traflic  gives  these  lines  the  greater  part  of  their  employment, 
and  there  are  no  masses  of  expensive  manufactured  goods  as  in 
England,  or  Belgium,  to  swell  the  total  value  of  foreign  trade. 
Foreign  commerce  is  still  in  its  infancy,  but  an  infancy  of 
herculean  proportions,  as  the  following  table  shows : — 

Increase  of  Exports  and  Imports. 


YE  AB. 

Total  Exports  and 
Imports, 

Increase  percent. 

Increase  percent 
per  annum. 

1830, 

£31,000,000 . 

45,759,000' 

68,758,000  > 

11 1,707,000  > 

158,810,000  > 

47.00 

3.40 

1844,       

50.00 

8.33 

1850 

02.60 

12.52 

1855, 

42.00 

8.40 

1800, 

The  advance  in  tho  annual  increase  is  very  striking,  being 
from  three  and  one-half  per  cent,  per  annum  in  the  infancy  of 
railways  to  eight  and  one-twelfth  per  cent,  when  their  extension 
was  proceeding  rapidly.  Before  the  introduction  of  railways 
America  possessed  a  very  extensive  system  of  canals,  which 
amounts  to  nearly  6,000  miles.  At  the  present  time  both  canals 
and  railways  arc  crowded  with  traffic. 

The  following  table  shows  the  relation  between  the  growth  of 
trade,  and  the  increase  of  means  of  communication : — 

Proporaon  of  Exports  and  Imports  to  Railways  and  Canals. 


YEAR. 

Canals  (6,000  niiloB) 
and  Railways  open. 

Total  Exports  and 
Imports, 

Exports  and  Im- 
ports per  mile. 

1880,  ..... 

6,040 

£31,000,000 

£5,130 

1844 

10,310 

45,759,000 

4,437 

1850 

13,475 

68,758,000 

5,102 

1855 

23,398 

111,797,000 

4,778 

18G0, 

34,770 

158,810,000 

4,567 

AMERICAN   PACIFIC  RAILWAYS. 


145 


rays 


rth  of 


I  and  Im- 


,130 
,437 
1,102 

,778 
.567 


Thus,  in  tlio  United  Statos  as  well  as  in  England,  Franco  and 
Belgium,  the  exports  and  imports  bear  a  distinct  relation  to  the 
miles  of  communication  o[)en,  but  lower  in  amoimt  than  in  tho 
European  countries,  as  was  only  likely  from  the  thinner  i»ula- 
tion.  Vast  as  is  tho  mileage  of  the  American  railways,  i  is  by 
no  means  at  its  highest  point. 

I  must  not  omit  to  mention  the  great  Pacific  railways,  one  of 
which  is  now  being  constructed  from  the  State  of  Missouri  for  a 
distance  of  w,400  miles  across  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Utah  mid 
Nevada,  to  Han  Francisco  in  California.  It  receives  from  the 
general  government  subsidies  of  £3,300,  £0,000  or  X9,900  per 
mile,  according  to  the  difficulty  of  the  ground,  besides  enormous 
grants  of  land  on  each  side  of  the  line.  When  this  railway  is 
completed,  the  journey  from  Ilong  Kong  to  England  will  be 
made  in  thirty-three  days,  instead  of  the  jiresent  time  of  six 
weeks,  and  it  is  anticipated  that  a  large  portion  of  our  Chincso 
tralTic  will  pass  over  this  route.  No  one  can  study  the  United 
States  without  being  struck  by  the  great  railway  future  which 
lies  before  them,  when  their  immense  territories  arc  more 
thickly  i)Copled,  and  their  mineral  resources  and  manufactures 
have  been  developed.  The  distances  to  be  traversed  are  so 
vast,  and  the  traffic  to  be  carried  will  be  so  enormous,  that  the 
railways  of  the  United  States  will  far  exceed  in  extent,  and  in 
the  trade  which  will  pass  over  them,  anything  which  has 
hitherto  been  known  in  the  history  of  the  world. 

X. — Railways  and  Free  Trade. 
In  the  preceding  sections  I  have  endeavored  to  describe  the 
progress  of  railway  extension  in  England,  France,  Belgium  and 
the  United  States,  the  four  countries  where  it  has  received  the 
greatest  development,  and  I  have  pointed  out  the  very  great 
increase  of  commerce  and  national  property  which  has  been  its 
result.  But  in  the  case  of  England  I  am  bound  to  meet  a  very 
probable  objection.  I  shall  be  asked.  Why  do  you  attribute  this 
increase  of  commerce  to  railways  ?  Was  it  not  caused  by  free 
trade  ?  The  general  opinion  undoubtedly  is,  that  free  trade  is 
the  principal  cause  of  the  immense  increase,  since  1842,  of  Eng- 
lish commerce.  We  sec  this  opinion  expressed  every  day  in 
newspapers  and  reviews,  in  speeches  and  parliamentary  papers. 
I  hold  in  my  hand  a  very  able  memorandum,  lately  issued  by 


^•!! 


^MonEi 


14G 


RAILWAYS  PREFERABLE   TO   FREE  TRADE, 


the  Board  of  Trade,  respecting  the  progress  of  Britisli  commerce 
before  and  sitice  the  ado^'tion  of  free  trade,  in  which  the  same 
view  is  taken,  and  which  the  statistics  of  the  exports  and 
imports,  since  1842,  are  p-iven  as  mainly  the  result  of  free  trade. 
It  is  true,  that  there  is  a  reservation,  acknowledging  "  that  the 
increase  of  productive  power,  and  other  causes,  have  materially 
operated  in  effecting  this  vast  development."  But  in  the  news- 
paper quotations  and  reviews  this  reservation  was  left  out  of 
sight,  and  the  striking  results  recorded  in  the  memorandum 
were  entirely  ascribed  to  free  trade. 

While  acknowledging  to  the  full  the  great  benefits  and  the 
enlightened  principles  of  free  trade,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  say- 
ing that  this  popular  view  is  a  popular  exaggeration,  which  it  is 
the  duty  of  statisticians  to  correct ;  and  I  think  that  my  reasons 
will  be  considered  satisfactory  by  this  society. 

Ill  the  first  place,  the  development  of  English  commerce 
began  in  1834,  before  free  trade,  but  simultaneously  with  rail- 
ways ;  and  between  1833  and  1842  the  exports  and  imports 
increased  from  a  stationary  position  at  £85,500,000  to  £112,- 
000,000,  or  31  per  cent.  In  the  next  place,  from  1842  till 
1860,  England  was  the  only  country  which  adopted  free  trade. 
If  England  had  also  been  the  only  country  that  made  such 
enormous  progress,  we  might  safely  conclude  that  free  trade 
was  the  chief  cause  of  so  great  a  fact.  But  this  is  not  the  case. 
England  is  only  one  of  several  countries  which  made  an  equal 
advance  during  the  same  period,  and  none  of  those  countries 
except  England  had  adopted  free  trade.  The  total  increase  of 
exports  and  imports  from  1842  to  1860,  in  the  first  three  coun- 
tries described  in  this  paper,  and  from  1844  to  1860  in  the 
United  States,  was  as  follows : — 


OOUNTRIES. 

184S. 

1800. 

Increase  per 
cent. 

England,        .... 

£112,000,000 

£375,000,000 

234 

France, 

80,280,000 

232,200,000 

169 

Belgium,         .... 

19,400,000 

72,120,000 

•272 

1844. 

ISOO. 

United  States, 

45,757,000 

.  158,810,000 

305 

;,-.' 


STEAM  THE  GREAT  LEVER. 


147 


aso  per 
cut. 

234 
1G9 


Thus,  tho  English  rate  of  increase  is  only  third  in  order,  and 
is  exceeded  both  by  Belgium  and  tho  United  States.  If  the 
latter  country  is  objected  to  on  account  of  its  rapid  growth  in 
population  by  immigration,  still  Belgium  remains  exceeding  tho 
Englisli  rate  of  increase  by  36  per  cent. 

Look  at  the  argun,;nt  by  induction.  Here  are  four  countries 
under  the  same  conditions  of  civilization,  and  having  access  to 
the  same  mechanical  pov^ers  and  inventions,  which  far  outstrip 
contemporary  nations. 

It  is  a  probable  conclusion  that  the  same  great  cause  was  the 
foundation  of  their  success.  What  was  that  common  cause  ? 
It  could  not  be  free  trade ;  for  only  one  of  the  four  countries 
had  adopted  a  free  trade  policy.  But  there  was  a  common 
cause  which  each  and  all  of  those  four  countries  had  pre-emi- 
nently developed — the  power  of  steam — steam  machinery,  steam 
navigation  and  steam  railways. 

I  say,  then,  that  steam  was  the  main  cause  of  this  prodigious 
progress  of  England,  as  well  as  of  the  other  three  countries. 
But  I  will  go  a  step  farther.  Steam  machinery  had  existed  for 
many  years  before  1830,  and  before  the  great  expansion  of  com- 
merce. Steam  navigation  had  also  existed  for  many  years 
before  1830,  and  before  the  great  expansion  of  commerce,  and 
steam  navigation  was  unable  to  cope  with  the  obstacle  which, 
before  1830,  was  so  insuperable,  viz.,  the  slowness  and  expense, 
and  limited  capacity,  of  land  carriage.  I  come,  then,  to  this 
further  conclusion,  that  the  railways  which  remov  d  the  gigan- 
tic obstacle,  and  gave  to  land  carriage  such  extraordinary  rapid- 
ity and  cheapness,  and  such  unlimited  capacity,  must  have  been 
the  main  agent,  the  active  and  immediate  cause,  of  this  sudden 
commercial  development.  Each  expansion  of  the  railway  sys- 
tem has  been  immediately  followed,  as  if  by  its  shadow,  by  a 
great  expansion  of  exports  and  imports. 

We  ought  to  give  railways  their  due  credit  and  praise,  as  tlic 
chief  of  those  mighty  agents  which,  within  the  last  thirty  years, 
have  changed  the  face  of  civilization. 


r-. 


'i72 


305 


148 


COMMERCE  OF  PICTOU  AND  CAPE  BRETON. 


United  States  Consulate,  Pictou,  N.  S.,  > 
November  17,  18G6.         j" 

E.  H.  Derby,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Commissioner. 

Sir, — In  accordance  with  my  promise,  I  send  you  a  few  statis- 
tics which  may  be  useful  in  your  forth-coming  Report  to 
government. 

Since  the  abrogation  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  the  falling  off 
in  the  amount  of  importations  from  the  United  States  is  very 
large,  and  the  amount  of  exports  of  the  great  staple  (coal,)  falls 
far  short  of  what  is  has  been  in  former  years.  The  trade  at  this 
port  has  undergone  a  very  great  change.  Up  to  the  present 
year,  we  have  had  iipon  an  average  eighty  American  vessels 
here,  in  a  season  ;  this  year  there  have  been  but  seven.  This 
is  owing  to  the  heavy  duty  on  coal,  (81.25  per  ton  in  gold,)  and 
the  low  rates  of  freight.  The  amount  of  coal  shipped  to  the 
United  States  from  this  port  for  the  year  ending  September 
30,  is  117,676  tons,  falling  short  of  last  year  about  47,000  tons. 


Cape  Breton  Mines. 

Lingan  Mines — Imports  from  United  States,  .         .       $700  00 
Exports  to  U.  S.  (47,442  tons  coal,)   107,644  00 


International  Mines — Imports  from  United  States,        1,000  00 

Exports  to  "         "  30,000  00 


Little  Glace  Bay — Imports  from  United  States,       .      4,070  00 
Exports  to  "  "  (coal,)     78,000  00 


Cow  Bay — For  quarter  ending  30th  September. 

Imports  from  United  States,         .        .         298  00 
Exports  to  «  «  .        .  101,405  00 

I  give  you,  as  my  private  opinion,  that  a  reduction  in  the 
tariff  of  the  United  States,  would  have  a  tendency  to  increase 
trade  and  bring  about  a  better  state  of  feeling  ;  the  duty  on  coal 
is  exorbitant,  and  operates  adversely  to  the  interest  of  our  coun- 
trymen, as  the  largest  portion  of  capital  invested  in  coal  mines, 
in  this  province,  is  American. 


EXPORTS  AND  IMPORTS  OP  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


149 


Previous  to  the  abrogation  of  the  Reciprocity  Treaty,  thou- 
sands of  barrels  of  American  flour  were  imported  into  this 
province  ;  since  that  event,  we  cannot  count  by  hundreds ; 
Canada  has  now  the  monopoly.  American  apples  were  shipped 
to  this  port  formerly  in  large  quantity  ;  this  year  not  one  barrel 
has  been  imported,  the  duty  here  being  one  dollar  in  gold. 

If  I  can  furnish  you  with  any  further  facts,  I  shall  be  most 
happy. 

I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Your  most  obedient  servant, 


B.  HAMMATT  NORTON,  Consul. 


Principal  Imports  iiito  Nova  Scotia  from  the  United  States  of  articles 
free  of  duty,  in  eleven  years,  1854  to  18G4,  inclusive. 


Apples  and  Pears,  (barrels,)     .       42,979 

;  valu 

e,  8120,805  00 

Beef,                           "           .       13,879 

(( 

157,147  00 

Butter,  (pounds,)    .        .        .     571,849 

u 

105,789  00 

Cheese,        "           ...     294,993. 

u 

35,916  00 

Flour,  (barrels,)      .        .        .  2,262,G62 ; 

li 

14,584,182  00 

Lard,  (pounds,)       .        .        .1,783,800.; 

a 

178,380  00 

Pork  and  Hams,  (barrels,)       .       57,583  ; 

a 

987,778  00 

Total  imports  from  United  States,    . 

• 

35,450,108  00 

"     exports  from  Nova  Scotia,  to  U.  S.  . 

• 

21,854,518  00 

\'.l 


Principal  Exports  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  United  States  in  the  same 

period. 
Coal, $4,503,707  00 


Codfish, 
Herring, 
Mackerel, 
Potatoes, 


1,030,252  00 

497,185  00 

1,225,014  00 

1,373,372  00 


150 


PROGRESS  OP  POPULATION  IN  THE  PROVINCES. 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  PROVINCES. 


COMDENSED  FROM  THE  YEAR  BOOK  AND  OTHER  SOURCES. 


CENSUS  OF  BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICA. 


i'iA'Ki 


I. — Enumeration. 

The  last  Census  of  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick  and 
Prince  Edward  Island,  was  taken  in  1861 ;  that  of  Newfound- 
land in  1858.  The  population  of  these  colonies  was  then  found 
to  be : — 


Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Upper  Canada,  .... 
Lower  Canada,  .... 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,       .... 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland,  .... 

725,575 
507,804 
129,948 
165,584 
40,880 
65,118 

670,510 
543,702 
123,099 
165,273 
39,977 
58,170 

1,390,091 

1,111,566 

252,047 

330,857 

80,857 

124,288 

Totals,        .... 

1,694,969 

1,600,737 

3,295,706 

Since  the  previous  Census,  the  population  had  been  increas- 
ing at  the  annual  rate  of: — 


In  Upper  Canada,    . 
Lower  Canada,    . 
New  Brunswick, . 
Nova  Scotia, 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland,    . 


4.34 

per  cent. 

2.50 

2.60 

1.82 

2.07 

1.50 

Supposing  the  increase  to  have  since  continued  at  the  same 
rate,  in  all  the  colonies  excepting  Newfoundland,  where  excep- 
tional causes  have  interfered  with  the  progress  of  population, 


PROPORTION  OF  NATIVES  TO  FOEEIGN  BORN. 


151 


the  number  of  residents  in  British  America  in  January,  18G7, 
will  be  about  four  million,  distributed, — 


In  Upper  Canada,    . 
Lower  Canada,  . 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland,   . 

Total, 


1,802,056 

1,288,880 

295,084 

368,781 

91,443 

130,000 

3,976,244 


Were  the  same  increase  to  continue  until  1,900 — just  one 
more  generation,  the  population  would  be  11,977,000. 

The  natives  of  the  Provinces  largely  outnumber  those  born 
abroad,  the  proportion  of  different  origins  being, — 


Natives  of  British  America, 
of  Ireland, 

of  England  and  Wales,    . 
of  Scotland,    . 
of  Foreign  countries, 


.  79  per  cent. 
.    9 

•    H 

4^- 

o 

100 


i, 


*■:, 


The  numbers  are  shown  in  the  following  table  :-r- 


Ci 

(m     to 

«  5 

W    a 

«   5 

>   n 
"O    a 
a    a 
'A 

2 

w 

o 

CO 

J. 

o 

Si 

o 

It 

'A 

>    o 
'A 

3 

Upper  Canada,  . 
Lower  Canada,  . 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland,  . 

911.903 
1,017,925 
208,100 
299,335 
00,800 
111,874 

114,914 
13,821 
4,909 
3,188 
2,019 
3,910 

191,431 

50,337 

30,179 

0,313 

5,171 

7,733 

98,892 
13,204 

5,109 
16,395 

5,903 
624 

78,891 

16,279 

3,594 

2,626 

364 

141 

1,396,091 

1,111,566 

252,047 

330,857 

80,857 

124,288 

Total,  . 

2,616,003 

143,367 

294,104 

140,217 

101,895 

3,295,706 

It  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  with  certainty  the  descent  of  tho 
native  population. 


w 


152 


NATION  AND  CREED. 


Those  of  French  origin  -were  enumerated  separately  in  the 
census  of  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia,  find  Mr.  Rameau,  in  his 
work  "£ft  France  aux  Colonics"  gives  a  careful  estimate  for 
the  otlier  Provinces.  Putting  together  the  figures  obtained 
from  both  these  sources,  \vc  have  as  of  French  origin, — 


In  Upper  Canada, 
Lower  Canada, 
New  Brunswick,    . 
Nova  Scotia, . 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland, 

Total, 


33,287 
847,320 
25,000 
20,859 
15,000 
20,000 

961,466 


At  the  date  of  the  last  census,  there  were  probably,  in  the 
various  provinces,  a  million  of  people  of  Irish  descent,  and  the 
remainder — say  a  million  and  a  quarter — were  about  lialf  of 
Scottish,  half  of  English  parentage. 

II. — Creed. 

The  census  table  gives  at  some  length  statements  of  the  reli- 
gious belief  of  the  people  of  the  Provinces.  Condensing  them 
into  ten  heads,  we  have  the  following  as  the  proportion  in  which 
various  creeds  are  held : — 


Church  of  Rome, 
Church  of  England,  . 
Presbyterians,    . 
Wesleyans  and  Methodists, 
Baptists,    . 
Lutherians, 
Congregationalists,    . 
Miscellaneous  creeds, 
Of  no  religion,  . 
Creed  not  stated, 

Total, 
The  respective  numbers  are  as  follows : — 


44^  per  cent. 


15| 

151- 

14 

5f 

1 

I 

^ 

1 

2 

\ 

100 

RELIGION  AND  OCCUPATION. 


153 


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FISH. — REALIZED  WEALTH. 


155 


The  quantity  of  lumber  cut  in  18G0  is  not  given  witli  sulTi- 
cient  exactness  in  the  census  tables.  The  value  of  the  fish 
caught  in  that  year  was  about  as  follows : — 


Upper  Canada, 
Lower  Canada, 
New  Brunswick,    . 
Nova  Scotia,  . 
Prince  Edwai-d  Island, 
Newfoundland, 

Total,  . 


8120,000 
700,000 
518,531 

2,562,000 
272,000 

5,002,531 

^9,173,063 


V. — Realized  Wealth. 

The  census  gives  us  some  details  on  which  to  base  a  calcula- 
tion of  the  value  of  property  owned  by  the  people  of  the  Prov- 
inces. First  let  us  give  the  number  of  horses  and  cattle.  Thcso 
were : — 


No.  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

No.  of 

Horses. 

Milch  Cows. 

Neat  Cattle. 

Sbccp. 

Swlno. 

Upper  Canada, 

377,681 

451,640 

563,688 

1,170,225 

770,001 

Lower  Canada, 

248,515 

328,370 

488,602 

082,829 

280,400 

New  Brunswick, 

35,347 

69,437 

92,025 

214,092 

73,995 

Nova  Scotia,  . 

41,927 

110,504 

151,793 

332,653 

53,217 

Prince  Edward  Isl., 

18,765 

40,000 

60,012 

107,245 

71,535 

Newfoundland, 

3,509 

6,924 

12,962 

10,737 

17,551 

Totals,     . 

725,744 

1,006,875 

1,369,082 

2,517,781 

1,278,099 

Making  an  estimate  for  certain  details  not  given  in  the  returns 
from  all  the  Provinces  (marked  with  an  asterisk,)  we  obtain  from 
the  tables  the  following  statement  of  the  lands  held,  and  their 
value : — 


T^ 


*-   - 


15G 


VALUE  OP  PROPERTY. 


Acres  or  Land  held. 

Iinprovecl. 

Unimproved. 

Cosh  valiio  of 
Farms. 

Upper  Canada,  .... 
Lower  Canada,  .... 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,       .... 
Prince  Edward  Island, 
Newfoundland 

0,051,019 
4,804,235 

885,108 
1,028,032 

250,000 
42,010 

7,303,288 
5,571,183 
2,902,410 
1,000,000 
200,000 

8295,102,315 

171,513,009 

31,169,940 

40,000,000 

8,000,000 

500,-000 

Totals,        .... 

13,001,010 

17,030,887 

S854G,345,330 

Calculations  respecting  realized  assets  must  necessarily  bo 
somewhat  wild  in  any  country  exempt  from  government  taxa- 
tion upon  its  property.  The  municipal  assessments  in  the  vari- 
ous counties  of  even  a  single  Province  are  !\ot  equalized  :  the 
statements  given  to  the  Census  Commissioner?  are  seldom  accu- 
rate. Leaving  out  of  view  the  value  of  the  canals,  harbors, 
light-houses  and  public  buildings,  constructed  by  the  Govern- 
ments at  a  cost  of  from  835,000,000  to  $40,000,000,  also  of  the 
railways  of  the  Provinces,  8150,000,00,  also  of  the  gold  and 
bank  notes  in  circulation,  also  such  doubtful  matters  as  the 
speculative  value  of  mining  locations,  &c.,wc  may,  however,  put 
down  as  an  approximate  estimate  of  the  realized  property  of 
British  America : — 


Value  of  farms,      ..... 
of  agricultural  implements,  . 
of  real  estate  in  cities,  towns  and  villages 
of  horses,  cattle,  &c.,     . 
of  paid  up  stock  in  banks, 
of  miscellaneous  stocks, 
of  goods  on  hand  in  stores  above  debts  duo 
of  other  personal  property,    . 
of  shipping, 


8540,000,000 
25,000,000 
200,000,000 
120,000,000 
40,000,000 
50,000,000 
50,000,000 
75,000,000 
30,000,000 

11,136,000,000 


;  ■  ■■  1  ■  ; 


POPULATION  AND  CITIES. 


167 


PROGRESS  OP  POPULATION. 

The  census  takings  of  tlio  various  Provinces  have  been  numer- 
ous, but  have  not  been  conducted  according  to  any  one  general 
plan,  or  indeed  in  the  same  years.  To  reduce  the  figures  into 
a  table  which  would  show  the  general  progress  of  the  popula- 
tion of  British  North  America,  requires  that  one  should  tako 
some  liberties  with  them.  Tlie  following  may,  however,  bo  taken 
to  bo  tolerably  accurate : — 


1700. 

1785. 

17SO. 

177S. 

I800. 

1SS5. 

Upper  Canada, 
Lower  Canada, 
New  Brunswick, 
Nova  Scotia,    . 
Prince  Edward  Isl, 
Newfoundland, 

14,000 

1,300 

500 

20,000 

5,000 

300 

5,000 

54,500 

14,000 

2,500 

10,000 

8,000 
06,000 

20,000 
10,000 
16,000 

50,000 
225,000 
10,000 
57,000 
20,000 
10,000 

158,027 

450,000 

75,000 

150,000 

28,600 

45,759 

Total, 

15,800 

39,300 

81,000 

150,000 

382,000 

907,386 

.  I 


t. 


Population  op  British  American  Cities. 

The  population  of  the  cities  of  British  America,  at  the  time 
of  the  last  census,  was  as  follows : — 


Montreal, 

.  90,323 

Ottawa, 

14,669 

Quebec, 

.  51,109 

Kingston,    . 

13,743 

Toronto, 

.  44,821 

London, 

11,555 

St.  John,  N. 

B.,  .        .  27,317 

Charlottetown,     . 

6,706 

Halifax, 

.  25,026 

Three  Rivers, 

.    6,058 

St.  John's,  I 

^fld.,         .  24,851 

Fredericton, 

5,652 

Hamilton, 

.  19,096 

St.  Hyacinthe,     . 

3,636 

These  numbers  have  considerably  changed  since  the  census. 
Montreal  and  suburbs  are  now  estimated  to  contain  nearly 
130,000  souls ;  and  a  great  increase  has  undoubtedly  taken 
place  in  the  population  of  all  the  larger  cities. 


27 


*F* 


168 


B0UNDAUIE8. 


■■.\-ji 
..■,-,'1.  .1 


AREA,  BOUNDARIES,  &c. 

Canada,  New  I'runswick,  Nova  Scotia,  Prince  Edward  Island, 
and  Newlmuidland  occupy  an  immense  extent  of  territory, — 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  the  most  easterly  capital,  being  2(5° 
80'  east  and  1)''  north  of  Toronto,  the  most  westerly,  the  dis- 
tance between  the  two  being  considerably  over  1,000  miles. 
These  countries,  however,  all  Ijelong  to  one  geographical  dis- 
trict, which  may  bo  called  the  Laurentian,  each  claiming  a  por- 
tion of  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Canada  lies  principally  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  north  and  cast  sides  of  Lakes  Ontario,  Eric, 
Huron  and  Superior.  In  part,  also,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
St  Lawrence,  stretching  from  near  Montreal  to  the  Day  of  Chal- 
eurs.  Its  northerly  and  westerly  boundaries  have  not  been 
fixed.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  territories  of  the 
United  States,  and  New  Brunswick.  The  area  of  Canada  is 
given  in  official  returns  as  331,280  square  miles,  being  121,260 
for  Upper,  and  210,020  for  Lower  Canada.* 

New  Brunswick  is  bounded  by  Canada,  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, Nova  Scotia,  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  United  States, — 
being  divided  from  the  latter  by  the  St.  Croix  River.  Its  area 
is  27,105  square  miles. 

Nova  Scotia  is  a  peninsui.  connected  with  New  Brunswick  by 
a  low,  sandy  isthmus.  It  is  about  300  miles  long,  and  about  100 
miles  broad  at  its  widest.  The  Island  of  Cape  Breton  is  now  a 
part  of  Nova  Scotia,  the  Gut  of  Canso,  which  divides  them, 
being  less  than  a  mile  in  breadth.  The  coast  of  Nova  Scotia  is 
everywhere  indented  with  arms  of  the  sea,  and  no  part  of  it  is 
more  than  20  miles  from  salt  water.  Area,  including  Cape 
Breton,  18,060  square  miles. 

*  By  the  rroclamation  of  General  Sir  Alurcd  Clarke,  dated  18th  Novem- 
ber, 1791,  the  then  Province  of  Quebec,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Imperial 
Act,  14  George  III.,  vmz  divided  into  the  Provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Can- 
ada. The  Proclamation,  accordingly,  defines  the  line  of  boundary  that  dividos 
them.  By  the  Treaty  of  Peace  of  17C3,  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain  all  th»i 
territory  or  country  known  and  denominated  as  "la  Nouvelle  France,"  desig- 
nating therein  the  boundaries  of  the  countries  so  ceded,  which  subsequently 
have  been  affected  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  by  the  Treaty  of  Washington  of 
1842,  defining  the  boundary  between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  and  the 
Imperial  Act,  Mth  and  15th  Vict.,  chapter  63,  defining  the  boundary  between 
Canada  and  New  Brunswick. 


AREA  OP  PROVINCES. 


169 


IVmco  Edward  Island  is  about  140  miles  long  and  34  in  its 
greatest  breadth.  Its  coasts  arc  like  those  of  Nova  Scotia,  much 
indented  by  bays,  and  no  part  is  more  than  10  miles  from  the 
fica.  Unlike  Nova  Scotia,  which  has  a  rock-bound  shore,  the 
coast  of  Prince  Edward  Island  is  of  sand  or  mud.  Area,  2,100 
square  miles. 

The  greatest  length  of  Newfoundland  is,  from  north  to  south, 
850  miles  ;  average  breadth,  130.  Coast  bold  and  rocky.  Area, 
40,200  square  miles. 

The  area    T  the  five  Provinces  is  as  follows: — 


ovem- 
ipe'ial 

Can- 
ivitlv^s 
all  th>^ 
desig- 
uently 

ton  of 
nd  the 

tween 


Upper  Canada, 

Lower  Canada, 

New  Brunswick,    . 

Nova  Scotia, . 

Prince  Edward  Island,   . 

Newfoundland, 

Total,     . 


.  121,200  square  miles. 
.  210,020  "  " 
.  27,105  "  " 
.  18,GG0  "  " 
.  2,100  "  " 
.    40,200      "        « 


.  419,345      " 


u 


If  to  this  be  added  the  area  of  Vancouver's  Island,  20,000 
square  miles ;  British  Columbia,  200,000  square  miles  ;  and  Lab- 
rador, the  Hudson's  Bay,  and  North-West  Territories  with,  say 
2,750,000  square  miles,  we  have  a  total  for  British  North  America 
of  no  less  than  3,389,345  square  miles. 

The  climate  and  productions  of  the  Colonics  are  more  dissim- 
ilar than  might  be  inferred  from  the  latitude  of  their  settled  dis- 
tricts. In  the  extreme  west  of  Upper  Canada,  Indian  corn  can 
be  raised  with  profit ;  peaches,  grapes,  and  melons  grow  luxu- 
riantly in  the  open  air ;  but  the  district  favored  thus  is  small, 
and  although  the  greater  part  of  Canada  is  a  suitable  region 
for  growing  all  the  cereals,  while  wheat  can  be  raised  with  care 
in  every  settled  part  of  every  colony,  we  find  by  the  time  we 
travel  farther  eastward  than  Quebec,  that  the  people  depend  less 
and  less  upon  the  soil,  until  in  Newfoundland  they  arc  almost 
exclusively  concerned  about  the  waters,  and  buy  from  other 
countries  almost  all  their  cereal  and  animal  food.  The  winter's 
cold  varies  even  more  than  the  summer's  heat.  Snow  rarely  lies 
more  than  a  month  in  the  west  of  Upper  Canada.  In  some 
parts  of  Canada  East  and  the  Labrador,  it  lies  for  five  or  six 
months  every  season. 


160 


DIVERSITY   OV  UKSOURCi:^. 


Tho  divorsiiy  of  the  mineral  rcsourcos  of  the  scvoral  Colonies 
is  no  loss  tlian  tliat  of  tlicir  ap^rieultural  productions.  Tiic 
western  peninsula  of  Up[)er  Canada  as  yet  alone  yields  pctro- 
leuir  ;  It  has  many  valualdo  (piarries,  but  few  mctallie  ores, 
These,  however,  the  sliores  of  tho  upper  lakes,  central  and  east- 
ern Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  probably  Newfoundland  and  New 
lirunswick  abundantly  supply.  Especially  valuable  are  the  coj)- 
pcr  mines  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland,  and  the  f!;old  and  coal 
of  Nova  Hcotia.  Prince  Edward  Island  i;s  the  worst  off  in  this 
particular.  It  had  to  import  I'rom  Nova  Scotia  not  only  tho 
plans  for  its  sole  stone  building,  (the  House  of  Parliament,)  but 
even  the  materials. 

This  diversity  is,  however,  a  happy  thing  for  all  the  Colonies. 
While  the  general  severity  of  their  climate  enforces  activity 
among  their  j)eople,  the  variety  of  their  resources  prevents  their 
inhabitants  from  confining  tliemsclves  to  one  branch  of  industry. 


BALANCE  SHEETS  OP  THE  SEVERAL  PROVINCES, 

Or,  the  Assets  and  Liabilities  of  British  North  America. 


I. — Condensed  Balance  Sheet  of  the  Province  op  Canada, 

ON  June  30th,  1865. 


Dr. 

Direct  Debt  Funde'l,  viz. ; — 
Inincrial  Guaranteed  Loan,  4  percent,  int., 
Debentures  and  Inscripticns,  5  per  ct.  int., 

((                     ((                        t(             0         (I             u 

"             "               "        various  rates. 

8081,333  34 

33,743,540  88 

20,070,510  25 

385,400  00 

$00,880,784  47 
857,806  04 

• 

4,402,677  13 

4,135,331  39 

794,515  76 

7,121,836  57 

Indirect  Debt,  Funded,      .... 

Indebtedness  to  Trust  Funds,  viz. : — 

Scbool  Funds, 

Indian  Funds, 

MlaccUaneous, 

$2,090,003  37 

1,050,940  39 

055,073  37 

l^^ank  Accounts, 

Miscellaneous  Accounts,     .... 
Consolidated  Fund, 

Total, 

«78,190,011  06 

CANADIAN   DEHT. 


161 


lialancc  Sheet  of  the  Province  of  Canada — Continued. 


Cu. 
Sinkin}^  Funds,  ..... 

Public!  Works,  viz. : — 
St.  Lawrence  Canals, 

Wellaiul  Canal, 

CIiauil)Iy  Canal  and  Richelieu  River  im 

provenicnts,    ..... 
Burlington  Hay  Canal, 
Lake  St.  I'eter  improvements,    . 

Ottawa  Works, 

Improvement  of  the  Trent, 

HarlmrH  and  Lijihlhouses,  . 

Roads  and  IJridj^es,     .... 

liuildinj^s  at  Ottawa,  (Parliam't  House,  &c.,) 

Loans  to  incorporated  companies, 

Miscellaneous  works  and  buildings,    . 

Due  l»y  I5uildinff  and  Harbor  Funds, 

Railway  Accounts,  viz. : — 
Grand  Trunk  Railway, 
(Jreat  Western  Railway,     . 
Northern  Railway,     .... 

Due  by  Trust  Funds, .... 
Municipal  Loan  Fund  Accounts, 
Bank  of  Upper  Canada — special  account. 
Bank   Accounts,  including   Crown   Lands 
Accounts, 

Miscellaneous  Accounts,     . 
Consolidated  Fund  Investment  Account, 

Total, 


$7,41:5,423  48 

7,;J8a,545  51) 

43.3,807  83 

308,328  32 

1,1 .07,235  08 

1,208,308  37 

.')58,500  20 

2,.'5G4,()8G  70 

1,723,()97  71 

2,071,095  17 

142,154  .')2 

1,75!),755  98 


!?23,902,403  41 
3,727,082  85 
3,.504,.52(J  90 


181,200,000  01 
700,509  91 


$1,520,148  91 


20,727,000  89 
857,800  64 


31,131,013  16 

890,849  34 

13,255,950  10 


1,900,509  92 

1,222,305  31 

089,035  09 


$78,199,011  96 


|7  13 

)l  39 
|5  76 

57 


II. — Balance  Sheet  of  the  Province  or  New  Brunswick,  on 

Oct.  31st,  18G5. 

The  debt  of  New  Brunswick  lias  been  incurred  almost  wliolly 
for  the  construction  of"  railroads.  It  is  of  two  chief  kinds — 
Debentures,  held  almost  exclusively  in  England,  and  all  bear- 
ing 0  per  cent,  interest ;  and  debts  to  the  Savings  Bank  Depos- 
itors at  home,  who  receive  5  per  cent.  The  financial  year  ends 
on  Oct.  31st,  and  the  following  is  a  statement  of  the  assets  and 
liabilities  at  that  date  in  1805,  since  which  time  very  little 
change  has  taken  place : — 


1  96 


162 


DEBT  OF   NOVA  SCOTIA. 


■ii-.>> ' : 


Dn. 
Debt — Funded :  viz.,  Debentures,  G  per  cent,  interest, 

"      Floating  :  viz.,  to  Savings  Banks, 
Sundry  Special  Funds, 


Cr. 
Public  Work :  viz.,*  European  &  North  American  Railway, 
Stock  in  the  New  Brunswick  &  Canada  Railway 
Invested  on  account  of  Savings  Bank  Deposits, 
Sundry  Bonds  and  Interest,    .... 
Cash  and  Bankers'  Balances,  .... 
Balance  not  represented  by  any  Assets,  . 


?5,052,8S0 
708,5G5 
101,810 


85,923,255 


§1,491,280 

240,000 

8G,875 

61,624 

156,979 

886,497 


$5,923,255 


*  The  Lighthouses  do  not  appear  in  the  Provincial  Balance  Sheets,  tliey  being  kept  up 
out  of  a  Special  Fund  by  tonnage  duties.  Tlie  Province  owns  no  i'tcaiiiers,  piers,  or 
wharves.  All  the  ordinary  roads  and  bridges  belong  to  the  Government,  but  have  been 
built  from  the  annual  revenue,  and  tlicir  v.ilue  does  not  appear  on  the  ISalance  Sheet. 
If  it  wore  so  included,  It  is  probable  tliat  the  balance  would  be  on  the  otlier  side  of  the 
account. 

III. — Condensed  Balance  Sheet  op  the  Province  op  Nova 
Scotia,  on  30th  Sept.,  1865. 

The  debt  of  Nova  Scotia  has  been  incurred  almost  exclusively 
on  railway  account.  On  Sept.  30th,  1865,  the  account  stood  as 
under : — 


Dr. 

Debt — Funded :  viz.,  Railway  bonds,  6  p.  c.  interest, 
"      Floating :  viz.,  Borrowed  from  I'rov.  Savings 

Bank,  4  per  cent., $640,000 

Treasury  notes,  no  interest, 492,458 


Miscellaneous,  undrawr,  moneys,  &c.. 


Cr. 

Public  Work  :  viz.,  Provincial  Railway, 
la  hands  of  Public  Accountants, 
Cash  in  hand  or  in  Bank, 
Balance, 


$4,495,000 


1,132,453 
347,625 


$5,975,083 


$4,319,507 
295,207 
503,691 
856,678 


$5,975,083 


Against  this  balance  the  Province  owns  a  number  of  light- 
houses, and  several  Public  Buildings.  No  means  exist  of  deter- 
mining from  the  accounts  the  cost  or  value  of  such  assets. 


DEBTS  OP  PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND.      1G3 


>oo 


)5,000 


(5,083 


19,507 
)5,207 
33,691 
56,678 

r5,083 


IV. — Condensed  Balance  Sheet  op  the  Province  of  Prince 
Edward  Island,  Dec.  31st,  1865. 

Prince  Edward  Island  shows  a  somewhat  singular  balance 
sheet.  On  the  one  hand  more  than  half  the  liabilities  are 
"  unpaid  warrants,"  and  the  funded  debt  is  almost  nominal. 
On  the  other  hand  the  greater  portion  of  the  available  assets  are 
cash  and  bonds  given  by  merchants  for  the  payments  of  duties 
on  imports.  The  figures  at  the  end  of  the  last  financial  year, 
Dec.  31st,  1865,  were : — 


Dr. 

Debt — Funded,  viz. : — 

Debentures  at  5  per  cent., 

• 

546,560 

do.        at  6  per  cent., 

. 

57,600 

Debt — Floating,  viz. : — 

- 

8104,160 

Treasury  notes, 

. 

$36,800 

Unpaid  warrants, 

•. 

179,640 

216,440 

Debl — Deposits  in  Savings  Bank,  (5  pr.  ct.  Interes 

to 

• 

20,600 

Total,       .... 

18341,200 

Cr. 

Bonds  in  Treasury,  (duties,)     .... 

, 

$48,824 

do.   in  hands  ol'  Attorney-General,  (duties,) 

•. 

2,234 

$51,059 

Cash  in  Treasury  or  in  Banks, .... 

, 

51,293 

Balance  against  the  Colony,     .... 

• 

238,848 

Total,       .... 

$341,200 

The  regulations  •  respecting  treasury  notes  are,  that  if  pre- 
sented they  must  be  redeemed  in  gold,  and  if  there  be  no  gold 
in  the  treasury  they  can  be  funded  at  6  per  cent.  In  practice 
they  never  are  presented. 

Against  the  above  "  balance  "  the  Province  owns  eight  light- 
houses, worth  about  $30,000,  the  Victoria  Barracks,  worth  say 
$25,000,  and  a  market-house,  worth  85,000. 

V. — Debt  of  Newfoundland. 

The  debt  of  Newfoundland,  on  December  31st,  1865,  was: — 
Funded,  $911,564;  Floating,  8250,076 ;  Total,  $1,162,243. 

The  Province  owns  several  lighthouses,  and  has  expended 
considerable  sums  on  improvements  in  St.  John's.  We  have  no 
detailed  returns  for  this  year,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  float- 
ing debt  consists  of  deposits  in  the  Government  Savings  Bank. 


w 


w^ 


164 


DEBTS  OF  THE  PROVINCES. 


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CANADIAN  REVENUE. 


165 


PUBLIC  REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


CANADA. 


Receipts,  18G4-5. 
Customs  revenue,    .... 

Excise, 

Post  Office  and  Ocean  Postage, 
Public  Works  and  Prov.  Steamers, . 

Territorial, 

Minor  revenues  of  the  Consol.  Fund, 
Debentures  and  Stock,    . 
Municipal  Loan  Fund,    ... 
Municipalities  Fund,       ... 
Education  and  School  Funds, 

Indian  Fund, 

Miscellaneous  Trusts  and  other  accounts, 


Deduct — Debentures  and  Stock,     . 


Ordinary  revenue. 


Payments,  1864-5. 
Collection  of  revenue, — 
Customs, 
Excise,    . 
Post  Office,     . 
Public  Works, 
Territorial, 
Miscellaneous, 

Interest  on  public  debt  and  charges, 
Redemption  of  public  debt,     .... 
Civil  Government,  including  pensions,     . 
Administration  of  justice  and  prison  inspection, 

Legislation, 

Education,  grants  to  Literary  Societies,  Geological 

Hospitals  and  Charities, 

Militia  and  enrolled  force,       .... 
Agricultural  Societies,  grants  to,     . 
Public  Works  and  Buildings,  &c.,   . 
Redemption  of  Seignorial  rights, 
Advances,  &c.,  Postal  Subsidies  account, 

Municipalities  Fund, 

Indian  Fund  and  annuities,     .... 
Minor  payments, 


$397,086 
174,446 
483,270 
256,792 
134,735 
79,031 


Deduct— Redemption  of  Public  debt. 
Ordinary  expenditure,    . 


?5,660,741 
1,302,975 
540,809 
429,524 
830,892 
405,775 
1,074,609 
270,883 
148,835 
141,757 
180,606 
522,462 

$11,509,868 
1,074,609 


$10,435,259 


$1,515,360 
3,768,773 
1,355,620 
501,137 
998,518 
473,158 
603,642 
310,088 
756,933 
108,419 
1,523,021 
199,190 
125,238 
139,229 
145,045 
366,940 


$12,890,311 
1,355,620 


$11,534,691 


28 


IS-: 


166 


REVENUE  AND  EXPENDITURE. 


M-:-: ' 


A  similar  statement  prepared  by  "Mr.  Gait,  when  Minister  of 
Finance,  supplemented  by  the  Miscellaneous  Statistics  of  the 
Auditor,  furnishes  us  with  the  figures  from  18G1  to  the  end  of 
I860. 


YEAR. 


Ordinary  Revenue. 


Ordinary  Kxpcndl- 
turc. 


1861,. 
1862, . 
1863, . 
1864, . 
1865, . 

Total, 


$9,890,275 

8,408,444 

9,760,316 

10,918,337 

10,470,608 


$49,456,980 


$12,003,902 
11,116,092 
10,742,807 
10,587,142 
11,056,363 


$50,100,371 


This  shows  that  an  increase  in  the  Public  Debt  must  have 
taken  place  in  the  five  years  of  nearly  seven  millions.  It  is 
argued,  however,  that  the  increase  of  the  population  of  the 
country  is  more  rapid  than  that  of  the  public  burdens,  so  that 
the  charge  per  head  is  somewhat  diminishing.  Almost  the 
whole  of  this  increase  was  represented  by  increased  floating 
debt,  and  diminished  cash  balances.  The  government,  however, 
took  means  at  the  last  session  to  meet  both  the  floating  debt  and 
the  debentures  falling  due  by  laying  their  hands  upon  the  cir- 
culation, so  that  in  future  the  amount  will  be  represented  by 
Provincial  notes. 

Recapitulation. 

"We  throw  together  some  of  the  preceding  figures,  to  illus- 
trate the  relative  as  well  as  the  absolute  position  of  the  various 
Provinces : — 


4) 

> 

0 

c      . 

0.  S 
bi    <» 

0 

J.    . 

a  ^ 

Rec'd  from   De- 
bent's  or  Notes 
sold,  ISG5. 

Paid  for  Deben- 
tures redeemed, 
1865. 

Canada, 

New  Brunswick,    . 

Nova  Scotia, . 

Prince  Edw'd  Isl., 

Newfoundland, 

$10,435,259 

1,070,604 

1,517,306 

217,732 

482,460 

$11,534,691 

1,168,074 

1,470,306 

214,396 

579,453 

$3,768,773 

360,596 

284,338 

17,816 

49,744 

$1,074,609 

17,200 

659,544 

2,251 

115,442 

$1,355,620 
25,930 

28,038 

Totals,    . 

$13,723,361 

$14,966,920 

$4,481,327 

$1,869,046 

$1,409,561 

NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


167 


^ 

a 

•o 

6 

3 

a 

V 

t3 

u 

^ 

^       . 

n 

2  a 

■3 

2  1 

^ 

The  Revenue,  Expenditure,  and  Interest  on  Debt  per  head 
were,  therefore,  nearly  as  follows : — 


Ucvenuc, per 
licad. 


Expenditure, 
per  head. 


Interest  on 

Public   Debt 

per  head. 


Canada, 

New  Brunswick,   . 

Nova  Suotia, 

Prince  Edward  Island, . 

Newfoundland, 


53  45 

3  70 

4  20 

2  45 

3  70 


$3  80 
4  00 
4  10 
2  40 
4  40 


$1 
1 


25 
25 
80 
20 
38 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

The  Public  Accounts  of  New  Brunswick  do  not  show  the 
total  revenue  or  tbe  total  expenditure,  because  several  services 
are  under  the  control  of  Boards,  who  only  return  their  net 
profits  or  deficiency.  This  difficulty  meets  the  inquirer  not 
only  in  New  Brunswick,  but  in  several  of  the  other  Provinces. 
The  latest  statements  published  are  those  for  the  year  ending 
October  31,1865,  from  which  we  prepare  the  following  statement : 


Receipts,  1865. 
Customs  Revenue, — 

Import  duties, §589.578 

Railway  duties, 124,459 

Export  duties, 61,904 

Light-bouse  Duties,  Seamen's  Fund,  Buoy  and  Beacon  Fund, 

Casual  and  Minor  Revenues, 

Net  earnings  of  Railway, 

Balance  of  Savings  Bank  Deposits,         .... 
Debentures  sold,  (Railway,) 


Payments,  1865. 
Collection  of  Revenue,    .... 
Interest  and  charges  on  Public  Debt,  viz.,- 

Ordinary, 

Railway, 

Redemption  of  Debt  (Savings  Bank  Deb's,) 
Civil  List  and  Pensions,  .... 
Administration  of  Justice, 

Legislation, 

Education  (including  $264  Geol.  Survey,) 

Lunatic  Asylum, 

Militia  and  Military,        .... 

Agriculture, 

Public  Works,  including  Railway  Surveying, 

Post  Office, 

Miscellaneous, 


$63,518 
267,978 


Total, 


-$775,941 
33,494 
55,982 
38,591 
22,575 
17,200 

$943,693 


$42,198 


360,596 

25,903 
46,229 
21,438 
48,874 

114,424 
18,000 
30,816 
10,229 

183,333 
22,500 

101,992 

$1,026,532 


i     --I, 


WF 


168 


REVENUE  OP  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


It  is  impossible  to  recast  this  account  with  strict  accuracy. 
Wc  find,  however,  that  the  gross  railway  receipts  should  be 
given  at  $133,408,  and  expenditure  at  894,907 ;  the  gross 
receipts  of  the  Post  Office,  $71,779,  and  the  payments,  $72,538, 
in  addition  to  the  above  $22,500 ;  while,  perhaps,  the  total 
receipts  at,  and  withdrawals  from,  the  Savings  Banks  should  be 
stated.  Omitting,  however,  this  last  item,  as  also  a  few  sundries 
(such  as  the  expenditure  and  revenue  of  the  Marine  Hospital, 
&c.,)  and  making  the  requisite  addition  for  the  others,  we  find 
as  the 


Total  Revenue, 

Deduct  Debentures, $17,200 

Deduct  balance  of  Savings  Eank  deposits       .        .       22,575 

Leaving  an  ordinary  revenue,        .        .        .      * . 

Total  expenditure, 

Deduct  Debentures  redeemed, 


81,110,379 
39,775 


$1,070,604 


$1,193,977 
25,903 


$1,168,074 


The  Revenue  of  the  Province  for  18GG  is  considerably  larger, 
and  is  believed  to  be  in  excess  of  the  expenditure,  even  after 
paying  for  the  heavy  cliargcs  consequent  on  the  threatened 
Fenian  raid  from  Eastport. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 

The  Revenue  and  Expenditure  of  Newfoundland  for  the  year 
ended  December  31, 1865,  were : — 


Receipts,  1865. 
Customs, 
Excise,    . 
Post  Office,     . 
Crown  Receipts, 
Light  Dues,     . 
Proiits  of  Savings  Bank, 
Miscellaneous, 
Loans  and  Premiums  thereon, 

Total,      .        .        .        • 
Deduct  Loans, 

Ordinary  Revenue, 


$425,800 

1,709 

4,965 

4,432 

23,158 

8,000 

14,396 

115,442 

$597,902 
115,442 

$482,460 


EXPENDITURES  OP  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


169 


Payments,  1865. 
Collection  of  Ilevenue, — 

Customs ?31,925 

Excise, 120 

Drawbacks,     .        .        • 7,n00 

Interest  on  debt,  viz., — 

Ordinary  debt, ?47,G95 

Sewerage  debt, 2,049 

Redemption  of  debt, 

Expenditure  as  per  Financial  Secretary's  statement. 

Total, 

Deduct  Redemption  of  Debt $28,038 

Payments  for  Permanent  Objects,*         .        .        .     100,000 

Ordinary  Expenditure, 


$12,345 

49,744 

28,038 

587,304 

$707,491 

128,038 
$579,453 


*  We  have  to  estimate  the  amount,  as  the  Financial  Secretary's  Statement,  coutaiuing 
tlic  details  of  Expenditure  has  not  as  yet  been  printed. 

Tho  Rcveiiuo  and  Expenditure  since    1854    has  been  as 
follows : — 


TEAR. 

Revenue. 

Expendl- 
tarc. 

YEAR. 

Revenue. 

Expendi- 
ture. 

1854, 

$405,030 

$387,463 

1860,     . 

$668,040 

$633,768 

1855,       . 

632,242 

604,631 

1861,     . 

450,217 

633,766 

1856,       . 

594,158 

529,228 

1862,     . 

584,648 

690,293 

1857,       . 

746,621 

983,743 

1863,     . 

565,170 

576,125 

1853,       . 

705,641 

869,825 

1864,     . 

625,793 

525,795 

1859,       . 

623,975 

572,995 

1865,     . 

597,902 

707,491 

The  Revenue  has  thus  been  nearly  stationary  for  a  number 
of  years.  It  rises  or  falls  according  to  the  success  of  the  fish- 
eries— as  yet  the  single  source  of  the  wealth  of  the  Province. 


NOVA   SCOTIA. 

If  it  is  difficult  to  make  out  a  detailed  statement  of  the  Rev- 
enue and  Expenditure  of  New  Brunswick,  the  task  is  still  more 
so  in  the  case  of  Nova  Scotia.  The  Report  of  the  Committee 
on  Public  Accounts  differs  from  the  accounts  of  the  Receiver- 
General  as  to  details,  although  the  Committee  state  the  accounts 


rrri 


170 


REVENUE  AND  EXPENSES  OP   NOVA   SCOTIA. 


i 


of  the  latter  to  be  correct.  The  Railway  Construction  Account, 
the  receipts  from  Treasury  Notes,  and  some  other  revenues, 
have  to  bo  added  from  independent  sources.  The  figures  for 
the  year  ending  September  80th,  18G5,  are,  however,  very  nearly 
as  follows : — 


Receipts,  18C5 
Customs  and  Excise  duties,    . 
Tost  OlTicci  Revenue,*    . 
Publit!  Works,  viz. : — 
Bo.ird  of  Works,     . 
Light  Duty,    .... 
Signal  Stcitions,      ... 
For  the  maintenance  of  Refugees,  Sable  Island, 
Lunatic  Asylum,     . 
Road  Service, 
Railway  Revenue,  . 

Territorial,  viz. : — 
Crown  Lands, 

Gold  Fields 

Royalty  on  Coal,    . 
Licenses  to  search  and  work,  . 


$1,386 

38,945 

902 

2,000 

21,405 

3,349 

183,954 


$44,305 
18,059 
57,524 
12,050 


Railway  Bonds, 
Treasury  Notes, 
Miscellaneous, 


Deduct  Deb's  and  Treasury  Notes, 
Ordinary  Revenue, 


Payments,  1865. 
Revenue  Expenses : — 
Customs, 
Drawbacks,    . 
Mines,    . 
Crown  Lands, 
Post  Office,    . 


$63,750 
18,720 
13,000 
17,213 
93,170 


Interest  on  Public  Debt,  viz. : — 

Ordinary, $23,609 

Railway, 260,729 

Civil  List, 

Judiciary  Expenses,  Prosecutions  and  Inquests, 

Legislative  Expenses, 

Education, 

Hospitals  and  Charities, 

Militia, 

Agriculture, 


$1,047,891 
00,700 


252,031 


131,998 

024,544 

35,000 

24,686 


$2,176,850 
659,544 


$1,517,306 


$205,859 


284,338 
63,113 
5,761 
44,320 
99,663 
19,030 
81,000 
16,000 


*  The  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Accounts  gives  $30,700,  to  which  we  add  $30,000 
for  certain  sums  which  do  not  find  their  way  into  the  Treasury. 


PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 


171 


Public  Works,  viz. : — 
Board  of  Works,     .... 
Roads  and  lirid<!cs, 
Steamboats,  Packets,  and  Ferries, . 
Navigation  Securitios,     . 
Railway  Construction,    .        .        . 


Railway  Expenses, 
Minor  and  Miscellaneous, 


Deduct  Railway  Construction, 
Ordinary  Expenditure,  . 


1134,282 

274,923 

14,051 

19,040 

248,010 


!8G91,r>12 

109,000 

41,315 


1,720,922 
248,016 


$1,472,306 


PRINCE   EDWARD   ISLAND. 


The  Revenue  and  Expenditure  of  Prince  Edward  Island,  for 
the  year  18G5,  were  as  under  : — 


284,338 
03,113 
5,761 
44,326 
99,663 
19,030 
81,000 
16,000 


Receipts,  1805. 

Customs,* 

Licenses, 

Post  Oflice, 

Public  Works  (Light  and  Anchorage  Duties,) 

Territorial, 

Interest  on  bonds, 

Education  (Land  Assessment,) 

Miscellaneous, •        .        .        . 

Ordinary  Revenue, 

Add  Debentures,  &c.,  sold, 

Deposits  in  Savings  Rank, 

Total  Revenue, 

Payments,  1865. 
Interest  on  Public  Debt : — 

Funded, $5,644 

Floating, 12,232 

Civil  Government, 

Administration  of  Justice, 

Legislature, 

Education, 

Hospitals  and  Charities, 

Militia, 

Agricultural  Society, 


1163,048 
2,005 
6,208 
3,525 
34,209 
3,812 
3,525 
800 


$217,732 

2,251 

20,579 


$240,562 


$17,876 

21,658 

14,268 

12,182 

46,188 

4,842 

3,426 

9,039 


*  The  Revenue  from  Customs  includes  receipts  on  account  of  the  Cd.  per  gallon  excise 
on  spirits  distilled  in  the  Colony.  The  amount  is  not  large,  and  is  indistinguishable  in  the 
Public  Accounts. 


"it  . 


w^ 


172 


PUBLIC   WORKS,   CANAD.\. 


lloailti,  Uritlpcs  nn<l  Wharves, 
Other  Public  Works,      . 
Collection  of  Revenue,  . 
Miscellaneous,        .        .        . 

Ordinary  Kxpondituro,  . 
Add  cost  of  New  Br.rracks,    . 
Withdrawals  from  Savings  Dank, 

Total  Expenditure, 


837,103 

0,813 

27,010 

10,020 


8214,306 

20,304 

7,649 

8248,420 


There  was  thus  a  balance  in  favor  of  the  Colony,  tho  ordinary 
revenue  and  expenditure  considered  ;  but  tho  cost  of  new  bar- 
racks which  were  erected  because  some  troops  were  considered 
necessary  to  preserve  tho  i)eaco  of  the  Island,  endangered  by 
the  Tenant  League,  turned  this  into  a  deficiency.  Tlie  abovo 
figures  differ  slightly  from  tho  Public  Accounts  of  tho  Colony, 
because  they  call  Debentures  sold  "  Expenditure," 


PUBLIC  WORKS. 


Canada. 

The  public  works  of  Canada  consist  principally  of  canals, 
built  for  the  purpose  of  overcoming  difficulties  in  the  navigation 
of  rivers,  also  of  harbors  and  piers,  lighthouses,  beacons  and 
buoys,  slides  and  boons,  roads  and  bridges,  parliamentary  build- 
ings, custom  houses  and  post  offices.  Tho  cost  of  these,  being 
tho  chief  cause  of  the  public  debt,  will  be  foimd  in  the  balance 
sheet  of  tho  Province,  elsewhere  printed.  Tho  Province  is  not 
the  owner  of  any  railway. 

Canals. — The  St.  Lawrence  navigation  is  2,385  miles  long, 
and  eight  canals,  of  which  seven  arc  Canadian  and  one  Ameri- 
can, have  been  built  to  make  it  practicable  for  all  its  length. 
The  following  table  shows  tho  various  distances  and  the  size  of 
the  canal  locks : — 


■.:•■,;  ''-V- 


CANALS  OP  CANADA. 


178 


_.  a 

2    . 
2  - 

t)    s 

V, 

4^  J 

III 

S 

1 
1^ 

Straits  of  liellc  Isle  to  head  of  tide 
water,  (Thrco  Rivers,)     . 

.       000 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

To  the  Lachinc  Canal,  (Montreal,) 

80 

4|f 

- 

- 

- 

Lacbinc  Canal     .... 

H 

1200x45 

■ 

0 

44f 

To  Beauharnois  Cana.', 

.        15J 

Beauharnois  Canal 

iH 

1       ^ 

I  200X45 

■ 

9 

8^ 

To  Cornwall  Canal,     . 

32| 

Cornwall  Canal   .... 

Hi 

{200x55 

1 

n 

48 

To  Farran's  Toint  Canal,    . 

5 

Farran's  Point  Canal  .        .        .        . 

t 

1 

\  200X45 

} 

9 

4 

To  Rapido  Plat  Canal, 

m 

Rapide  Plat  Canal       .        .        .        . 

4 

1 200X45 

■ 

9 

Hi 

To  Iroquois  Canal,      .       .        .        . 

H 

Iroquois  and  Galop's  Canal . 

7| 

1200X43 

9 

15.| 

To  the  Welland  Canal,  (head  of  Lake 
Ontario,) 

23C| 

206i 

Welland  Canal  (Lake  Ontario  to  Erie) 

28 

(       27 

1 150x26i 

} 

m 

330 

To  Sault  St.  Marie  Canal  (head  of 
Lake  Huron,) 

025 

53Gi 

Sault  St.  Marie  Canal,  (United  States) 

1 

{350X701 

12 

12 

To  Fond  du  Lac,  (Lake  Superior,) 

397 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Totals, 

2,3128 

72| 

57 

- 

548i 

*  A  channel  11}  miles  long  has  been  ilrcdgod  through  Lake  St.  Peter,  so  that  vessels 
drawing  ^0  feet  can  go  up  to  Montreal.  Two  locks  on  the  Lachinc  Canal  have  15  feet  on  tlic 
sills ;  and  three  on  the  Welland  are  200  by  11  feet.  f  At  bottom  and  01  at  top. 


The  Burlington  Bay  Canal  (Hamilton,)  |  mile,  no  locks,  138 
feet  broad,  may  be  said  to  bo  connected  with  th\3  St.  Lawrence 
navigation. 

29 


174 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


Tho  Ottawa  and  Ridcau  Canals  conJplctc  a  second  (interior) 
line  of  navigation  fi-om  Montreal  to  Kingston,  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Their  tinited  length  is  143^-  miles,  of  which  the  Ridcau  Canal  is 
12G2.  The  total  lockage  is  578^  feet,  of  which  44G-|-  belong  to 
the  Ridcau.  Of  this  some  177  feet  is  fall,  the  difTerencc  rise. 
The  distance  by  this  route  from  Montreal  to  Kingston  is  249|- 
miles. 

Tlie  St.  Ours  Lock  and  the  Chambly  Canal  connect  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  tho  Hudson,  via  the  Richelieu  River  and  Lake 
Champlain.    Distance  from  Montreal  to  New  York,  45G  miles. 

The  following  table  shows  the  dimensions  of  the  largest  ves- 
sels which  can  pass  through  the  various  locks  on  these  several 
lines  of  navigation : — 


Iicngth  in 

feet. 


Breadth  In 
feet. 


Draught  of 

water  when 

loadeJ. 


Tonnage. 


St.  Lawrence  Canal, 

Welland  Canal, 

Ottawa  Canal, .... 

Eideau  Canal, .... 

Chambly  Canal, 

United  States,  Champlain  Canal, 

United  States,  Eric  Canal, 


186 

441 

9 

im 

20.. 

10 

95 

18.: 

5 

127 

31.; 

5 

111 

23^' 

H 

89 

13i 

4 

102 

17| 

7 

600 
400 
100 
250 
230 
70 
210 


It  may  hero  bo  noted  that  the  distance  from  Quebec  to  Liver- 
pool, via  Belle  Isle,  is  3,000  miles ;  via  Cape  Clear,  2,910. 

Lighthouses. — There  arc  now  110  lighthouses  connected  with 
Canadian  Inland  Navigation,  viz. :  From  Straits  of  Belle  Isle  to 
Quebec,  20 ;  between  Quebec  and  Montreal,  32 ;  west  of  Mon- 
treal, 52,  of  which  8  arc  on  the  Ottawa ;  in  charge  of  private 
individuals  and  companies,  12. 

Harbors. — ^Thesc  are  almost  all  transferred  to  private  or  rail- 
way corporations. 

New  Brunswick. 

The  European  and  North  American  Railway  is  the  chief  pub- 
lic work  in  New  Brunswick.  It  connects  tho  city  of  St.  John 
on  the  Bay  of  Fundy  with  Shediac  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrdnce, 
and  is  under  the  management  of  three  Commissioners  appohited 


NOVA  SCOTIA  PUBLIC  WORKS. 


175 


by  the  Governor.  The  board  now  consists  of  Mr.  Georgo 
Thomas,  chairman,  Mr.  James  Stoadman,  and  Mr.  C.  II.  Fair- 
weather.  3 1  is  claimed  for  tliis  road  that  it  is  the  best  and  most 
perfectly  constructed  railway  in  America. 

The  Province  has  built  and  keeps  up  eleven  light-houses  on 
the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  three  on  the  Gulf,  also  a  steam-whistle 
on  Partridge  Island,  (St.  John,)  all  which  have  cost  8;")0,15G. 
It  has  no  jjicrs,  wharves,  and,  excepting  one  dredge,  no  steam 
vessels.  There  was  at  one  time  an  idea  of  cutting  a  canal  from 
the  head  waters  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, but  it  has  not  been  carried  into  effect.  It  owns  a  peni- 
tentiary and  a  lunatic  asylum,  also  a  Parliament  House  and 
the  Governor-Generars  residence. 


XovA  Scotia. 

The  Nova  Scotia  Railway  is  the  only  public  work  of  import- 
ance owned  by  the  Province.  It  runs  from  Halifax  to  Windsor 
and  Truro,  and  it  is  intended  to  finish  it  to  Annapolis  on  the 
one  hand,  and  to  Pictou  on  the  other.  The  former  extension 
is  only  projected  ;  the  latter  is  nearly  completed. 

The  Province  owns  fifty-one  light-houses,  costing,  say  8200,- 
000.  Cost  of  maintenance,  1805,  §30,7-12 ;  light  duty  received, 
835,875. 

The  books  of  the  Province  do  not  show  the  cost  of  the  Prov- 
ince building.  Government  House,  Lunatic  Asylum,  and  Peni- 
tentiary, nor  do  any  means  exist  for  estimating  their  value. 

Government  usually  contributes  towards  building  the  wharves 
and  piers  required  along  the  coast,  and  advances  money  for  the 
purpose.  The  "  navigation  securities  "  taken  on  such  occasions 
arc  simply  security  that  the  money  will  be  properly  spent,  not 
bonds  from  which  any  pecuniary  return  is  expected.  The  only 
bond  taken  is,  tliat  the  land  on  which  the  wharves,  ttc,  are 
built,  is  made  over  to  the  Government. 

The  Government  have  for  the  past  year  or  two  been  cutting  a 
caual  at  St.  Peter's,  leading  hito  the  Bras  d'or.  It  is  designed 
to  accommodate  vessels  of  from  15  feet  to  22  feet  0  inches  beam : 
estimated  cost,  8170,000 ;  amount  spent,  811,9-11. 


■IB 


mr 


176 


PUBLIC  LANDS. 


The  Government  have  built  most  of  the  roads  in  the  Prov- 
ince, but  they  are  not  regarded  as  an  asset,  nor  can  their  cost 
or  vahie  be  stated. 

The  Province  owns  a  steamer,  the  "Druid,"  and  a  schooner, 
the  "Daring;  '  the  former  a  vessel  of  some  700  tons,  once  a 
blockade  runner,  the  latter  a  craft  of  about  70  tons.  They  are 
used  for  the  protection  of  the  fisheries,  and  for  light-house 
service 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

The  public  works  of  Prince  Edward  Island  are,  eight  light- 
houses, (another  in  course  of  erection,)  a  barracks,  and  a  mar- 
ket house.     Value  of  the  whole,  800,000. 

Newfoundland. 

The  public  works  of  Newfoundland  arc,  five  court-houses  and 
jails,  a  lunatic  asylum,  a  post-office,  custo^u  house,  a  hospital, 
a  poor  asylum,  some  sewerage,  a  few  roads  and  bridges,  and 
sixteen  light-houses. 


PUBLIC  LxVNDS. 

Canada. 

At  the  end  of  1865,  50,321,837  acres  of  public  lands  had 
been  surveyed  in  Canada,  of  which  21,756,150  were  in  Upper, 
and  25,505,678  in  Lower  Canada.  At  the  same  date  there  had 
been  disposed  of  by  sale  or  free  grant  40,577,097  acres,  leaving 
about  10,000,000  of  surveyed  acres  open  for  sale  and  settle- 
ment; but  surveys  still .  proceed  at  the  rate  of  about  500,000 
acres  annually,  so  that  there  is  still  plenty  of  room  and  oppor- 
tunity for  all  who  prefer  holding  from  the  Crown  to  buying  fi'om 
private  owners. 

New  Brunswick. 

The  Crown  lands  of  New  Brunswick  have  never  been  relied 
on  as  a  source  of  revenue,  and  no  systematic  cilbrts  have  ever 
been  made  to  dispose  of  them  with  rapidity.  In  1863,  about 
7,551,909   acres  had  been  granted,  leaving  9,705,451   acres 


CROWN  LAND. — NOVA   SCOTIA. 


177 


vacant,  of  which  6,714,108  acres  aro  adapted  for  cultivation. 
About  200,000  acres  arc  surveyed,  and  laid  off  in  lots  of  100 
acres  each. 

Government  lands  arc  disi:)osed  of  by  auction,  at  an  upset 
Ijricc  of  GO  cents  per  acre :  25  per  cent,  is  required  to  be  paid 
down,  and  the  Ijalancc  in  three  equal  annual  instalments. 
Where  the  whole  of  the  purchase  money  is  paid  at  the  time  of 
sale,  there  is  a  discount  of  20  per  cent,  allowed.  Under  the 
regulations  of  sales  for  bona  fide  settlement,  there  is  no  com- 
petition: the  price  is  GO  cents  per  acre,^ — the  money  to  be 
expended  in  the  opening  of  roads.  Settlers  may  procure  land 
under  the  Labor  Act,  by  a  petition  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor : 
they  will  be  required,  in  this  case,  to  perform  road  work  in  lieu 
of  a  money  payment, — such  labor  to  be  performed  on  the  roads 
near  their  lots,  and  to  be  completed  within  five  years.  When 
the  settler  has  performed  the  labor,  cleared  five  acres,  and 
resided  on  his  lot  for  one  year,  he  receives  a  grant  under  the 
Great  Seal  of  the  Province,  vesting  the  land  in  him  and  in  his 
heirs. 

Li  18G5, 58,082  acres  of  land  were  taken  up  by  G22  applicants, 
a  large  percentage  being  acquired  under  the  al)Ove-mentioned 
Labor  Act. 


Nova  Scotia. 

Li  Nova  Scotia,  the  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands  at  Hali- 
fax, who  is  not  a  member  of  the  government,  conducts  the 
business  of  the  department. 

Deputy  Surveyors  reside  in  every  county,  whoso  duty  it  is  to 
execute  orders  issued  by  their  principal,  and  to  protect  Crown 
property  from  trespassers ;  they  are  furnished  with  plans  of 
their  respective  counties. 

The  system  of  disposing  of  the  Crown  lands  is  as 
follows : — 

The  applicant  presents,  in  person  or  otherwise,  at  the  office  of 
the  commissioner  a  petition  to  His  Excellency  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor,  praying  a  grant  of  a  specified  number  of  acres,  with  a 
general  description  of  the  locality,  and  at  the  same  time  pays 
into  the  office  of  the  Receiver-General  a  sum  of  monev  at  the 
rate  of  $14  for  100  acres.    The  tract  that  will  bo  granted  is 


I  m'i 


.■■■ » 


178 


GRANTS   OF  LAND. 


limited  to  500  acres,  except  with  the  special  approval  of  the 
Governor  in  council.  No  distinction  is  made  in  the  price 
between  100  acres  and  smaller  lots,  as  the  difference  in  cost  of 
the  survey  is  very  trifling.  The  cost  of  surveys  is  paid  by  the 
Province.  Upon  receipt  of  the  petition  and  money,  an  order  of 
survey  is  forthwith  issued  to  the  deputy  surveyor  of  the  county 
to  survey  the  lot.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  surveyor  to  proceed 
immediately  with  the  survey,  and  to  report  every  particular 
descriptive  of  the  lot — whether  occupied  or  vacant,  whether 
improved  or  otherwise,  as  well  as  any  objections  made  to  the 
passing  of  the  grant,  together  with  remarks  of  his  own.  The 
order  of  survey  gives  but  an  incipient  right  to  the  applicant — the 
report  is  for  the  information  of  the  office  and  the  government. 

Upon  a  return  of  survey  and  report,  a  report  is  drawn  up  by 
the  commissioner  and  submitted  to  the  executive  committee, 
consisting  of  three  members  of  the  government,  who  decide  to 
whom  the  grant  shall  issue,  in  case  the  lot  is  claimed  by  more 
than  one. 

All  persons  arc  strictly  prohibited  by  law  from  entering  upon 
Crown  lands  and  cutting  the  wood  without  authority,  ^i.e 
same  law  applies  to  the  interfering  with  the  mines  or  minerals. 

The  Governor  in  council  is  authorized  to  order  surveys  when- 
ever required  of  large  blocks  of  land,  to  be  laid  off  in  lots  of  100 
acres  for  the  accommodation  of  settlers.  This  rule  is  made  for 
the  benefit  of  emigrants.  One  prosperous  German  settlement 
has  lately  ben  formed  under  its  operation. 

In  the  event  of  settlers  taking  up  land  under  this  authoriza- 
tion, they  require  a  permit,  which  reads  as  follows : — 

Permission  is  hereby  granted  to  to  take 

immediate  possession  of  a  certain  parcel  of  land,  being  Lot 
No.        situate  at  within  the  County  of 

containing  acres,  and  to  occupy  the  said  parcel  of  land  on 

the  following  conditions : — 

1st.  That  the  occupant  shall,  within  months,  build  a 

house,  and  actually  reside  upon  said  parcel  of  land  for 
months  every  year  during  all  the  period  of  his  occupation 
thereof,  and  shall  clear  and  cultivate  at  least  acres  in  super- 
ficies during  the  continuance  of  this  license,  namely,  acres 
the  first  year ;  acres  the  second  year,  and  acres  the  third 
year. 


SALES  OF  LAND. 


179 


2(1.  The  occupant  shall  neither  sell  nor  cut,  nor  permit  any 
person  whomsocYcr  to  sell  or  cut,  any  growing  wood  upon  the 
said  parcel  of  land,  during  all  the  period  of  his  occupation 
thereof — excepting  for  the  clearance  of  his  land,  for  his  fuel, 
and  the  buildings  and  fences  that  he  may  erect  upon  the  same. 
All  wood  cut  for  other  objects  upon  the  said  parcel  of  land 
shall  be  deemed  to  have  been  cut  by  the  occupant,  and  may  be 
taken  and  carried  away  by  any  person  duly  authorized  by  the 
government  to  that  effect,  without  any  formality  whatever. 

3d.  The  occupant  shall  be  entitled,  in  preference  to  any 
other,  to  become  th6  purchaser  of  the  said  parcel  of  land  as 
above  described,  at  the  rate  of  forty-four  cents  per  acre,  on  pay- 
ing the  said  sum  by  two  equal  instalments  of  $22,  the  one-half 
in  two  years  from  the  date  of  this  license,  and  the  other  half  at 
the  expiration  of  the  third  year,  with  interest. 

The  Crown  Lands  Commissioners'  report  for  I860  supplies 
the  following  statistics : — 

Acres  applied  for, 105,756 

Acres  granted, 47,157 

No.  of  grants, 344 

Amounts  paid  therefor,       ....  $14,187 

Eeceipts  from  sales,  searches  and  seizures,  .    $44,303 
Disbursements, 14,328 

Net  proceeds,       ....    829,975 


lu  1864  the  net  proceeds  were  818,806.  There  was  consid- 
erable activity  in  1865,  wliicn  has  continued  in  1866,  owing  to 
the  purchase  of  lands  for  the  sake  of  the  timber  growing  on  it. 

There  are  no  officers  in  Nova  Scotia  intrusted  with  the  pro- 
tection of  the  fisheries.  No  territorial  licenses  are  issued  for 
fishing  stations,  either  on  fresh  or  salt  water.  The  government 
refuse  to  grant  to  private  parties  tracts  that  have  been  or  are 
likely  to  be  used  as  fishing  stations.  fl|^ 

The  mineral  lands  of  Nova  Scotia  arc  managed  by  officers  not 
under  the  control  of  the  Commissioner  of  Crown  Lands.  For  an 
account  of  the  system  relating  thereto,  see  article  on  "Kining."  , 


Jli 


"W"' 


180 


LUMBER. 


■Pn: 


,  y. 


-.(/" :,, 


Prince  Edward  Island. 

All  the  lauds  on  Prince  Edward  Island  having  been  granted 
by  the  Crown,  by  lot,  in  one  day,  to  private  individuals  who 
were  supposed  to  have  claims  to  the  royal  favor,  there  arc  no 
lands  in  the  hands  of  the  government  except  a  few  estates  that 
have  been  purchased  from  private  owners. 

Newfoundland. 

Until  of  late  no  desire  has  been  manifested  by  the  people  of 
Newfoundland  to  become  owners  of  its  soil,  but  within  a  few 
years  past  the  frequent  failure  of  the  fisheries  has  caused  more 
attention  to  be  paid  to  the  land.  Several  new  lines  of  road  have 
been  made,  and  Mr.  John  II.  Warren,  the  Surveyor-General, 
reports  "  much  fine  agricultural  land "  as  being  opened  up. 
Nevertheless,  in  18G4,  though  103  grants  of  land  were  made, 
they  were  chiefly  of  a  few  roods  only,  and  none  covered  so  much 
as  fifty  acres.  The  total  area  so  granted  was  only  667t|-  acres, 
and  the  total  amount  paid  for  it  was  only  8552. 


THE  LUMBER  TRADE. 

Canada. 

The  Lumber  trade  of  Canada  is  of  the  highest  importance  to 
the  coimtry.  As  will  be  seen  in  the  trade  tables  elsewhere 
printed,  the  exports  of  products  of  the  forest  have  frequently 
approached,  and  in  some  years  exceeded,  those  of  the  products 
of  agriculture.  The  best  general  revicAV  of  this  industry  is  that 
read  to  the  Detroit  Convention  by  Hon.  James  Skead,  of  Ottawa. 
No  country  in  the  world  produces  such  fine  and  large  timber 
in  merchantable  quantities  as  Canada ;  the  species  peculiarly 
adapted  to  commercial  purposes  being  the  white  pine,  (^pinus 
strobus,')  and  the  red  pine  (^pinus  rubra.')  Mr.  Skead  enumer- 
ates eight  districts,  chiefly  river  valleys,  producing  pine  of  both 
these  kinds,  in  addition  to  tamarac,  black  birch,  ash,  elm,  spruce, 
■v^hHc  cedar,  maple,  oak,  &c.  These  are :  the  Saguenay  valley, 
27,000  square  miles  ;  the  valleys  between  the  Saguenay  and  St. 
Maurice,  8,000;  the  St.  Maurice  valley,  21,000;  the  valleys 
between  the  St.  Maurice  and  Montreal,  9,000 ;  the  Ottawa  val- 


LUMBER. — CANADA. 


181 


ley,  87,761 ;  the  valley  between  Kingston  and  the  Trent,  2,350  ; 
the  Trent  valley,  G,200 ;  total,  101,911.  To  this  should  proba- 
bly be  added  65,000  square  miles  of  pine  country  east  of  tho 
Saguenay,  and  60,800  square  miles  drained  into  Lakes  Huron 
and  Superior.  Mr.  Skead  calculates  that  about  24,000  square 
miles  in  the  western  peninsula  of  Canada  produce,  wholly  or  in 
part,  the  finer  hardwoods,  as  oak,  elm,  black  walnut,  maple, 
chestnut,  hickory  and  ash,  also  sycamore  and  basswood,  and 
says  that  if  a  market  could  be  obtained  for  the  ornamental 
woods,  Canada  West  would  have  a  regular  mine  of  wealth  in 
her  yet  tinclcared  forests. 

The  Crown  Lands  department  sells  its  "  timber  limits "  at 
auction.  Each  limit  is  theoretically  ten  miles  square.  Tho 
limit-holder  becomes  a  tenant  to  the  Crown  at  the  fixed  ground- 
rent  bid,  and  pays,  besides,  a  half-penny  per  cubic  foot  of  squared 
timber,  or  five  pence  per  piece  on  each  standard  log,  (12  feet 
long  by  21  inches  in  diameter.) 

About  25  per  cent,  of  the  standing  pine  is  available  for  squared 
timber ;  40  per  cent,  more  for  sa"\T-logs  ;  the  remaining  35  per 
cent,  is  undergrowth,  useless  or  damaged. 

The  average  quantity  of  timber  got  out  is  stated  by  Mr. 
Skead  to  be  as  follows : —  • 


Cubic  Feet. 

Oak, 

.    1,585,856 

Elm, 

.    1,438,707 

Ash, 

.       149,930 

Birch, 

92,714 

Tamarac, 

.       987,062 

White  Pine,    . 

.  17,665,675 

Red  Pine, 

.    2,566,360 

24,486,303 
Sawed  Planks,  250,000  m.  ft.  B.  M.  sent  to 

Quebec, 20,833,333 

Ilome  consumption,         ....  20,833,333 
American  market, 20,833,333 


Total, 

Or  over  one  million  and  three-quarters  tons. 

30 


.  86,986,352 


!"  1 


:i!i-t: 


r  n . 


182 


LUMBER  TRADE. — CANADA. 


The  following  is  the  official  statement  of  the  areas  under 
license,  and  the  amounts  accrued  on  timber  and  ground-rents 
in  the  several  districts, — season  1865, — with  the  names  of  the 
Crown  timber  agoits  in  each  territory,  whose  duties  arc  to  grant 
licenses  to  cut  timber,  collect  the  Crown  dues,  protect  the  jmb- 
lic  woods  and  forests  from  trespass,  and  administer  the  timber 
regulations : — 


TERRITOKY. 

Agents'  Xnmc  and  Address. 

1  s 

^  a 
B  § 

2  s 

Accr'd  on  ground 
rent. 

rjpper  Ottawa, 

A.  T.  Russell,  Ottawa,     . 

15,350 

§150,043 

§19,540 

C  ntario, 

J.  F.  Way,  Belleville,       . 

1,901 

25,508 

2,842 

Lcwer  Ottawa, 

C.  E.  Belle,  Montreal,      . 

2,990 

28,008 

3,359 

P'c.  Maurice,  . 

A.  Dubord,  Three  Kivcrs, 

0,483 

10,578 

4,232 

Huron,  Sup'er,  and 

Pen.  ofC.W.,    . 

T.  R.  Nash,  Toronto, 

892 

9,005 

1,203 

St.  Francis,    . 

G.  J.  Nagle,  St.  Ilyacinthe, 

1,194 

..  5,949 

889 

Sagucnay, 

G.  Duberger,  Chicoutimi, . 

1,090 

8,004 

070 

Chaudiere  &  Mada- 

waska, 

C.  Dawson,  Frascrville,    . 

1,251 

3,382 

2,080 

Lower  St.  Lawrence, 

T.  Dubo,  Trois  Pistoles,    . 

r,G4 

4,504 

200 

Bay  des  Chaleurs,  . 

J.  N.  Verge,  Carleton, 

•                  •                •                •                • 

89 

799 

104 

Total, . 

31,030 

$253,700 

$34,705 

To  these  amounts  add  ^67,519  for  slide  dues,  and  $5,586  for 
miscellaneous  items,  and  Ave  have,  as  the  total  revenue  accrued 
from  the  woods  and  forests,  $361,570.  The  amount  collected 
(including  some  arrears,)  was  $409-,003. 

On  arrival  at  shipping  ports,  the  lumber  is  "culled,"  if 
required,  by  government  officers.  Merchants  who  purchase 
usually  require  the  rafts  to  undergo  this  ordeal. 

The  lumber  trade  employs,  in  tlie  forest  alone,  15,000  men, 
and  in  the  partial  manufacture  of  lumber  over  2,000  mills,  and 
at  least  10,000  men.  It  further  employs  at  Quebec  about  1,200 
vessels,  of  an  aggregate  freight  capacity  of  700,000  tons,  besides 
500,000  of  lake  and  canal  tonnage.'  Seventeen  thousand  seamen 
are  engaged  in  carrying  its  products  from  Quebec  to  Europe, 
and  8,000  more  in  their  transportation  on  inland  waters. 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  TIMBER. 


183 


The  returns  of  the  cxuorts  of  lumber  in  the  years  18G4-5, 
showed  as  exports  to 


Great  Britain, 

• 

.    87,971,991 

Sister  Colonies, 

• 

28,741 

British  West  Indies, 

3,835 

United  States, 

.      4,758,539 

Franco, . 

98,872 

Germany, 

1,625 

Other  countries. 

• 

144,992 

Total, 

.  813,008,595 

New  Brunswick. 

The  surface  of  Now  Brunswick  was  at  one  time  one  unbroken 
lunil)cr  field,  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  John  contained  what  was 
thought  to  be  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  finest  of  white  pine 
lumber.  It  is,  however,  now  generally  conceded  that  almost  all 
the  fine  white  pine  within  reach  of  the  tributaries  of  thftt  river 
has  been  cut,  and  that  very  little  remains  excepting  on  the 
streams  which  flow  into  it  from  Maine.  The  lumberers  have, 
therefore,  turned  their  attention  more  to  the  coarser  pine  still 
to  be  had  in  largo  quantities,  out  of  which  sugar  box  shooks  are 
made,  and  to  the  black  spruce,  which  in  New  Brunswick  attains 
considerable  development. 

The  principal  exports  of  lumber  from  New  Brunswick  for  the 
past  three  years  have  been: — 


1803. 


1804. 


1805. 


Boards,  plank  and  scantling,  over  9  ft.  long, M.  ft. 
"        "        "        "        not  over  9  ft.,  M.  ft., 

Clapboards,  M., 

Deals,  over  9  feet  long,  M.  feet,        ... 

"     not  over  9  feet,  M.  feet,         ... 

Laths,  M., 

Shooks,  box  and  hhds.,  No.,  .    .   .   . 

Pickets,  M., 

Staves,  M., 

Shingles,  M., 

Timber — Birch,  tons, 

Spruce,    

Pine, 


20,553 

15,102 

197 

267,618 
20,771 
22,407 

287,852 

194 
31, .302 
12,614 

395 
26,770 


34,784 

19,727 

1,G04 

246,487 

10,170 

15,897 

304,018 

7,449 

977 

44,587 

17,267 

1,972 

19,810 


47,932 
18,727 

2,494 

247,604 

17,662 

31,589 

581,120 

7,246 

1,702 
94,332 
14,534 

1,435 
27,174 


. 


rifFTT 


184 


DEALS. — NOVA  SCOTIA  TIMDER. 


The  deals  over  9  feet  in  length  represented  in  18G5  a  value 
of  8-,041,o07,  out  of  a  total  value  of  exports  of  lumher  of 
83,041,751).  Of  the  deals  oO,701  m.  ft.  were  sent  to  the  United 
States;  3,400  m.  ft.  only  to  England  ;  5,058  m.  ft.  to  Cul)a. 
Almost  all  the  birch,  pine,  and  spruce  timber  goes  to  England. 

Th.o  Gxport  duty  on  lumber  is,  on  deals  and  battens  exceeding 
0  feet  in  length,  on  l)oards,  scantling  and  plank  exceeding  0 
feet  in  length  and  5  inches  square,  20  cents  per  m.  feet  superfi- 
cial; on  pine  timber,  20  cents  per  ton  of  40  cubic  feet;  on 
birch,  '••pruce,  masts  and  spars,  15  cents  per  ton.  This  duty 
realized  861,830  in  1803;  807,041  in  1804;  and  801,903  in 
1805.  It  replaces  the  "stumpage  duty"  formerly  paid  to  the 
Crown  for  every  tree  felled.  Lumberers  now  pay  nothing  to  the 
Crown  save  license  money  for  "  timljcr  l)erths."  They  apply  for 
the  territory  they  require,  Avhich  is  surveyed  and  sold  by  auc- 
tion after  public  advertisement.  Timber  Ijerths  seldom  fetch 
more  than  the  upset  price  of  84.00  per  square  mile,  the  Govern- 
ment jiot  appearing  to  desire  to  raise  much  money  from  this 
source,  l)ut  rather  to  encourage  the  production  of  lumber,  and 
so  to  receive  a  revenue  from  export  duties.  Persons  have  tho 
option  of  taking  license  for  one,  two  or  three  years. 


Nova  Scotia. 

There  are  no  rules  in  Nova  Scotia  under  which  timber  licenses 
can  issue.  To  procure  the  right  to  tho  lumber,  tho  land  itself 
must  be  purchased  from  the  crown.  (Sec  Crown  Lands.)  The 
timber  exported  is  chiefly  spruce.  Tho  lumbering  industry  is 
not  so  important  as  in  Canada  or  New  Brunswick.  The  value 
of  the  total  exports  for  1804  and  1865  was  : — 


WOOD. 


1804. 


1805. 


Boards,  &c., 

Deal  ends  and  Scantling,   , 
Fire  and  Lathwood,    . 
Laths  and  Palings,     . 
Shingles,    .        .        .        , 
Spars  and  Knees, 
Staves,  Hoops  and  Shocks, 
Sweeps  and  Oars, 
Timber,  all, 
Manufactured,   . 

Totals,    . 


§424,560  00 

159,227  00 

108,648  00 

939  00 

36,350  00 

19,805  00 

76,374  00 

29,937  00 
24,716  00 


§880,556  00 


$518,645  00 
24,979  00 
97,859  00 

4,495  00 
22,836  00 
19,510  00 
45,855  00 

6,776  00 
21,630  00 
13,449  00 


$770,034  00 


1 


MINES. 


185 


Newfoundland. 

The  timber  of  NcwrouiKllauil  is  spract  of  small  size ;  ami 
lumbering  can  hardly  be  said  to  exist  as  a  distinct  braneli  of 
industry. 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

Tiioro  are  no  wild  lumber  liuids  in  Prince  Edward  l.-^land. 
The  merchantable  timber  has  been  lonp;  oxliausted.  The  deals 
exported  from  the  Province  are  first  ol)tained  fro: "  the  adjoin- 
ing Provinces,  and  most  of  the  timber  for  ship-building  is  bought 
in  the  yards  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia. 


MINES  AND  TUNING  PvEGULATIONS. 

Canada. 

Few  countries  present  more  freipieut  indications  of  mineral 
riches  thau  Can"'^a,  but  its  mines  have  not  yet  had  sunicient 
capital  applied  t.  .hem  to  make  them  productive.  The  mining 
regulations  of  the  Province  are  distinct  as  it  regards  the  precious 
and  the  inferior  metals. 

Mining  for  the  precious  metals  is  regulated  by  the  Act  27  and 
28  Yic,  cap.  9,  amended  by  29  Vic.,  cap.  9,  (18G5.) 

Under  these  laws  two  gold  mining  divisions  have  been 
erected : — the  Chaiidiere  division,  (south  of  Quebec,)  R.  Pope, 
Inspector ;  and  the  St.  Francis  division,  (near  Sherbrooke,) 
J.  K.  Gilman,  Inspector. 

No  person  is  allowed  to  mine  without  a  license,  either  a 
"  crown  lands  gold  license  "  for  nnsold  Crown  lands,  fee  82  per 
month,  or  a  "private  lands  gold  license"  for  private  lands,  $1 
per  month,  the  miner  first  obtaining  the  consent  of  the 
proprietor. 

Under  the  Crown  lands  license  claims  may  Ijc  worked  as  fol- 
lows :  AUui'ial  inUics. — On  a  river  or  large  creek,  20  feet  front 
by  50  from  the  water's  edge.  On  a  small  do.,  40  by  50  feet,  from 
centre  of  stream.  In  a  gully,  60  feet  along  the  same  and  from 
hill  to  hill.    On  surface  or  hillside,  GO  feet   square.     In  case  of 


r«" 


180 


MININC—CANADA. 


tunnelling,  the  Insi)ector  may  grant  a  larger  claim,  or  deter- 
mine the  size  and  jtlacc  of  claims  in  beds  of  rivers.  Quartz 
Mines. — To  each  miner  100  feet  along  lead,  by  100  on  each 
side.  For  companies,  2o  feet  additional  along  lead  for  every 
additional  miner,  but  not  to  exceed  TjOO  feet  altotrether.  Qnartz 
Crvahi}!'^  Machines  must  bo  licensed  ;  must  keejt  books  and 
furnish  returns ;  license  fee,  ^o.OO  per  month. 

The  principal  regulations  are,  that  all  licensees  shall  make 
returns  of  their  proceedings  ;  and  that  the  disc/jverer  of  a  gold 
field  is  entitled  to  a  free  license  for  one  year. 

The  operations  in  gold  mining  have  hitherto  been  principally 
carried  on  in  the  Chaudierc  division,  in  alluvial  diggings  on  tho 
river  Gix,jert,  in  the  Seigniory  of  Rigaud,  Yaudreuil  (Do  Lery.) 
About  50  men  were  at  work  there  at  the  date  of  tho  last 
report,  June,  18GG.  Quartz  mining  is,  however,  now  beginning 
to  attract  attention,  and  one  or  two  companies  are  al)out  erect- 
ing crushing  mills.  The  gold  extracted  is  estimated  to  have 
been, — 


In  the  summer  of  18G3,    . 
In  the  month  of  June,  1864, 
Year  ending  June,  1805,  . 


.  840,000,  or  $50,000 

5,000 

.  140,000,  to  150,000 


Since  18G5  no  statistics  have  been  published,  but  it  is  thought 
that  not  more  than  -^100,000  has  been  taken  out,  tho  great 
excitement  respecting  quartz  mines  having  caused  a  lull  in  allu- 
vial operations. 

Very  little  has  been  done  in  tho  St.  Francis  district  beyond 
preparatory  opc'    *^i^s. 

Inferior  mr'  ^ach  mining  tract  in  unsurveyed  territory  is 

to  be  of  ^  .  iOO  or  400  acres.    They  must  be  surveyed 

by  a  Pro .  .1  Land  Surveyor,  and  paid  for  at  the  value  of  81 
per  acre.  In  surveyed  townships  mineral  lots  are  to  be  sold 
for  81  per  acre  when  the  lands  arc  held  at  less  than  that  sum, 
and  for  tho  same  price  as  other  lands  in  towrxships  where  they 
are  held  for  more.     Payment  must,  however,  be  made  in  cath. 

Progress  of  Mining  in  Canada. — We  are  indebted  to  Mr. 
Charles  Robb,  Mining  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  for  the  following 
statement  of  the  progress  of  mining  in  Canada : — 


I ;  V 


IRON  ORE. 


187 


no 


With  the  exception  of  coal,  tin,  ixiul  a  few  of  the  less  impor- 
tant luotiils,  Canada  has  hocn  round  to  produce  most  of  tlio  use- 
ful minerals;  ^vhile, 'svitli  regard  to  many  of  them,  it  may  ho 
safely  asserted  tliat  tho  Province  contains  within  itself  amply 
sullicient  for  domestic  consumption,  as  well  as  for  extensive 
foreign  connnerec. 

That  coal  does  not  occur  in  any  of  tho  settled  or  explored 
parts  of  the  country,  or  pro])al)ly  in  any  part,  may  bo  regarded 
as  a  fully  estahlii^hed  fact ;  but  Canada  is  favorably  situated  in 
its  proximity  at  all  jjoints  to  the  carboniferous  regions  of  tho 
United  States  and  of  Nova  Scotia.  ' 

In  the  so-called  Laurcntian  formation,  occui)ying  a  vast  tract 
of  country  on  the  north  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  iron  ores  occur 
in  such  quantity  as  may  bo  considered  practically  inexliaustiblc. 
The  ore  consists  of  tho  magnetic  and  specular ;  the  former  yield- 
ing from  GO  to  70  per  cent,  of  pure  iron.  It  is  the  same  species, 
and  occurs  in  the  same  geological  formation  as  the  ores  from 
Sweden  and  Norway,  from  which  the  celebrated  Swedish  iron  is 
manufactured.  The  specular  oxide,  which  is  also  abundant  in 
Canada,  is  tho  kind  which  is  so  extensively  mined  at  Marquette, 
on  LalvC  Superior,  and  produces,  as  is  well  known,  a  most 
valuable  description  of  iron. 

Most  of  the  localities  where  important  discoveries  of  these  iron 
ores  have  been  made  in  Canada  arc  fortunately  situated  on  or 
near  the  banks  of  navigable  rivers  and  canals,  and  the  oi'o  gen- 
erally occurs  immediately  at  the  surface.  Mining  and  smelting 
operations  have  been  carried  on  extensively  at  Marmora,  in 
Hastings  County ;  and,  at  the  present  time,  a  powerful 
joint-stock  company  is  engaged  in  establishing  similar  works 
at  Hull,  near  Ottawa  City.  From  other  localities,  much 
of  the  ore  has  for  many  years  been  exported  into  tho 
United  States  at  remunerative  prices;  from  ten  mines,  u[  to 
the  year  18G0, 14,000  tons  of  ore  had  been  thus  disposed  of. 
At  Moisio  River,  on  tho  north  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, a  company  is  now  engaged  in  working,  on  a  largo 
scale,  alluvial  deposits  of  remarkably  rich  magnetic  iron-sand, 
from  which  the  finest  steel  can  bo  manufactured,  by  a  very 
simple  and  inexpensive  process. 


■  W'i  '■ 


188 


COPPEPw   MINES, 


Copper,  undoubtctlly,  constitutes  the  most  important  of  the 
mineral  treasures  of  Canada,  and  is  destined  to  occui)y  a  very 
important  rank  among  its  resources.  .Tlic  ores  of  copper  are 
distributed  over  vast  tracts  of  country  in  the  north  shores  of 
{jakes  Superior  and  Huron,  in  Central  Canada,  and  in  the  east- 
ern townships  of  Lower  Canada  ;  l>ut  few  of  the  mines  have  as 
yet  attained  the  point  of  profit,  and  no  complete  vstatisties  can 
at  present  1)C  obtained.  "\Vo  subjoin,  however,  a  few  notes 
which  may  be  relied  on  with  regard  to  the  results  at  some  of 
the  most  important  of  these  mines. 

At  tlic  AVest  Canada  Company's  mines  on  Lake  Huron,  the 
average  production  for  tlic  '  >t  live  years,  has  been  about  3,000 
tons  of  20  per  cent,  ore,  with  a  force  of  from  2o0  to  300  hands ; 
the  whole  of  this  ore,  which  may  be  valued  at  8250,000  annu- 
ally, is  shipped  to  England,  and  this  company's  operations  arc 
reputed  to  be  highly  remunerative.  At  many  points  on  the 
north,  or  Canadian  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  rich  lodes  of  copper 
and  lead  (some  of  the  latter  being  highly  argentiferous,)  have 
been  discovered,  l)ut  are  for  the  most  part  as  yet  undeveloped. 

Ill  Central  Canada,  copper  and  lead  ores  arc  found  in  promis- 
ing quauiiiies  in  the  counties  of  Hastings,  Leeds,  and  Lanark, 
but  no  very  extensive  or  systematic  mining  oiterations  have 
hitherto  lieen  instituted.  The  copper  mines  of  the  eastern 
townships  have  attracted  much  attention  during  the  past  six 
years  ;  and  their  value  has  been,  in  too  many  instances,  unduly 
inflated  by  interested  speculators;  but,  although  in  such  cases, 
considerable  disappointment  has  been  experienced  by  over-san- 
guine capitalists  who  have  embarked  in  such  undertakings, 
sufliicient  lias  been  developed  to  prove  that,  in  several  districts 
in  this  part  of  the  country,  copper  mining  may  be  carried  on 
successfully  on  a  larger  scale. 

The  Acton  mine,  which  for  three  or  four  years  produced  very 
largely  with  a  very  moderate  expenditure  of  capital,  is  now 
comparatively  unproductive.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Harvey 
Hill  mine  in  Leeds,  tlie  St.  Frencis  mine  near  Richmond,  the 
Lower  Canada,  Capel,  and  Albert  mines  near  Shorln'ooko,  and 
the  Huntington  mine  in  Bolton,  are  all  highly  prosperous  and 
promising  undertakings.  During  the  year  1865,  the  Harvey 
Hill  mine  yielded,  with  a  very  insignificant  force,  390  tons  of 


CANADIAN  GOLD   MINES.  189 

20  per  cent,  ore,  worth  about  §25,000,  and  during  the  present 
season  the  produce  of  this  mine  will  reach  600  tons,  worth 
8o2,000.  The  8t.  Francis  mine  is  also  being  systematically 
developed,  although  the  number  of  miners  employed  is  very 
small ;  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  upwards  of  240  feet,  and  levels 
driven  to  the  extent  of  upwards  of  600  feet.  The  ore  incident- 
ally obtained  in  thus  opening  up  the  ground,  has  averaged  about 
55  tons,  of  10  per  cent,  per  month.  At  the  Lower  Canada 
mine,  with  a  force  of  75  hands,  480  tons  of  0  per  cent,  ore  arc 
extracted  monthly ;  the  Capel  mine,  with  a  force  of  50  hands, 
has  yielded  about  500  tons  from  5  to  G  per  cent,  in  their 
exploring  works  from  May  to  September  of  this  year,  while 
the  Albert  mine  upon  the  same  veins,  and  intermediate  between 
the  two  last  named,  affords  an  equally  promising  appearance. 
The  Huntington  mine  in  Bolton  is  even  richer  than  those 
mcntioaed,  yielding  about  10  tons  of  10  per  cent,  ore  per 
fathom. 

Gold  probably  ranks  next  in  importance  among  the  metallic 
productions  of  Canada ;  the  alluvial  gold  diggings  of  the 
Chaudiere  Valley  having  been  pretty  extensively,  though 
unsystcmatically,  prosecuted  during  the  last  few  years.  In 
the  Report  of  the  Parliamentary  Commission  on  the  Canadian 
Gold  Fields  for  1805,  the  production  of  the  previous  year,  in 
the  Chaudiere  division,  is  given  at  8110,000,  which  is  estimated 
to  yield  four  dollars  per  day,  as  the  wages  of  every  man 
employed.  The  largest  nuggets  found  have  been  worth  about 
$300,  and  most  of  the  alluvial  gold  has  been  obtained  within 
a  very  limited  area.  In  this  district  also,  and  at  other  parts  of 
Canada  East,  gold-bearing  quartz  veins  have  been  discovered 
of  sufficient  richness  to  pay  a  very  handsome  profit  upon  the 
cost  of  crushing  and  separating ;  for  which  purpose  several 
mills  arc  now  in  process  of  construction  and  erection. 

In  the  counties  of  Hastings,  Leeds,  and  Lanark,  as  also  in 

the  Ottawa  district,  marble,  phosphate  of  lime,  and  plumbago, 

have  been  ascortai  ed  to  be  very  extensively  diffused.     The 

latter  mineral  is  now  attracting  much  attention  among  mining 

adventurers  in  Canada,  which  bids  fair  to   become   the   most 

important  source  of  supply  perhaps  in  the  world.     Recently 

processes  whereby  the  plumbago  may  bo  economically  and  on 

the  large  scale  separated  from  earthy  impurities,  have  been 
31 


1W_ 


190 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


introduced  into  Canada ;  and  one  establishment  of  this  kind, 
situated  in  the  township  of  Lochabcr,  25  miles  below  Ottawa 
City,  is  now  in  successful  operation. 

The  only  other  minerals  of  economic  importance  at  present 
being  worked  to  any  extent  in  Canada,  are  building  materials, 
roofing  slates,  and  gypsum  ;  but  of  these  we  have  no  statistics 
to  offer.  There  are  three  quarries  of  roofing  slate  in  the  eastern 
townships,  in  successful  oppcration.  Rock  oil^  has  been  very 
largely  produced  in  the  townships  of  Enniskillen  and  Zone,  in 
Canada  West,  but  no  statement  of  the  actual  amount  produced 
can  be  made. 

New  Brunswick. 

.iic  mining  industry  of  New  Brunswick  is,  as  yet,  in  its 
infancy.  The  Provincial  Geologist,  De  Gesner,  reports  it  rich 
in  several  metallic  ores,  such  as  iron  and  manganese.  Gold 
exists  in  places,  copper  in  others,  but  no  important  workings  arc 
now  going  on.  The  brown  building-stone  of  the  head  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  is  a  very  important  article  of  export.  The 
following  details  relate  to  the  mines  now  being  worked : — 

The  "  Albert  Coal  Mining  Company  "  was  incorporated  in  the 
year  1851.     Its  paid-up  capital  is  8238,720,  in  5,008  shares  of 
each.     The  quantity  of   coal  shipped  annually  is  from 


15,000  to  20,000  tons.  In  1865,  there  were  15,790  tons 
shipped  to  the  United  States,  2,2G0  tons  to  St.  John,  and  G08 
tons  to  Nova  Scotia,  amounting  to  18,058  tons,  valued  at  the 
shipping  wharf  in  Hillsborough  at  $180,658.  This  mine  is 
situated  in  the  parish  of  Hillsborough,  Albert  County  ;  was 
first  discovered  in  1849,  and  was  worked  with  but  little  success 
for  six  or  seven  years,  owing  to  a  long  and  expensive  lawsuit 
connected  Avith  it,  the  want  of  mining  experience  brought  to 
bear  on  it,  and  the  value  of  the  material  not  being  sufficiently 
understood.  Since  1857  it  has  been  doing  a  good  business^ 
raising  from  15,000  to  20,000  tons  annually.  The  price  of  the 
coal  for  several  years  was  815  per  ton,  delivered  at  the  shipping 
wharf ;  but  for  the  last  two  years  it  has  ranged  only  from  89 
to  811  per  ton.  The  dividends,  when  the  price  of  coal  was 
high,  were  115  per  cent. ;  in  1865,  about  31  per  cent. 

There  has  been  considerable  difference  of  opinion  amongst 
scientific  men,  as  to  whether  the  material  raised  from  this  seam 


ALBERTITE. 


191 


or  vein  is  a  ti'uc  coal  or  an  asphalt,  or  solidified  oil.  For  com- 
mercial men,  the  term  "  Asphaltic  Coal"  (applied  to  it  shortly 
after  its  discovery,)  appears  to  have  more  sij^nificancc  than  the 
term  "  Albertitc,"  given  it  by  scientific  men,  as  it  is  applied  in 
the  same  manner  as  coal  for  the  purpose  of  gas  and  oil  making, 
while  it  has  none  of  the  properties  of  the  asphalt  of  commerce 
to  make  it  a  substitute  for  that  mineral. 

The  gas  made  from  this  coal  is  of  the  most  brilliant  descrip- 
tion. It  produces  about  15,000  feet  to  the  ton.  The  oil  made 
from  it  is  the  best  of  all  coal  oils,  and  it  yields  about  70  gallons 
of  rectified  oil  to  the  ton. 

The  seam  or  vein  lies  about  25  or  30  degrees  off  the  perpen- 
dicular :  the  depth  now  sunk  is  about  800  feet,  and  the  average 
thickness,  which  is  very  irregular,  is  about  0  feet.  The  Com- 
pany have  three  very  powerful  engines  for  raising  the  coal  and 
keeping  the  mines  free  of  water.  Several  companies  have  been 
formed,  and  shafts  sunk  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  mines, 
for  the  purpose  of  finding  this  coal,  but  no  scams  of  sufficient 
thickness  have  yet  been  discovered,  although  the  parties  arc  yet 
sanguine  of  success.  But  little  of  this  material  has  been  found 
out  of  Albert  County,  and  none  out  of  New  Brunswick. 

The  coal  mines  at  Grand  Lake  have  been  worked  for  thirty 
or  forty  years.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  most  of  it  highly 
charged  with  sulphur.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  the  Province  for 
blacksmith's  purposes,  and  a  portion  of  it  is  shipped  to  Norva 
Scotia  and  tlic  United  States.  It  is  found  near  the  surface,  in 
seams  of  about  20  inches  thick,  and  while  several  shafts  have 
been  sunk  to  a  considerable  distance,  no  working  seams  have, 
as  yet,  been  found.  In  1805,  529  tons  were  shipped  to  the 
United  States,  valued  at  82,590,  and  453  tons  to  Nova  Scotia, 
valued  at  81,907 — or  about  84i  to  B-")  per  ton. 

The  "  Albert  Manufacturing  Company,"  of  Hillsborough, 
Albert  County. — This  Company  was  established  about  1849  for 
the  purpose  of  mining  and  manufacturing  gypsum,  which  they 
did  to  a  large  extent,  until  the  war  in  the  United  States  pre- 
vented any  being  gent  to  the  Southern  States,  where  the  con- 
sumption was  the  greatest.  In  1805,  the  Company  shipped  to 
the  United  States  4,900  tons  of  the  rock  gypsum,  valued  at 
$4,409 ;  ground  gypsum,  470  tons  and  480  barrels,  valued  at 


192 


GOLD   AND  COAL  MINES. — NOVA  SCOTLV. 


$2,375 ;  and  of  plaster  of  paris,  2,400  barrels,  valued  at  $2,400. 
Of  plaster  of  paris  to  Nova  Scotia,  348  barrels,  valued  at  8400. 
The  quantity  of  this  mineral  is  almost  inexhaustible,  and  the 
quality  of  the  best  description. 

The  "  International  Manganese  Company,"  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  mining  manganese,  own  lands  near  Sussex,  on  the 
lino  of  railway.  Their  exports  for  18G5  were  222  tons,  valued 
at  $3,85G.  Several  other  manganese  mines  arc  being  opened 
up  in  the  Province. 

There  are  several  Companies  who  quarry  building  stones  for 
export.  The  quantity  shipped  to  the  United  States  in  18G5  was 
6,975  tons,  valued  at  $44,185. 


Nova  Scotia. 

The  Gold  and  Coal  Mines  of  Nova  Scotia  are  now  one  of  tho 
chief  sources  of  the  wealth  of  the  Province. 

Gold. — The  earliest  discovery  of  gold  in  the  colony,  made 
known  to  the  public,  was  in  1800,  near  Tangier  Harbor,  by  one 
John  Pulsiver,  of  Musquodoboit.  In  April,  1861,  tho  Govern- 
ment formally  took  possession  of  the  district  and  commenced 
laying  off  mining  lots,  of  which  about  a  hundred  were  soon 
leased.  A  Gold  Commissioner  was  then  appointed,  and  annual 
reports  began  to  be  issued,  the  first  of  which  is  for  1862.  From 
these  reports  we  collect  the  following  statistics,  which  will  illus- 
trate the  condition  and  progress  of  the  gold-mining  industry  of 
Nova  Scotia :  — 


■ ;  ■  •  1 


GOLD  MINES. 


193 


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194 


COAL. — NOVA   SCOTIA. 


Coal. — The  growth  of  tlio  coal-mining  industry  of  Nova 
Scotia  is  best  shown  by  the  following  tabular  statement  of  the 
tons  of  coal  raised  since  1827 : — 


YEAR. 

Tons. 

YEAR. 

Tons. 

YEAR. 

1 

Tons. 

1827,  . 

11,491 

1840,  . 

98,207 

1853,  . 

196,935 

1828,  .   . 

19,429 

1841,  . 

136,110 

1854,  . 

213,250 

1829,  . 

20,252 

1842,  . 

119,478 

1855,  . 

216,338 

1830,  . 

25,240 

1843,  . 

07,200  : 

;  1856,  . 

231,934 

1831,  .   .- 

34,424 

1844,  . 

99,993 

'  1857,  . 

267,808 

1832,  . 

46,585 

1 

1845,  . 

137,908 

;  1858,  . 

289,618 

1833,  . 

59,497 

1846,  . 

1 

134,393 

■  1859,  . 

267,406 

1834,  . 

40,677 

1847,  . 

183,099  i 

!  18G0,  . 

304,129 

1835,  . 

51,813 

1848,  . 

170,518 

1801,  . 

334,545 

183G,  . 

98,427 

1849,  . 

158,955 

1862,  .   . 

393,631 

1837,  .   . 

109,347 

1850,  . 

163,725 

1863,  . 

429,351 

1838,  . 

97,938 

1851,  . 

139,976 

1864,  . 

406,699 

1839,  . 

133,928 

1852,  . 

171,821 

1865,  . 

651,256 

Taking  the  value  of  coal  at  the  mine  to  be  only  $3.00 
per  ton,  the  product  of  1805  represents  a  value  of  nearly 
$2,000,000. 

Respecting  coal  mining,  the  Chief  Commissioner  remarks 
that  "  its  general  results  have  been  no  less  satisfactory  than  those 
of  gold  mining."  There  were  at  the  date  of  his  last  report 
thirty  collcries  in  ojieration,  some  only  just  opened,  but  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  all  with  the  best  of  prospects.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  territory  of  the  General  Mining  Association,  there 
were  yl  square  miles  of  country  under  coal  mining  leases,  and 
1,020  square  miles  under  license  to  explore. 

The  Coal  sold  in  1865  was  from  the  following  Mines : — 


COAL  MINES. 


195 


1 

Total  Quantity  Solo. 

MINES. 

County. 

Tons  Slack. 

Tons  Round. 

Chiej»nccto  Co., .... 

Cumberland, 

25 

Joggins, 

K 

1,377 

5,676 

Laurence,  . 

U 

1,557 

519 

^laccan, 

U 

— 

_ 

St.  George  Co., 

((                          J 

.. 

.— 

Victoria, 

l(                           , 

— 

4,205 

Acadia, 

Pictou, 

1,041 

5,913 

Albion, 

23,106 

180,218 

Bear  Creek, 

- 

40 

McDonald  and  McKay, 

31 

104 

Nova  Scotia  Coal  Co., 

•    1 

: 

43 
12 

Acadia, 

Cape  Breton,     . 

35 

2,345 

Block  House, 

"            " 

- 

101,968 

Caledonia,  Cow  Bay,  . 

II                  u 

- 

1,083 

Caledonia,  Glace  Bay, 

II              It 

- 

— 

Clyde, 

II              il 

72 

8,976 

Collins, 

II             II 

- 

4,321 

Glace  Bay, . 

II              II 

5,550 

76,277 

Gowrio, 

II              II 

6,203 

35,387 

International, 

II              (1 

5,613 

9,880 

Lingan, 

II              (1 

253 

56,908 

Mathcson,  L.  Bras  d'or, 

II              (I 

79 

1,157 

Mira  Bay,  . 

11              II 

7 

2,391 

Koach  and  Mclnnis,    . 

II                II 

— 

282 

Sidney, 

II              II 

1,172 

98,253 

Port  Hood, . 

Inverness, 

113 

1,097 

Richmond,  .... 

Richmond, 

566 

3,584 

Sea  Coal,    . 

II 

201 

205 

New  Campbellton, 

Victoria,    . 

282 

4,955 

Of  this  amount  there  vras 


Tons  Slack. 

Tons  Round. 

Sold  for  home  consumption,     ..... 

Exported  to  neighboring  colonies,    .... 

to  other  countries, 

8,276 

8,003 

30,980 

51,262 

44,553 

509,775 

Totals, 

47,259 

605,595 

rwmVTT 


Idh 


IRON. — NOVA  SCOTIA. 


1'^? 


Iron. — The  only  place  in  Nova  Scotia  where  Iron  was  being 
mined  and  melted  in  18G5  was  at  the  "  Acadian  Charcoal  Iron 
Company's  "  works  at  Londonderry.  There  then  were  employed 
250  hands,  producing  1,000  tons  of  bar  iron  within  the  year, 
of  which  1,500  were  shipjjed  to  England. 

The  statute  of'Nova  Scotia  "  of  IMines  and  ^linerals  "  provides 
that  quartz  mines  (gold)  shall  in  general  be  laid  off  in  areas  of 
150  feet  along  a  quartz  lode  l)y  250  feet  across,  in  quadrilateral 
and  rectangular  shape.  Payment  in  advance  on  api)lication  for 
a  gold  mine,  ^2.  Leases  to  be  for  21  years.  One  hundred 
days'  labor  to  be  employed  annually  on  each  area,  unless  more 
than  10  are  held  by  one  person,  in  which  case  some  allowances 
arc  made. 

Prospecting  licenses  (gold)  cover  an  area  not  exceeding  100 
acres,  and  cost  50  cents  per  acre  for  the  first  ten,  and  25  cents 
per  acre  for  the  remainder.  Bonds  must  be  entered  into  to 
recompense  private  owners  for  damage  done  to  their  lands ;  also 
to  employ  at  least  one  man  per  day  in  developing  the  area. 

Quartz  mills  must  be  licensed,  and  keep  books  open  to  gov- 
ernment inspection.  They  must  reserve  for  the  government  a 
royalty  of  3  per  cent,  of  the  produce  of  gold. 

Licenses  to  explore  for  other  than  gold  mines,  valid  for  one 
year,  cover  tracts  not  to  exceed  five  miles  square,  but  not  less 
than  2  miles  in  width,  and  cost  820.  Bonds  arc  required  similar 
to  those  given  in  the  case  of  gold  licenses.  Licenses  to  work 
cover  two  years.  Leased  of  coal  mines  must  expire  on  or 
before  25th  August,  188G.  Leases  of  mines  other  than  coal  or 
gold  are  for  twenty-one  years.  Royalty  is  payable  quarterly  on 
minerals  '■•  in  marketable  condition  "  of  5  per  cent,  on  all  ores 
and  minerals,  except  gold,  iron  and  coal — of  8  cents  per  ton  on 
every  ton  of  iron,  and  10  cents  per  ton  on  every  ton  of  coal. 
Returns  to  be  made  under  oath. 


Newfoundland. 

The  Mining  industry  of  this  Colony  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  but 
from  the  Klines  already  discovered  and  in  course  of  working, 
as  well  as  from  the  opinions  of  competent  authorities  upon  the 
indications  of  deposits  in  various  portions  of  the  Island,  there  is 
good  reason  to  believe  that  it  possesses  considerable  mineral 


NEWFOUNDLAND   COPPER  MINES. 


197 


wealth,  which  is  only  awaiting  tiic  api)lication  of  enterprise  and 
science  to  give  it  a  prominent  place  amongst  its  resources. 

Union  Copper  Mine. — This  mine  is  situated  at  Tilt  Cove,  near 
Cape  Jolni,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Island.  It  was  discov- 
ered by  llr.  Smith  Mackay,  in  the  year  18G4.  Mr.  Charles  P. 
Bennett,  merchant  of  8t.  John's,  (a  gentleman  of  great  enter- 
prise,) and  Mr.  Mackay,  soon  after  became  proi)rictors  of  the 
mine,  and  connncnccd  the  necessary  preparations  for  its  work- 
ing. During  the  summer  and  autumn  of  18G"),  they  employed 
about  fifty  men,  and  shipped  to  Swansea  five  hundred  tons  ore, 
roughly  dressed,  yieldiu'^  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  yellow 
sulphate.  During  the  winter  and  s{)ring  of  the  present  year, 
the  same  number  of  men  found  employment  at  this  mine ;  and 
ill  August,  the  crew  was  increased  to  the  number  of  eighty 
hands,  one-fourth  of  whom  were  imported  from  Cornwall.  In 
July  and  August,  there  were  eleven  hundred  tons  ore  shipped, 
and  four  hundred  tons  removed  awaiting  the  arrival  of  a  vessel 
engaged  to  take  it  to  England.  The  results  of  the  former  ship- 
ments have  not  yet  been  ascertained,  but  the  assays  give  from 
10  to  15  and  18  to  20  per  cent. 

There  is  a  large  deposit  of  pyrites,  slightly  charged  with  cop- 
per, at  Little  Bay,  to  the  northward,  which  has  been  worked  for 
some  time  by  capitalists  in  England,  for  the  purpose  of  extract- 
ing the  sulphur  for  sulphuric  acid,  as  well  as  for  its  contents  of 
copper.  Tiiere  arc  now  about  a  dozen  men  employed  in  this 
work.  Some  of  this  ore  has  yielded  nine  and  ten  per  cent,  of 
copper.     It  is  considered  exceedingly  rich  in  sulphur. 

Lead  Mine  at  La  Blanche,  Placcntia  Bay. — This  mine  was 
opened  seven  years  ago,  and  several  cargoes  good  lead  ore 
(about  two  thousand  live  hundred  tons,)  have  been  shipped 
therefrom,  almost  all  to  the  United  States.  This  ore  is  said  to 
have  yielded  75  per  cent.  It  sold  at  rates  varying  from  ^15 
to  X20  per  ton  This  mine  has  not  been  worked  at  all  during 
the  last  two  or  three  years. 

Mineral  Oil. — Mr.  Bennett,  above  named,  has  discovered 
within  this  year  a  Mineral  Oil  Spring  at  Port-aux-Port,  the  sam- 
ples of  which  appear  to  indicate  an  article  of  much  value.  The 
probable  degree  of  productiveness  of  the  spring  has  yet  to  bo 
learned. 

32 


^J 


■^ 


A 


198 


MARBLE. — NEWFOUNDLAND. 


Marble. — At  Canada  Harbor,  in  Canada  Hay,  tlioro  is  a 
width  of  throe  hundred  feet  of  pure  wliite  marble,  running 
westerly  along  the  ridge  of  a  hill  some  oOO  feet  high,  dipping  at 
an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  to  the  south.  !RIr.  IJennelt  has 
opened  a  (juarry  in  the  north  side  of  this  deposit,  and  has  s(!nt 
samples  to  Jjondon,  whieh  have  been  pronounced  by  a  gentleman 
of  llrst-class  authority  there  sujjerior  for  statuary  purposes  to 
the  marble  of  Carrara.  In  August  last  he  had  specimens  taken 
out  at  a  depth  of  seven  feet,  where  the  bed,  from  sixteen  to 
eighteen  feet  wide  and  thirty  feet  in  length,  appeared  to  be 
of  the  same  description.  He  afterwards  had  the  brushwood, 
<tc.,  removed  from  up  the  hill  and  along  its  ridge  for  the 
greater  part  of  a  mile,  and  then  at  intervals  throughout  this 
space,  removed  the  soil  down  to  tho  rock,  where,  at  each  open- 
ing, the  same  white  marble  appeared.  From  this  it  would  seem 
that  the  supply  is  superabundant. 

The  same  class  of  marble  also  appears  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  bay,  with  a  pink  vein  running  tlu'ough  it. 

Roofing  Slates. — There  arc  in  the  Island  extensive  deposits  of 
roofmg  slates,  which  a  few  men  with  their  own  unaided  labor 
are  working  to  profitable  account.  ,  The  slate  they  produce 
absorbs  but  very  little  water,  and  is  considered  fully  equal,  if 
not  superior,  to  any  found  in  Wales.  No  cflicient  system  for 
the  opening  of  quarries  on  a  large  scale  has  as  yet  been 
attempted. 


Prince  Edward  Island. 

There  arc  no  regulations  respecting  minmg  in  Prince  Edward 
Island.  No  minerals  have  been  discovered  and  there  is  no  stone 
fit  for  building  purposes,  the  stone  for  the  Province  Building 
having  been  imported  from  Nova  Scotia.  A  grant  was  made  by 
the  General  Assembly  to  have  a  bore  made  to  test  their  strata 
for  oil  or  coal,  both  of  which  have  been  supposed  to  exist,  but 
nothing  lias  been  actually  done  in  the  matter. 


TELECnAPIIS. 


199 


<- 


ELECTRIC    TELEGRAPHS. 

Canada. 

Thcro  were  three  Electric  Telegraph  Companies  in  Canada  in 
18G5, — the  Montreal,  the  Provincial,  and  the  Vermont  and 
Boston.  Concerning  these,  the  following  oHicial  statistics  were 
published : — 


i8oa. 


Vermont 

Montreal 

Provincial 

niid  lloston 

Tel.  Co. 

Tel.  Co. 

Tel.  Co. 

Totol. 


Length  of  Line,  miles, 

Length  of  Wire,  niileg. 

No.  of  Stations  opon  to  the  public. 

Number  of  Instruments,    . 

Number  of  public  messages  sent,* 


4,32G 

GOD 

43 

5,4r>7 

652 

43 

331 

37 

1 

370 

40 

1 

444,878 

25,000 

9,453 

4,978 

0,152 

3G9 

411 

479,331 


•  In  addition  to  these  are  Tress  Messages  and  Check  Messages  on  Company's  own  busi- 
ness. Some  twelve  or  fourteen  Journals  are  furnislicd  witli  di.simtuhcs  twice  nnd  tlirce 
times  a  day. 

During  the  current  year,  1800,  the  Vermont  and  Boston 
Company  have  withdrawn,  their  line  passing  into  the  hands  of 
the  Montreal  Telegraph  Company,  and  the  Provincial  and  Mon- 
treal Companies  have  considerably  extended  their  wires.  The 
capital  of  the  Montreal  Telegraph  Company  is  8500,000,  all 
paid  up:  usual  dividend,  10  per  cent. 

The  Montreal  Telegraph  Company  own  the  following  cables 
under  the  St.  Lawrence :  one  at  Cap  Rouge,  Quebec,  |  mile ; 
one  at  Bout  do  Isle,  .]  mile ;  one  at  Prescott,  \  mile ;  two  at 
Blackrock,  Buffalo,  .]  mile  each  ;  one  at  Sarnia,  ^  mile :  besides 
nearly  a  dozen  at  various  canal  crossings.  It  connects  with  its 
New  Brunswick  lino  via  Campl)clltown,  and  with  the  States  at 
numerous  points  along  the  frontier. 

New  BiiuNSwiCK. 

There  are  four  telegraph  eomi)anics  owning  lines  in  Now 
Brunswick. 

The  New  Brunswick  Electric  Telegraph  Company's  wires  con- 
nect the  United  States  and  Nova  Scotia,  with  branches  from 
Salisbury  to  Harvey,  and  from  Moncton  to  Shcdiac.  Capital, 
$128,000 ;  dividend,  4|  per  cent,  half-yearly. 


mm 


200 


TELEGRAPHS. — NEW   BRUNSWICK. 


It  .  ,• 


The  line  of  the  Frcdcrictoii  and  St.  John  Telegraph  Company 
connects  St.  John  with  Woodstock,  N.  ]}.  Capital,  $48,000  ; 
dividend,  4  per  cent,  iiulf-yearly. 

Both  tlu;  above  arc  leased  and  worked  by  the  "  American 
Tclo^n'a])h  Conii)any." 

The  Montreal  Telegraph  Company  own  the  lino  from  Sack- 
ville,  N.  13.,  via  Shediac  and  Cliatham,  to  Campbelltown,  with  a 
8ubniiuine  cable  at  Dalhousie  half  a  mile  in  length. 

The  New  York,  Newfoundland,  and  London  Telegraphic  Com- 
l)any  have  a  lino  between  Sackvillc  and  Tormentine,  N.  B.,  con- 
necting with  the  cable  across  Northumberland  Straits  to  Prince 
Edward  Island. 

The  following  table  shows  the  length,  Sec,  of  the  wires  of 
these  several  companies : — 


*  Supposed ;  returns  not  giving  tlicsc  particulars. 

There  arc  no  means  in  New  Brunswick  of  ascertaining  the 
number  of  messages  sent  during  the  year  by  the  companies 
leasing  the  various  lines. 

Nova  Scotia. 

The  lines  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Telegraph  Conjpany  arc  leased 
and  managed  by  the  American  Telegraph  Company  for  5  per 
cent,  per  annum  on  their  capital.  Mr.  Jesse  Iloyt  is  tlic  Presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  W.  II.  Wiswell,  of  Halifax,  tho  Secretary  and 
chief  executive  officer  of  this  company.  The  following  are  the 
statistics  of  the  Nova  Scotia  lines : — 


I   .  ^] 


Number  of  miles  of  line,*  .... 
of  miles  of  wire,  .... 
of  offices  open,  .... 
of  instruments,  .... 
of  public  messages,  per  annum,  about, 

*  Sec  further  Newfoundland. 


.    1,198 

.    1,405 

54 

m 

.  G0,000 


TELEGUAPIIfl. — NOVA  SCOTIA. 


201 


Tlicso  lines  include  a  mile  and  a  half  of  heavy  submaiino 
cable  at  Capo  Canso,  half  a  mile  at  Pugwash,  and  one  mile  at 
Arichat. 

The  Nova  Scotia  lines  connect  with  those  of  New  llrunswick, 
(also  for  Canada,  the  States,  and  Prince  Kdward  Islund,)  at 
Sackville,  N.  D.  ;  with  those  of  Newfoundland  at  Port  Hood, 
Cape  lireton. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  tariff  of  charges  is  cheaper  in  Nova 
Sootia  than  in  any  part  of  the  world.  The  charge  for  short 
distances  (in  one  ease  about  100  miles,)  is  only  121  cents. 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

There  are  two  lines  of  telegraph  in  Prince  Edward  Island. 

The  New  York,  Newfoundland  and  London  Telegraph  Com- 
pany were  induced,  some  six  years  ago,  by  the  guarantee  of 
.£200  a  year  subsidy  for  20  years,  to  lay  down  a  sulnnarinc 
cable  from  Cape  Tormentine,  New  Jjrunswick,  to  Cape  Traverse, 
Prince  Edward  Island,  a  distance  of  10  miles,  and  to  connect 
that  point  with  Charlottetown,  oO  miles.  They  have  a  station 
at  Charlottetown,  and  in  winter  keep  up  another  at  the  Cape. 
Another  wire  has  been  stretched  by  other  parties  along  the  posts 
of  this  company  from  Charlottetown  to  Cape  Traverse,  and  is 
continued  thence  to  Summerside,  20  miles.  The  telegraph 
statistics  for  the  Island,  therefore,  are: — 


Miles  of  line,  cable,     . 

land  wire, 
Miles  of  wire,     .... 
Number  of  stations,  (constant,)  . 
of  instruments. 


.  10 

.  50—00 

90 
o 

3 


The  number  of  messages  sent  is  not  ascertainable. 


Newfoundland. 

The  New  York,  Newfoundland  and  London  Telegraph  Com- 
pany have  the  permission  of  the  American  Telegraph  Company 
to  maintain  three  stations  in  Cape  Breton,  to  connect  with  the 
continent  of  Amcric.  The  connection  involves  a  length  of  line 
of  140  miles,  including  a  cable  from  Aspey  Bay,  Cape  Breton, 
to  Port  au  Basque,  Newfoundland,  of  85  miles  in  length. 


Wv 


202 


TELEGRAPHS. — P.  E.  ISLAND  AND  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


II  i:- 


Recapitulation. 

Tims  nil  the  Proviuces  of  British  North  America  compare  as 
follows  ill  respect  of  their  electric  telegraphs : — 


S 

<4 

> 

ri 

<t 

O 

S^ 

•3 

c 

•o 

M 

"  5 

,o 

gi 

u 

lO 

B 

fc  r 

> 

S   " 

it 

." 

a    f 

o 

•c  >- 

V 

y 

V. 

/< 

c< 

^. 

H 

LeniTtli  of  Line,  miles, 

4,978 

7C0 

1,198 

GO 

500 

7,496 

"      of  Wire,  miles, 

0,152 

890 

1,465 

90 

500 

9,097 

Number  of  Stations, . 

309 

31 

54 

2 

15 

471 

"        of  Instruments,    . 

411 

38 

GO 

3 

20 

538 

Nova  Scotia  is  better  suppled  with  telegraphic  facilities  than 
any  otl>cr  Province. 

Nova  Scotia, 1  station  to    0,500  people. 

Canada, i       a       a     g^oOO       " 

New  Brunswick,  .  .  .  .  1  "  "  0,000  " 
Newfoundland,  .  .  .  .  1  "  "  10,000  " 
Prince  Edward  Island,    .         .         .  1       "       "  45,000      " 

The  increase  of  electric  telegraphs  has  been  rapid  and  con- 
tinuous since  1847.  In  that  year,  both  the  Montreal  Telegraph 
Coujpany  and  the  Toronto,  Hamilton,  Niagara  and  St.  Catha- 
rine's Electro-Magnetic  Telegraph  Company  were  incorporated. 
The  latter  company's  line  was  built  first,  and  was  the  first  line  put 
up  in  Britiih  America :  it  was  a  simple,  insulated  copper  wire. 


RAILWAYS. 

Canada. 

The  railways  of  Canada  have  all  been  constricted  by  private 
companies,  assisted  in  most  cases  by  advances  from  Govern- 
ment, on  which  they  have  undertaken  to  pay  interest  as  upon 
other  stock.  In  the  case  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway, — tlio 
largest  in  the  country  and  the  one  most  essential  to  the  develop- 
ment of  its  commerce  and  its  military  defence,  the  Government 
lien  has  been  postponed,  i.e.,  it  is  not  to  carry  interest  until  the 
road  pays  o  per  cent,  to  the  private  bond  and  shareholders. 


RAILWAYS. — CANADA. 


203 


From  tho  statement  recently  published  by  the  Auditor,  wo 
glean  the  annexed  particulars  respecting  the  roads  therein 
mentioned,  for  1865. 


1 

•a 
a 

Ij 

M  g 

fl 

1  i 

RAILWAYS. 

SI 

1 

c    a 

^3 

5 

s  S 

.-51,515,!)95 

6  » 

Great  Western,  . 

345 

S23,855,881 

83,370,037 

2,851 

Grand  Trunk,*  . 

1,377 

80,704,095 

0,470,998 

4,932,704 

5,370 

London  &  Port  Stanley, 

211 

1,032,850 

33,191 

20,044 

38 

Welland,     . 

25l 

1,022,843 

100,010 

09,740 

56 

Northern,    . 

97 

5,457,789 

500,748 

275,941 

446 

Port  Hope,  Lindsay  & 

Beaverton, 

43 

1,503,530 

94,021 

I     78,123 

130 

Cobouri^  &  IVtorboro',t 

73 

400,000 

03,814 

Port  II.  &  Pcterl)oro'4 

14 

900,000 

21,098 

18,450 

18 

Brockville  &  Ottawa,  . 

801 

2,002,024 

80,575 

05,814 

108 

Prescott  &  Ottawa, 

54 

2,008,904 

80,120 

05,137 

138 

Carillon  &  (Irenville,  . 

13 

95,077 

10,380 

5,784 

13 

Stanstead,  Shertbrd  & 

Chambly, 

44 

1,210,000 

58,420 

44,133 

70 

St.    Lawrence    &    Li- 

dustrie,    . 
Totals, 

12 

51,100 

8,048 

0,500 

20 

2,148^ 

$121,543,189 

$10,910,078 

$7,134,102 

9,258 

•  lucludinp;  tho  Slontrcal  and  Clinmplain,  and  f  lie  lUiflalo  and  Lake  Huroii  Railways. 

t  Not  includinf;  cifjlitoon  miles  in  common  with  the  P.  H.,  L.  &  18.  lliiihvay. 

t  This  is  tlie  length  of  tlie  section  from  Cobourg  to  llice  Lake,  the  only  one  now  used. 

We  further  learn  from  tho  statement  that  the  total  amount 
paid  by  tho  roads  for  dividends,  leases,  interest,  &c.,  was 
$3,558,284,  or  very  nearly  3  per  cent,  on  their  total  cost ;  that 
they  own  420  locomotives,  201  first  class,  204  second  class, 
4,054  freight,  2,007  timber  and  platform,  and  319  other  cars, 
not  including  hand-cars;  that  they  carried  2,4ol,3()5  passen- 
gers, and  1,943,903  tons  of  freight.  "Accidents"  killed  02, 
and  injured  04  persons  during  the  year. 

Tho  Erie  and  Ontario  Railroad  has  been  rc-buUt  and  re-opened 
during  tho  past  summer,  but  wo  have  no  official  figures 
respecting  it. 

Tho  Canadian  Railway  gauge  is  5  feet  6  inches,  tho  American 
being  4  feet  8^  inches.  Tho  ea.cv;ptions  are  the  Prescott  and 
Ottawa,  Grenvillo  and  Carillon,  and  St.  Lawrence  and  Industrie 


204 


RAILWAYS. — NEW   BRUNSWICK. 


roads,  which  have  the  American  gauge,  and  the  Montreal  and 
Champlain  Railway,  which  has  a  third  rail  from  the  St.  Lambert 
Junction,  to  connect  with  Montreal  through  the  Victoria  Bridge. 


New  Brunswick. 

There  are  two  railways  in  operation  in  New  Brunswick — the 
"European  and  North  American "  and  the  "New  Brunswick 
and  Canada"  lines.  The  former  of  these  is  a  public  work,  and 
the  Province  owns  stock  in  the  latter.  The  St.  Stephen's  Branch 
railway,  18  miles  long,  will  proljably  bo  opened  towards  the  close 
of  the  year.  Preparations  are  being  made  for  the  building  of 
several  others. 

The  following  statistics  relate  to  the  affairs  of  these 
companies : — 


European  and 

N.  American 

Railway. 

N.  Brunswick 

and  Canada 

Railway. 

Total. 

Length  of  Lino, 

Cost  of  Construction,     .... 
Gross  Revenue,  1805,    .... 
Gross  Expenditure,  1805, 

108 

§4,747,713* 
133,409 
94,907 

88 

$2,750,000 

53,904 

38,019 

190 

§7,497,713 
187,313 
133,520 

Net  Revenue,  1865, 

Number  of  Passengers  carried,      . 
Tons  of  Freight  carried, 

Passenger  Fare,  per  mile,  1st  class, 
Passenger  Fare,  per  mile,  2d  class, 

§38,502 

144,336 
44,518 

2    cts. 
ab'tl^cts. 

§15,285 

8,038 
41,508 

2^  cts. 

S53,7&7 

152,374 
86,080 

*  Tills  amount  sllglitly  dlfTcrs  ft-om  thnt  glvpn  as  the  value  of  the  road  In  the  rrovlncl.tl 
balance  slietf,  by  reason  of  the  premium  at  which  the  debentures  were  sold  appearing  in 
thiii  account  und  not  in  the  balance  sheet. 

The  New  Brunswick  and  Canada  Railway  was  originally  pro- 
jected for  the  purpose  of  connecting  Quebec  with  an  open  sea- 
port at  St.  Andrew's ;  and  when  tlio  Grand  Trunk  was  opened 
to  Rivi(^ro  du  Loup,  the  intention  was  to  connect  with  it,  thereby 
continuing  the  line  from  Richmond,  the  present  terminus,  via. 
Florcncevillo,  Grand  and  Little  Falls.  Distance  from  Rividre 
du  Loup  to  Richmond,  about  185  miles.  The  lino  is  owned  by 
the  debenture  holders,  who  reside  in  England. 


NOVA   SCOTIA   RAILWAY. 


205 


The  net  revenue  of  tlio  E.  &  N.  A.  Railway  is  thus  |  of  1  per 
cent,  of  its  cost,  and  that  of  the  N.  I>.  &  C.  Railway  about  the 
same. 

Nova  Scotia. 

The  Nova  Scotia  Railway  is  a  Provincial  work.  It  runs  from 
Halifax,  on  the  Atlantic,  to  Windsor,  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  with 
a  brancli  to  Truro,  whence  it  is  being  extended  to  Pictou,  on 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  It  will  eventually  connect  with  the 
Intercolonial  line.  It  was  opened  to  Windsor  and  Truro,  both 
in  1850,  since  which  time  its  gross  earnings  have  steadily 
increased  from  8102,877  in  1859  to  §183,954  in  1805.  It,  nev- 
ertheless, only  just  pays  working  expenses,  the  net  revenue  even 
in  the  latter  year  being  but  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  cost 
of  the  road  ;  so  that,  although  it  is  undoubtedly  of  great  advan- 
tage to  the  Province,  the  public  exchequer  has  to  make  good  5^ 
per  cent,  of  the  interest  on  the  bonds.  The  following  are  the 
statistics  relating  to  the  line  for  the  year  ending  30th  Sept., 
1805  :— 


Length  of  line,  (Halifax  to  Truro,  01 ;  Halifax  to 
Windsor,  45 — 13  common,)        ....      93  miles 

Cost  of  construction, $4,319,507 

Gross  revenue,  1805 — passengers,  §82,073 ;  horses 
and  -wagons,  $18,244 ;  freight,  $80,422  ;  miscella- 
neous, $3,213 ;  total, $183,954 

Gross  expenditure — locomotive  power,  $47,803  ; 
cars,  $33,440 ;  maintenance,  $06,248 ;  miscella- 
neous, $11,572, 159,009 

Net  revemic, $24,885 

No.  of  passengers  carried — 1st  class,  52,874 ;  2d 

class,  08,098  ;  total, 120,972 

Tons  of  freight  carried — eastward,  29,430  ;  west- 
ward, 14,703  ;  total, 44,138 

Mileage  of  trains,  (miles,) 158,422 

Accidents — 1  fatal ;  3  slight ;  total,        ...  4 

Engines — passenger,  10  ;  ballast,  4  ;  total,      .        .  20 

First-class  cars,  10 ;  2d,  9 ;  freight,  34 ;  horse  and 
cattle,  21 ;  platform,  100. 
83 


w 


20G  PROVINCIAL  SHIPPING. 


SHIPPING  OWNED  IN  THE  PROVINCES. 

Upper  Canada. 

It  is  no  easy  matter  to  make  an  accurate  statement  as  to  the 
number  and  tonnage  of  vessels,  owned  in  Canada,  for  the  system 
of  registration  is  imperfect  botli  on  the  part  of  the  private  own- 
ers and  the  public  officers. 

The  most  reliable  record  of  the  Sliipping  of  the  Lakes  and 
River  St.  Lawrence  is  that  contauied  in  the  Register  j)repared 
by  Captain  Thomas,  for  the  use  of  underwriters,  condensed 
into  the  following  table : — 


•o 

■a 
a 

rs 
a 

i 

(0 

s 

t 

« 

S 

c 

cq 

NUMBER. 

i 

s  1 

g 

z  1 

1-^ 

Is 

2 

e 

s 
a 

1 

o 
a 

5s 

II 

2 

m 

3 

a 

V     — 

V   n 

a 

'•-> 

ca 

a 

n 

•< 

H 

H 

> 

Steamers,    . 

18 

56 

30 

17 

121 

33,383 

•■31,786,700 

Propellers,  . 
Barkcntincs, 

6 

25 

24 

21 

4 

80 

16,044 

906,700 

.- 

— 

J) 

40 

1 

50 

18,091 

542,300 

lirigantincs. 

- 

- 

12 

7 

- 

19 

4,903 

89,700 

Sloops, 

1 

4 

- 

- 

- 

5 

285 

4,100 

Schooners,  . 

37 

88 

102 

23 

- 

310 

44,503 

1,040,200 

Total,  . 

44 

135 

263 

121 

22 

585 

117,209 

« 1,369,700 

Add  barges — carry 

ing  capacity,  1 ,837,650  bu 

shcls. 

175 

31,979 

5445,700 

Separating  the  figures  for  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  wo  have : 


fi 

i 

B 

S 

e 

i 

c 

i 

C 
M 

e 

o. 

la 

m 

a 

ec 

i 

2 

r 

JS 

I 

^ 

I 

Upper  Canada,  . 

53 

37 

48 

17 

4 

273 

432 

83,580 

52,620,000 

Lower  Canada,  . 

68 

43 

2 

o 

1 

37 

153 

33,689 

1,749,700 

SHIPPING. — CANADA. 


201 


/ 


To  this  statement  for  Upper  Canada  should,  perhaps,  be 
added  a  number  of  vessels  of  less  than  50  tons,  which  tlie 
Insurance  Register  does  not  mention.  Wc  estimate  this  at  7o 
sailing,  and  lo  steam  vessels  of  1,400  and  500  tons  respectively, 
making  for  Upper  Canada,  besides  barges,  a  total  of: — 


Steam  vessels— No.    08,  tons  23,200  Value,  say  )t!l,131>,700 
Sailing  vessels— "    454,    "     62,234  "         1,557,300 


Total  U.  C 522, 


ii 


85,440 


82,097,000 


Lower  Canada. 

At  the  Port  of  Montreal,  the  register  under  the  Provincial 
Act  shows  a  total  of  75  steamers,  and  355  vessels  not  steamers, 
with  a  tonnage  of  0,205,  and  31,737  tons  respectively.  These 
are  chiefly  tugs,  dredges,  scows  and  barges,  cngoged  altogether 
in  the  inland  navigation.  Perhaps  they  should  be  almost 
entirely  left  out  of  this  account,  which  is  only  intended  to 
include  vessels  fitted  for  the  navigation  of  the  sea  or  of  the 
lakes.  Under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act  of  1804,  there  are 
registered  in  the  port  05  steamers,  of  15,704  tons,  and  148 
sailing  vessels,  of  28,038  tons.  Six  of  the  sailing  vessels  of 
4,594  tons  arc  owned  abroad,  and  should  be  taken  off  for  the 
purposes  of  this  account.  This  would  leave  207  vessels  of 
39,808  tons.     Ii»  Quebec  the  register  shows : — 


Of  50  tons  and  over 
Of  less  than  50  tons 


472  vessels,  83,123  tons. 
287      "        9,758  tons. 


On  the  north  and  south  coasts  of  the  river  and  Gulf  below 
the  port  of  Quebec,  (which  extends  to  Bi(f,)  about  170  vessels 
are  owned,  with  12,300  tons.  Adding  all  these  figures  together, 
wc  have  as  a  total  for  Lower  Canada,  1,130  vessels,  of 
144,989  tons.  Th^so  include  the  fleet  of  Canadian  Ocean 
Steamships. 

New  Brunswick. 

The  returns  of  the  Comptroller  of  New  Brunswick,  who  is 
also  the  Registrar  and  Surveyor  of  Shipping,  show  the  tonnage 
registered  in  the  Province  on  the  31st  December  of  each  suc- 
cessive year.    The  figures  arc  as  follow : — 


208 


SHIPPING, — NOVA  SCOTIA. 


w-^:^ 


No. 

Tons. 

1 
1 
1 

No. 

Tons. 

1854,  . 

878 

141,454 

1860,  . 

825 

147,083 

1855,  . 

866 

138,292 

1861,  . 

813 

158,240 

1850,  . 

892 

164,220 

1802,  . 

814 

157,718 

1857,  . 

857 

100,508 

1803,  . 

891 

211,680 

1858,  . 

812 

139,095 

1864,  . 

958 

233,225 

1859,  . 

811 

134,055 

1865,  . 

1,019 

309,095 

The  number  and  tonnage  of  the  vessels  owned  in  18G5  was 
thus  distributed  between  the  three  Ports  of  Registry  : — 


No. 


Tons. 


St.  John, 
Miramichi, 
St.  Andrew's, 

Total, 


628  263,783 
146  21,139 
245   24,773 


1,019 


309,695 


Nova  Scotia. 
The  Nova  Scotia  Returns  only  enable  us  to  carry  back  the 
statement  of  shipping  registered  in  that  Province  to  the  year 
1857,  statistics  having  been  little  attended  to  there  unil  of  late. 
The  following  is  the  account  from  that  period : — 

Vessels  Registered  in  the  various  ports  of  Nova  Scotia  on 
Sept.  30th :— 


YEAU. 

Number. 

Tons. 

Value. 

1857,  

1,994 

183,697 

96,731,080 

18.'J8, 

2,107 

185,080 

6,471,780 

1859,* 

— 

— 

— 

1860, 

3,118 

234,743 

6,096,780 

1861, 

3,258 

248,061 

6,487,490 

1802, 

3,408 

277,718 

7,417,805 

1803, 

3,539 

309,554 

8,005,959 

1804, 

3,718 

305,503 

11,392,857 

1805,  . 

. 

3,898 

409,409 

13,347,509 

ISLAND  SHIPPING. 


209 


Prince  Edward  Island. 

The  shipping  owned  in  Prince  Edward  Island  can  now  bo 
stated  with  accuracy,  for  the  vessels  wrecked,  broken  up,  or 
sold  abroad,  which  had  not  been  properly  written  off  the  books 
for  nearly  20  years,  were  so  written  off  in  18G5. 

The  account — supplying  the  value,  which  is  not  stated  in  the 
Island  returns,  at  $35  per  ton, — stands,  Dec.  31,1805: — No., 
272 ;  tons,  39,549  ;  value,  $1,384,215. 

Newfoundland. 

As  might  be  expected,  the  number  of  vessels  owned  in  New- 
foundland is  considerable.  The  account  showed  on  December 
31st,  18G5  (supplying  the  value  at  $40  per  ton)  : — No.,  1,48(3 ; 
tons,  87,023  ;  value,  $3,480,920.  Seven  only  of  these  vessels 
appear  to  be  steamers :  2  of  GO  tons,  employed  as  tugs  ;  2  of  117 
tons,  as  mail-boats  from  St.  John's  to  the  outports ;  and  3  of  535 
tons,  as  sealers. 

Recapitulation. 

The  above  statements  show,  as  the  shipping  owned  in  British 
North  America : — 


PBOVINCE. 

Ko. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Upper  Canada, 

Lower  Canada, 

New  Brunswick,    ..... 

Nova  Scotia, 

Prince  Kdward  Island,  .... 
Newfoundland, 

522 
1,130 
1,019 
3,508 

272 
1,48(5 

$85,440 
144,089 
309,095 
303.008 
39.519 
87,023 

82,007,000 

5.700,500 

11,000,000 

11,070.758 

1,384,215 

3.480,020 

Total, 

7,943 

1,029,704 

830,338,453 

The  average  tonnage  of  the  vessels  owned  in  the  various 
Provinces  is : — 


In  Upper  Canada,     . 
Lower  Canada,     . 
New  Briuiswick,  . 
Nova  Scotia, 
Prince  Edward  Island, . 
Newfoundland,     . 


.     1G4  tons. 

.     128 

.     304 

.     104 

.    145 

.      58 

Ui 


.'  ■( 


210 


AGGREGATE   TONNAGE. 


The  tonnage  owned,  per  head  of  the  population, — taking 
as  the  popuhition  the  numbers  estimated  in  the  article  on  the 
census  to  bo  living  in  the  Provinces  in  January,  18G7, — is : — 


Upper  Canada, 

.  0.05  tons  per  1 

Lower  Canada, 

.  0.11    " 

New  Brunswick,     . 

.  1.05    "         « 

Nova  Scotia,  . 

.  0.98    «         « 

Prince  Edward  Island,   . 

.  0.43    "         « 

Newfoundland, 

.  0.04    "         « 

Average  for  all  British  North  America,  0.20 


u 


u 


.jug 


Great  Britain. 

Sailing  and  steam  vessels  registered  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
Kingdom  and  the  Colonics  on  31st  December,  1804.  (Com- 
mons' paper  No.  331,  shipping  1805)  : — 


Sailing 
VcMeU. 


Tonnage. 


'  Steam 
Vessels. 


Tonnage. 


England, 
Scotland, 
Ireland, 
Isle  of  Man, 
Channel  Islands 


^  Small, 

•  }  Large, 

5  Small, 

■  i  Large, 
3  Small, 

■  (  Large, 
5  Small, 

■  (  Large, 
j  Small, 

'  '  I  Large, 
Small, 


Briti-sli  Possessions,  <  ■, 

In  the  British  Islands, 
In  the  Colonies, 

Total, 


7,290 

12,916 

1,073 

1,953 

989 
1,054 

277 
48 

208 

354 
5,717 
0,012 


20,142 
11,729 


37,871 


229,577 

772 

3,815,420 

1,135 

32,771 

100  i 

575,778 

295 

28,434 

47 

165,317 

127 

6,848 

— 

4,047 

5 

5,720 

1 

66,295 

2 

150,520 

112 

1,232,015 

325 

4,930,219 

2,490 

1,388,541 

437 

0,318,700 

2,927 

17,973 

510,470 

2.709 

112,5.-)9 

1,263 

50,595 

1,509 

10 

181 

3.224 

60,823 


697,281 

70,047 


707,323 


Ni>TK.— Thu  "  Small  Vessels"  are  of  less  than  30  tons  burden  ;  the  large  ones  of  50  tons 
cr  uiurc. 


.'■(• 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  SIIIP-BUILDING. 


211 


SIIIP-RUILDING. 

New  BiiuNswicK. 

The  following  return  of  the  new  vessels  registered  in  the  Prov- 
ince of  New  Brunswick,  and  their  tonnage,  in  each  year  from 
1850  to  1804,  including  vessels  built  for  owners  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  sent  home  under  certificate  or  governor's  pass, 
shows  the  extent  of  the  ship-building  industry  of  the  Province. 
Almost  all  these  vessels  were  built  at  St.  John.  Since  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  system  of  surveying  by  Lloyd's  surveyors,  the 
quality  of  the  ships  built  at  New  Brunswick  has  very  much 
im])rovcd : — 


Y  E  A  n. 

No. 

Tons. 

YEAR. 

No. 

Toni. 

1852,   . 

118 

58,399 

1859,   . 

93 

38,330 

1853,   . 

122 

71,428 

1860, 

100 

41,003 

1854,   . 

135 

99,420 

1801, 

80 

40,523 

1855,   . 

95 

54,561 

1862, 

90 

48,719 

1856,   . 

129 

79,907 

1863, 

137 

85,250 

1857,   . 

148 

71,989  , 

1864, 

163 

92,605 

1858,   . 

75 

20,263  i 

1865, 

148 

65,474 

Since  1825  (41  years,)  there  have  been  built  4,317  vessels, 
measuring  1,649,800  tons  register :  averaghig  104  vessels, 
40,240  tons,  for  each  year.  The  vessels  registered  since  1st 
May,  1855,  were  measured  under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1854,  which  reduced  the  tonnage  by  about  10  per  cent,  as 
compared  with  the  Act  previously  in  operation. 

Nova  Scotia. 
The  following  figures  show  the  extent  of  the  ship-building 
industry  of  Nova  Scotia  for  the  past  six  years : — 


Y  E  A  K. 


No.  ofVcg. 
icls  built. 


Tons 
register. 


Estimated 
Value. 


1800, 
1861, 
1862, 
1863, 
1864, 
1865, 


233 
218 
201 
207 
304 
294 


20,684 
23,634 
39,383 
46,862 
73,038 
56,768 


8852,831 
972,448 
1,566,168 
1,962,814 
2,943,204 
2,481,752 


rrr 


212 


NOVA   SCOTIA   SIIlP-nUILDING. 


Very  few  of  these  vessels — not  more  than  40  per  annum,  were 
sent  abroad  for  sale. 

They  were  built  at  almost  all  the  ports,  and  are  chiclly  ves- 
sels of  small  tonnage,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  table, 
relating  to  the  ships  registered  in  1805  : — 


Forts  wrkre 

m 

a 

d 

* 

4) 

a 
o 

giJter. 

i 

IUUI8TEKID. 

§ 

53 

§ 

CO 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i3 

Annapolis, 

. 

5 

2 

3 

_ 

_ 

10 

1,535 

.?74,000 

Arichat,   . 

- 

12 

3 

— 

— 

— 

15 

1,512 

04,400 

BaJdcck, . 

- 

1 

- 

— 

— 

— 

1 

81 

2,916 

Digby,      . 

1 

4 

7 

1 

1 

— 

13 

2,554 

130,200 

Guvsborough,  . 
Halifax,    . 

- 

4 

1 

— 

1 

— 

0 

730 

20,300 

1 

33 

10 

5 

8 

- 

03 

10,357 

414,320 

Liverpool, 

- 

7 

7 

— 

0 

- 

20 

4.198 

270,000 

Lunenburg, 

- 

9 

3 

- 

- 

^ 

12 

915 

49,140 

Parrsboro, 

— 

8 

10 

2 

o 

— 

oo 

3,884 

155,300 

Pictou,      . 

- 

4 

7 

- 

7 

1 

19 

4,983 

198,350 

Port  Ilawkcsbury,    . 

- 

6 

1 

- 

- 

- 

< 

498 

10,930 

Pugwash, . 

- 

4 

4 

2 

1 

11 

1,750 

74,050 

Shelburne, 

- 

8 

7 

— 

4 

- 

19 

3,202 

170,000 

Sydney,    . 

- 

5 

- 

- 

- 

- 

5 

320 

12,700 

Windsor,  • 

- 

10 

18 

0 

0 

O 

42 

9,948 

397,920 

Yarmoutb, 

- 

8 

5 

- 

13 

3 

29 

10,271 

409,500 

Total, 

1 

128 

91 

19 

49 

G 

294 

50,708 

92,481,752 

Prince  Edward  Island. 

Statement  of  the  number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  built  since 
1850,  with  the  estimated  value  thereof: — 


;;.4     • 


V-l\-h 


■l. 


YEAR. 

No. 

93 

Tons. 

Value. 

Y  K  A  K  . 

No. 

Tom. 

Value. 

1850,  .      . 

14,307 

$.')02,845 

1858,.     . 

69 

13,073 

5457,.555 

1851,  .    . 

89 

15,721 

550,235 

1859,.     . 

01 

11,004 

387,240 

1852,  .     . 

70 

10,748 

370,180 

1800,.     . 

CO 

12,030 

442,200 

1853,  .    . 

70 

13,340 

400,900 

1801,.     . 

67 

12,732 

445,020 

1854, .     . 

100 

24,111 

843,885 

1802,.     . 

89 

18,418 

044,030 

1855,  .    . 

80 

15,559 

544,505 

1803,.     . 

100 

24,991 

874,085 

1850,  .    . 

51 

22,781 

797,335 

1804,.     . 

119 

24,088 

804,080 

1857,  .    . 

104 

24,000 

842,100 

1805,.     . 

130 

26,193 

910,755 

MONTREAL  STEAMSHIPS. 


213 


From  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  these  vessels  arc  exported 
annually,  the  figures  for  1H05  being:  Transferred  to  ether  ports 
and  sent  home  under  governor's  jjass,  No.,  89  ;  tons,  18,270  ; 
value,  80130,000.  For  so  m\a\\  a  population  as  that  of  Prince 
Edward  island,  these  figures  arc  very  remarkable. 

Newfoundland. 

Newfoundland  buys  ships  from  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince 
]''dward  Island,  but  a  large  number  of  small  fishing  craft  arc 
built  there.  In  1805  these  so  built  were,  No.,  71 ;  tons,  2,010 ; 
value  $80,400. 


MONTREAL  OCEAN  STEAMSHIP  COIilPANY. 

This  Company  was  formed  in  the  year  1850,  and  its  first 
steamers  were  employed  in  the  transport  service  in  the  Crimea 
during  the  war  with  Russia.  The  arst  trip  to  Canada  was  made 
in  1854;  but  the  regular  Mail  Service  commenced  in  1850. 
Tho  service  was  then  once  a  fortniglit,  but  in  1859  it  was 
increased  to  a  weekly  line,  and  has  now  run  with  regularity 
ever  since. 

The  Company's  vessels  now  comprise  the  following : — 


Mail 

Line. 

Austrian     . 
Ncstorian    . 
Moravian    . 
Peruvian    .     . 
Hibernian  .     . 

.     .     2,050  tons. 

.     .     2,050     " 

.    .    2,050     " 

.    2,500     " 

.    2,500    " 

Nova  Scotian  .     . 
Belgian      .    .    . 
North  American  . 
Damascus       .     . 

2,250  tons. 
2,250     "■ 
1,708     " 
1,000     " 

Glasgow  Line. 

St.  David   .     . 
St.  George 

.     1,050  tons. 
.    1,430     " 

St.  Andrew     .     . 
St.  Patrick      .     . 

1,430  tons. 
1,200     " 

The  Glasgow  Line  runs  once  a  fortnight  from  each  side. 
The  average  length  of  passage  made  by  these  Steamers  has 
been  nearly  as  follows : — 

34 


214 


STEAMSHIPS  OP  MONTREAL. 


Mail  Lino  Westward, 

do.  do.         Winter, 

do.       JOiistwanl,  Suinnior,    . 
do.  do.         Winter, 

Glasgow  Lino,  Wcstwanl,  Siinuncr, 
do.  do.  Winter, 

do.  Eastward,  .^uninicr, 

do.  do.  AVintcr, 


10  to  11  ( 

lays. 

u  to  i;j 

10 

12 

12  to  1:5 

15  to  1(5 

11  to  12 

l:J  to  U 

The  capital  of  the  Company  in  steamships,  tenders,  lighters, 
workshops,  and  other  plant,  may  ho  estimated  at  ahout  one 
million  of  pounds  sterling,  or  8">,000,000. 

The  individuals  forming  the  Company  arc  also  the  owners  of 
twenty-five  sailing  ships,  of  an  aggregate  of  20,000  tons.  Of 
these,  six  are  built  of  iron,  and  the  remainder  of  wood,  and 
they  trade  to  all  j)arts  of  the  world.  The  Company  keep  con- 
stantly in  their  employ  about  three  thousand  men,  thus  being 
the  means  of  support  for  about  fifteen  ^nousand  people,  besides 
the  large  number  of  persons  constantly  engaged  in  l)uilding 
new  vessels  and  repairing  others.  Tho  magnitude  of  this 
Company's  establishment  may  bo  a  surprise  to  many  in  the 
Colonies  and  elsewhere.  There  a.o  not  many  people  prepared 
to  learn  that,  taking  in  their  sailing  vessels,  there  are  only 
three  or  four  larger  companies  in  tho  world,  namely,  tho 
Cunard,  the  West  India  lloyal  Mail  Company,  and  one  or  two 
others,  which  are  a  little  larger.  The  lumau  Company  is 
about  equal. 


IMPORTS  OF   CANADA,   1830  TO   ISGj. 


215 


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EXPORTS  OF   CANADA,  I80O  TO   18G5. 


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NOVA   SCOTIA  IMPORTS. 


Il 


I.- 


NOV A   SCOTIA. 

-Imports. — The  Imports  into  Nova  Scolia  since  1852  have 


been  of  the  undermentioned  value  in  Ilaliftix  dollars : — 


YEAR. 

Value. 

YEAR.                              Value. 
1 

1852, 

$5,970,877 

1859, 

,93,100,955 

185a, 

7,085,431 

1860, 

8,055,439 

1854, 

8,955,410 

1801, 

7,603,227 

1855, 

9,413,515 

1802, 

8,445,042 

1850, 

9,349,100 

1803, 

10,201,391 

1857, 

(!)  months,) 

7,240,390 

1864, 

12,604,042 

1858, 

•         .        •         • 

8,075,590 

1805, 

1       14,381,002 

I  MI' OUTS    FROM 

1804. 

180.>. 

Great  Britain, 

1 

;    $5,407,843 

§0.315,988 

Canada,  . 

403,950 

508,935 

New  Erunswick, 

375,307 

094,159 

Newlbiindlani],  &c.,. 

220,960 

186,308 

Prince  Edward  Island, 

188,843 

203,371 

British  West  Indies, 

440,767 

667,206 

Dutch  West  Indies,  . 

1 

f               069 

French  West  Indies, 

V  1,123,557 

)           12,105 

Spanish  West  Indies, 

1      1,273.247 

St.  DominjTO,    . 

J 

L           3,870 

United  States,  . 

4,303,016 

4.325,857 

Brazil,     .... 

- 

0.493 

France,    .        .  -     . 

- 

48,513 

Madeira, . 

0,236 

5,239 

Mexico,    .... 

- 

1,061 

Portugal, . 

9,567 

40,428 

Prussia,    . 

- 

125 

Holland,  . 

17,076 

25,445 

Spain, 

39,.523 

52,337 

St.  Pierre, 

1,991 

4,476 

Total, 

$12,604,642 

814,381,002 

The  duties  on  these  imports  were,  in  1864, 1904,432,70  ;  in 
1805,$!, 040,583.. 

The  nature  of  the  Imports  in  1805  is  sliow:i  by  the  following 
tabic : — 


IMPORTS   18G5. 


.'.) 


n 


(r 


Total  Imi-orts. 

A  n  T  I  C  L  E  S . 

■ 

Quantity. 

Vnluo. 

Ale  and  I'orter, 

103,330  gals.,   . 

1 

!         §54,1 71 

Animals,  horned  cattle  8, 

118hrses,331  sheep. 

1            12,518 

Arms  and  Ammunition,  lbs.  7,745, 

4,082  pks., 

•            10,048 

lieef.  Pork,  Hams,  care.  221, 

570  lbs.,  12,891  bbk, 

1          212,077 

Bread,  line,   .... 

80,353  lbs.,      . 

!              8.813 

Bread,  Navy,  pkgs.  048, 

109,107  lbs.,     . 

7,737 

IJurnin<,f  Fluid, 

1,549  gals.,       .         . 

1,930 

Butter  and  Jiard,  pkgs.  13, 

224,891  lbs.,     . 

33.923 

Candles,  Tallow,    . 

01,809  lbs.,      . 

9,334 

"        other. 

29,127  lbs.,       . 

5,974 

Cheese, 

73,271  lbs.,      . 

9,890 

Chocolate  or  Cocoa  Paste, 

159  lbs.,    . 

37 

Cinnamon  or  Cassia, 

1,097  lbs.. 

320 

Clocks,  .... 

710  pkgs.,        . 

5,473 

Coal,  chald.  510,    . 

8,980  tons. 

57,092 

Cofiee,  green. 

317,500  lbs.,     . 

51,004 

"       roasted. 

15,507  lbs.,       . 

2.817 

Cordage  and  Canvas,    . 

_ 

423,704 

Cotton,  Linen,  Silk,  &o., 

13,037  pkgs.,    . 

2,020,400 

Cotton  Warp,  &c.. 

370  pkgs.. 

40,215 

Confectionary, 

743   bs.,  GOO  pks.,     . 

11,072 

Drugs,  Dyostufls,  &c.,  lbs.  444,520 

8,393  pks.. 

117,002 

"       Patent  IMcdicines,  GO  lbs., 

071  pks.. 

13.700 

Earthenware,  Glass  and  China, 

200,085  pkgs.,  . 

121,205 

Flour,  Wheat 

355,358  bbis.,  . 

1,875,104 

"       all  other,  bags,  555,     . 

20,943  bbls,     . 

100,570 

Fruit,  Apples,  Pears,  &e., 

3,312  pkgs.,      . 

17,302 

"      llaisins,        .... 

398,530  lbs.,     . 

39,804 

"      other,  including  nuts,  19,500, 

310  lbs.,  2,520  pks., . 

19,009 

Fish,  dry  fish, 

3,244,-578  lbs ,  . 

80,250 

"     Herring,  Alewives,  boxes,  10,991, 

88,051  bbls.,     . 

143,022 

"     Salmon,  Trout,  boxes,  1,591, 

2,130  bbls.,       . 

48,588 

"     Mackerel,  Shad,  &c.,    . 

3,900  bbls.,      . 

25,954 

'•     Shellfish,&c.,  bushels,  1,401, 

5,011  pkgs.,      . 

32,959 

Groceries,  lbs.  5,080,  gls.  12,709,   . 

11,207  pks.,      . 

80,882 

Ginger,  Pepper  and  Pimento, 

7,415  lbs., 

1,335 

Grain,  Rice,  lbs.  143,537,      .        . 

1,994  pks., 

18,899 

Grain,  other  than  Rice,  bushels,  209,951, 

342  pks.,  . 

117,794 

Hardware,  1st,  lbs.  9,235, 

09,508  pes.  and  pks. 

004,347 

2d,  lbs.  1,571,437, 

238,055  pes.  and  i)k3. 

473,497 

"          3d,  lbs.  700,030,  . 

13,312  ikgs,,    .         . 

i         271,045 

Hats  and  Caps, 

1,003  pkgs.,      . 

1           05,022 

Hides  and  Skins,  undressed,  . 

No.  35,311,  240  pks.. 

'           64,053 

India  Rubber  manufactures,  . 

032  pkgs.. 

1.5,225 

Jewelry,  including  Watches  and  Toys,  . 

492  pkgs.. 

;           01,801 

Leather  inanuf'actured,  including  Furs,  . 

4,159  pkgs.,      . 

214,334 

"        Sole, 

290,791  lbs.,     . 

71,700 

IMolasses  and  Treacle,    .... 

2,008,345  gals.. 

425,432 

Naval  Stores,  inch  oakum,  lbs.  58,058,   . 

5,500  pks.. 

27,583 

Oil,  Rock  and  Coal,       .... 

205,384  gals.,  . 

93,718 

"    Fish, 

62,034  gals.,     . 

43,397 

TFir 


234 


NOVA   SCOTIA   EXPORTS. 


TOIAI,  iMfORTB. 


'\ .'  •*  " '. ', 


ARTICLES. 


Quantity. 


Oil,  Linst'cd,  etc.,  pk^^s.  477, . 

Paper  iManufacturcs,  includ'g  Stationery, 

Printed  Books,  ytc. 

Paint  and  Putty,   . 

Spirits,  IJrandy  and  Cordials, 

"       (it'neva  and  Whiskey, 

"       Rum, 

"       or  Strong  Waters,     . 

"       Wine,  dozens,  3,437, 
Sugar,  raw,  .... 

"       refined, 
Salt,  pkgs.  1,059,  . 
Stone,  manufactured,  pkg.  1,073, 

"       unmanuf'ac.  includ'g  lime,  tons  S 
Tea,  black,    .... 
"     green,    .... 
Tobacco,  viz.,  Leaf,  pckgs.  4, 

"         manufactured, 

"         Cigars  and  Snuff,  . 
Vegetables,  Onions,  pkgs.  157, 
'•  all  other,  pkgs.  448, 

Woodware,  manufactured,     . 
"  unmanufactured, 

Unonumcrated  articles, . 

u  U 

Sundries  from  Warehouse,    . 


Total, 


103,909  gals.,  . 
3,133  pkgs.,  . 
3,852  pkgs., 
562  lbs.,  1,825  pks., 
59,942  gals.,  . 
110,613  gals.,  . 
292,752  gals.,  . 
185  gals., . 
90,917  gals.,  . 
13,415,781  lbs., 
795,953  lbs.,  . 
1,004,333  bush., 
1,704,002  No.  . 
27G,u39  pc.  10,351  pi 
1,540,075  lbs.,  . 
1,183  lbs., 
507,989  lbs.,  . 
317,029  lbs.,  . 
508  pkgs., 
090,014  lbs.,  . 
155,073  bush., . 
37,505  pkgs.,  . 


Value. 


.S72,509 
08,717 

114,455 
14,422 
92,014 
65,445 

132,708 
455 

130,327 

794,954 
76,214 

334,134 
17,766 
25,479 

515,890 
825 
54,150 
98,404 
28,034 
12,330 
52,480 

131,115 

105,138 

34,523 

1,585 

2,443,632 


$14,381,062 


II. — Exports. — The  value  of  the  total  Exports  of  Nova  Scotia ' 
since  1852  has  been : — 


YEAR. 

Value. 

YEAR. 

Value. 

1852, .... 

14,853,900 

1859, 

aO,889,130 

1853,  .... 

5,393,535 

1860, 

6,019,539 

1854 

0,238,340 

1861, 

5,774,334 

1855,  .... 

7,301,075 

1862, 

5,046,967 

1850, .... 

0,804,790 

1863, 

0,546,488 

1857,  (9  months,) 

5,135,940 

1884, 

7,172,817 

1858,  .... 

6,321,490 

1865, 

8,830,693 

NATURE  OF   EXPORTS. 


235 


Tl)c  countries  to  wliicli  the  Exports  were  sent  in  18G4  and 
I8G0  were : — 


1804. 

§330,523 

180iS. 

Great  Britain, 

$764,742 

Jersey,     . 

• 

20,219 

20,017 

Canada,   . 

• 

330,587 

438,191 

New  Brunswick, 

643,699 

477,944 

Newfoundland, 

477,455 

408,609 

Labrador, 

6,310 

49,473 

Prince  Edward  Island, 

255,970 

315,950 

British  West  Indies, 

1,899,031 

1,960,459 

Dutch,      .... 

] 

r          1,617 

Banish,    . 

9,009 

French,    . 

^      644,255 

i       153,275 

Spanish,  . 

380,894 

St.  Dominjio, 

. 

21,007 

United  States, 

2,446,770 

3,019,797 

Brazil, 

20,203 

12,000 

Montevideo, 

— 

507 

Africa, 

2,890 

45,090 

France,    . 

— 

2,500 

^Madeira,  • 

6,293 

8,870 

JMexico,   . 

11,485 

14,331 

Italy, 

17,883 

18,101 

Portugal, . 

12,180 

9,160 

Belgium,  . 

— 

3,070 

Spain, 

15,582 

10,280 

New  Hebrides, 

855 

» 

Mauritius, 

6,340 

_ 

St.  Pierre, 

17,572 

18,884 

Total, 

•                • 

• 

• 

$7,172,816 

$8,830,693 

III. — Nature  of  Exports. — The  Exports  consisted  chiefly  of 
Fish,  Coal,  Lumber  and  West  India  produce.  The  values  of 
tlie  principal  exports  in  1864  and  1805  were : — 


1804. 

I805. 

Fish, 

Fish  Oil, . 
Coal, 

Lumber,  . 
Sugar, 
^lolasses, . 
Horned  Cattle, 
Butter  and  Lard, 

$2,946,540 
101,702 
800,314 
880,550 
279,306 
254,086 
226,116 
149,823 

$3,282,010 
194,-505 
1,253,650 
776,034 
588,753 
3f.0,600 
2J1,948 
114,133 

w^ 


23G 


TONNAOE. — PRINCK   EDWARD   ISLAND. 


IV. —  Tonn(tiJ!;c  invutrd  and  outward. — The  Tonnage  inward 
antl  outward  in  180')  was  : — 


VCHClS. 

Tons. 

('rcw8. 

Inwards, 

Outwards, 

1 
6,834        929,929  1      49,683 
5,681   1     772,017        40,393 

Of  tlic  above  there  were  British  vessels  : — 


Vessels. 

Tons. 

Crows. 

Inwards, 

Outwards, 

4,412 

5,189 

535,666 
643,704 

30,424 
36,090 

Prince  Edw^vrd  Island. 

I. — Imports. — The  value  of  the  Imports  into  Prince  Edward 
Island  since  1860  has  been : — 


Y  K  A  II . 

Value. 

Y  E  A  K . 

Value. 

1860,  .... 
1861, .... 
1862, .... 

$1,150,270 
1,049,678 
1,056,204 

1863,  .        .        .        $1,467,156 

1864,  .         .        .           1,689,639 

1865,  .        .        .          1,905,075 

Imports  of  1864  and  1865  were  from  the  following  countries :- 


1S04. 

180S. 

United  Kingdom, 
Canada,   . 
Nova  Scotia,    . 
New  Brunswick, 
Nowibundland, 
"West  Indies,    . 
United  States, . 
St.  Pierre, 

$770,767 

22,957 

290,169 

137,933 

15,195 

33,543 

418,303 

772 

$800,655 

30,820 

350,840 

221,990 

15,555 

23,900 

454,000 

1,255 

Total, 

• 

$1,689,639 

$1,905,075 

The  detailed  imports  for  1865  arc  not  yet  made  up,  but  the 
loading  articles  imported  are  dry  goods,  tea,  sugar  and  cordage. 


l)«^.  V':- 


I'UINCi:    i:i)\V.MlD   ISLAND    KXI'DIXS. 


007 


II. — Kxpoi'ls. — The  oxjiorts  of  riinco  Edward  Island  ^Incc 


18G0  have  been  of  tho  following  values 


YEAR. 

Viiliic. 

Y  K  A  K. 

VttUio. 

1860,  .... 
1801,  .... 
1862,  .... 

81,007,171 
81.\572 
752,745 

1803, 

l.S(il, 

180.5, 

f?l, 017,303 
l,ol;),340 
1,512,825 

Theso  were  sent  in  18G4  and  18G5  to  tlio  undermentioned 
countries : — 


1804. 

1805. 

United  Kingdom, 
Canada,  . 

Nova  Seotia,     . 
New  Hriinswiek, 
Ncwibiindland, 
West  Indies,     . 
United  States, . 
St.  Pierre, 

'• 

6185,403 

2,930 

244,77:5 

03,4  5S 

55,297 

38,501 

387,213 

5,700 

6327,050 

10,080 

27:5.805 

129,075 

72.295 

:57,035 

054,820 

7,765 

•       Total, 

• 

• 

• 

Sl,,013,3ll 

61,512,825 

These  values  do  not  include  the  value  of  sliips  sold  and  trans- 
ferred, which  was,  in  18G4,  8Go9,GG0;  and  in  I8G0, 118  vessels, 
22,700  tons,  8737,750. 

III. — Nature  of  Exports. — The  staple  exports  of  Prince 
Edward  I^land  are  oats  and  potatoes.  Tiic  returns  do  not  show 
the  value  of  tho  total  exports  of  particular  articles,  but  a  tabic 
was  i)ublished  in  18G4,  giving  the  following  as  the  quantities 
exported  from  1860  to  18G3 : — 


YEAR. 

S 

.a 
1' 

1- 

V    0 

0    .3 

n    3 
0   0 

uniips, 
bushels. 

atmcal, 

tons. 

1 

11 

0   a 

0 

» 

^ 

H 

0 

0 

e- 

e-  " 

1800,     . 

1,290,002 

103,756 

519,193 

45,108 

190 

12,908 

14,972 

2,209 

1801,     . 

948,020 

48,411 

419,801 

30,792 

235 

13,754 

10,030 

2,048 

1802,     . 

913,109 

59,220 

327,91)4 

17,045 

219 

6,931 

4,753 

2,380 

1803,     . 

1,459,130 

74,959 

408,122 

9,893 

201 

15,080 

7,570 

491 

m 


288 


TONNAGE. — NEWFOUNDLAND. 


IV. —  Tonnag'c  Inward  and  Outward. — Tho  tonnago  inward 
and  outward  at  tho  various  ports  of  tho  island  in  1804  and 
18G5  was : — 


iNWAno. 

OCTWAllD. 

VcstcU. 

Tom. 

Crewi. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Crowi. 

British,  . 
Foreign, 

1,411 
47 

157,402 
0j496 

7,797 
401 

1,483 
45 

170,070 
0,480 

8,173 
421 

1805,     . 
1804,     . 

1,458 
1,200 

103,898 
138,012 

8,198 
0,850 

1,528 
1,334 

182,550 
102,759 

8,594 
7,853 

Newfoundland. 

I. — Imports  and  Exports, — Tho  imports  of  Newfoundland  in 
1865  were  of  the  value  of  $5,299,603  ;  the  exports  of  the  value 
of  $5,493,005.  Tlic  details  not  having  yet  reached  the  main- 
land, we  give  the  table  which  shews  the  direction  of  the  trade 
in  1864 :— 


':'■■  ■'■  ■;<* 


COUNTRIES. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

United  Kingdom,       .... 

$2,270,540  00 

$1,415,615  00 

Jersey,       .... 

71,040  00 

10,045  00 

Canada,     .... 

226,250  00 

63,605  00 

Nova  Scotia, 

509,295  00 

108,005  00 

New  Brunswick, 

12,705  00 

5,395  00 

Prince  Edward  Island, 

44,250  00 

6,385  00 

British  West  Indies,  . 

76,960  00 

409,665  00 

Malta,        .... 

- 

8,425  00 

Hamburg,  . 

204,895  00 

- 

Spain, 

29,165  00 

1,214,020  GO 

Portugal,   . 

37,170  00 

912,835  00 

Italian  Statet,    . 

- 

194,005  00 

Sicily, 

3,450  00 

- 

Sardinia,    . 

450  00 

— 

Greece, 

- 

8,000  00 

United  States,    . 

1,534,255  00 

208,870  00 

Foreign  West  Indies, 

300,705  00 

208,110  00 

Brazil, 

- 

776,345  00 

St.  Pierre, . 

8,120  00 

105  00 

Totals, 

. 

.        . 

$5,335,310  00 

$5,556,630  00 

Bii 


TTIADE  OP  NEWFOUNDLAND. 


239 


ll.-Miture  of  Trade.-^Tho  imports  of  Newfoundland  arc 
chiefly  brcadstufls  and  animal  food.     In  1804  the  im])orts  wcrc- 

Of  Flour,  (bbls.,)  .  .  202,718  ;  value  8012,2.30  00 
Bread,  (owt.,)  .  .  35,773 ;  "  13'  ''.OO  00 
Pork,  (bbls.,)  .  .  26,157 ;  «  40.  55  00 
Butter,  (cwt.,)      .        .      lo,53G;     «       254,500  00- 

besides  the  usual  assortment  for  a  population  of  consumers  only 

ot  dry  goods,  groceries,  &c. 

The  exports  were  cxelusivcly  of  Fish,  and  the  products  of 
animals  living  in  the  water.  In  1864  the  chief  exports  of  this 
nature  were : — 


Dry  Cod,  (qtls.,)      .        .  849,339 

Haddock,  (qtls.,)     .        .  1,024 

Herring,  pickled,  (bbls.,)  .  40,290 
Salmon,  (trs.,)  1,763;  (bbls.,)  1,251 

Cod  Oil,  (trs.,)         .        .  2,253 

"    "    refined,  (trs.,)    .  171 

Seal  Oil,  (trs.,)        .        .  i,c05 

Seal  Skins,  (No.)     .        .  125,950 


value  $3,977,300  00 
136,590  00 
151,085  00 
46,600  00 
568,785  00 
131,900  00 
381,235  00 
94,465  00 


(( 


(( 


a 


u 


(( 


u 


(( 


m.-Tonnag^e  Entered  and  C/eared.^Tho  tonnage  entered 
and  cleared  at  the  various  ports  of  Newfoundland  iii  1864  was: 


Vessels. 


Tons. 


Crews. 


Entered, 
Cleared, 


1,115 
HI 


148,834 
132,319 


8,627 
7,712 


':ri^'- 


240 


KEW  BRUNSWICK   SrillTlXG    HKGISTKIIKD. 


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NEW  BRUNSWICK  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


241 


Total  value  in  dollars  of  the  Imports  and  Exports  of  the  Province  of 
New  Brunswick  at  each  of  the  ports,  in  the  year  ending  31s<  Decem- 
ber, 1865. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Saint  John, 

$5,373,605 

§3,510,978 

Dalhousie, 

75,302 

114,508 

Bathurst, . 

110,033 

103,749 

Campbelton,    . 

17,110 

3,953 

Caraquet, 

47,389 

70,960 

Shippegan, 

20,850 

42,050 

Newcastle, 

139,080 

100,870 

Chatham, 

207,280 

239,012 

Richibucto, 

08,173 

155,090 

Buctoucbe, 

709 

36,742 

Shediac,  . 

122,301 

149,924 

Bay  Verte, 

4,361 

« 

North  Joggings, 

150 

3,774 

Sackville, 

37,357 . 

10,184 

Dorchester, 

]  7,990 

25,775 

Moncton, 

74,026 

9,193 

Hillsborough,  . 

0,494 

171,597 

Harvey,  . 

4,900 

9,911 

Saint  George,  . 

33,884 

134,709 

Saint  Stephen, 

232,805 

84,990 

Saint  Andrew's, 

289,513 

359,479 

West  Isles,       .     '  . 

32,909 

38,796 

Fredcrickton,  . 

100,057 

97,020 

Woodstock, 

1,951 

778 

Grand  Falls,    . 

1,312 

« 

Tobique, . 

328 

- 

$7,080,595 

$5,534,720 

Sterling, 

£1,476,374 

£1,153,068 

1  •;•'♦:■■. 


■■•'■■''(■ 


r 


,')^i 


2i2 


VALUE  or  IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS. 


Tb^a?  Fa/Me  in  Dollars  of  (he  Imports  and  Exports  of  the  Province  of 
New  Brunswick  from  and  to  each  Country,  in  the  Tear  ending  Z\st 
December,  186u. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

United  Kingdom 

$2,284,449 

$2,594,651 

Jersey,    .... 

17,631 

- 

British  Asia,  viz.,  Bombay 

h      • 

- 

2,189 

Africa,  viz.,  Morocco, 

- 

4,993 

Canada,  .... 

247,374 

80,237 

Nova  Scotia,    . 

1,071,463 

569,301 

Prince  Edward  Island,    . 

115,.'370 

99,548 

Newfoundland, 

4,117 

12,569 

Barbadoes, 

17,947 

25,953 

Saint  Kitts, 

940 

1,277 

British  Guiana, 

- 

2,697 

Bermuda, 

3,064 

_ 

Nassau,  .... 

94,439 

8,755 

Turks'  Island, . 

550 

- 

France,  .... 

32,375 

15,068 

Spain,     .        .        • 

909 

9,.326 

Portugal, 

3,070 

2,899 

Holland, .... 

9,074 

2,077 

Italy, 

.- 

14,308 

United  States, 

3,056,362 

1,737,208 

Mexico,  . 

- 

7,910 

Cuba  and  Porto  Rico, 

121,799 

300,528 

Hayti, 

2,019 

5,266 

Saint  Martin's, 

1,295 

- 

Saint  Pierre  Miquelon, 

- 

4,080 

Saint  Thomas, 

2,148 

4,729 

Guadeloupe,    . 

- 

1,600 

Valparaiso, 

- 

7,947 

Montevideo,    . 

- 

12,354 

$7,086,595 

85,534,720 

Sterling, 

£1,476,374 

£1,153,068 

The  duties  in  the  Maritime  Provinces   are  generally  low — 
ranging  from  3  to  18  per  cent. 


SHIPPING. — LUSTRE  WOOL. 


243 


SHIP  BUILDING. 

A  first-class  ship  now  costs  per  ton, — 

At  Boston— Currency,  $100— Gold  |75. 
At  Bath  "  $84       "    163. 

At  St.  John,  N.  B.,  about 


u 


The  Boston  ship,  however,  is  usually  finished  more  expen- 
sively than  the  Bath  ship.  The  Bath  ship  is  worth  when  built 
10  to  20  per  cent  more  than  Provincial  vessel.  The  diffcrenco 
is  chiefly  in  the  material  of  the  hull.  In  American  vessels,  oak 
takes  the  place  of  Provincial  beech,  birch,  spruce,  and  hacmetac. 

A  first-class  St.  John  ship  rates  at  Lloyds,  A  1  for  7  years. 
A  first-class  American  ship  will  rate  A  1  for  10  to  12  years. 
The  American  ship  is  superior  in  strength  and  durability,  and 
if  duties  on  iron,  cables,  sails  and  rigging,  arc  reduced,  and  we 
again  return  to  specie,  ship-building  will  revive. 

Intelligent  merchants  estimate  the  duties  on  a  ship  built  at 
this  time  in  the  United  States,  at  30  per  cent,  on  her  cost. 
These  duties  must  be  reduced,  or  we  cannot  compete  with  the 
cheaper  vessels  of  the  provinces  and  North  of  Europe.  Some 
of  our  merchants  have  recently  built  vessels  at  Quebec  to  sail 
under  the  British  flag. 


LUSTRE,  OR  COMBING  WOOL. 

During  the  war,  many  worsted  mills  were  started  in  tho 
United  States,  and  supplied  with  the  long  wool  of  Canada, 
produced  by  the  Cotswold  sheep ;  very  little,  if  any  of  which 
has  been  raised  in  the  United  States. 

We  formerly  imported  worsteds  to  the  amount  of  nearly 
$30,000,000  annually,  and  it  has  been  computed  that  we  were 
making  nearly  half  that  amount  here  when  the  treaty  was 
repealed.  The  heavy  duty  now  imposed  has  given  a  serious 
check  to  this  important  and  growing  branch  of  manufactures, 
and  is  compelling  tho  new  worsted  mills  to  discontinue  their 
business.    The  duty  benefits  no  one. 


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244 


COMMERCE  OF  ST.   JOHN,  1866. 


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COMMERCE  OP  BOSTON  WITH   THE   PROVINCES. 


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COMMERCE  OF  BOSTON  WITH  THE  PROVINCES  AT 
THE  CLOSE  OF  18G6. 

While  the  imports  and  exports  of  this  port  continue  to 
increase  when  compared  with  tliose  of  tlic  corresponding  montlis 
of  18G0,  the  trade  witli  the  Maritime  Provinces  continues  to 
decline. 

For  the  quarters  ending  Dec.  31, 1865  and  1866,  the  imports 
and  exports  at  tlie  port  of  Boston  have  been  as  follows,  in  trade 
with  the  Maritime  Provinces,  viz. : — 


IMPORTS. 

Fourth  quarter  of  1865,  . 
of  1866,  . 

Decrease,  21\  per  cent.,   . 


EXPORTS. 


Fourth  quarter  of  1865,  . 
of  1866,  . 

Decrease,  13|  per  cent.,   . 


.  $1,357,302 
983,199 

.     $374,103 


$991,653 
857,321 


$134,332 


A  large  part  of  the  exports  in  1866  consisted  of  Canadian 
flour,  in  bond.  Deducting  this,  the  diminution  will  be  26  per 
cent. 

If  the  high  duties  on  Provincial  wool  are  continued,  a  diminu- 
tion in  the  import  of  wool  may  be  anticipated,  and  its  increased 
cost  must  add  to  the  cost  of  our  manufactures. 


CANADIAN  RAILWAYS. 


o 


8 
n 


Receipts  for  1866, 
for  1865, 

Increase,  . 

38 


$10,968,963 
10,793,378 

$175,585 


